Knowledge Tree
obesity
synthesized from dimensionsObesity is a complex, chronic, and non-communicable health condition characterized by the accumulation of excess body fat to an extent that impairs health. Clinically, it is often defined by a body mass index (BMI) of 25.0 kg/m² or greater, or by specific waist circumference thresholds, such as greater than 88 cm for women and 102 cm for men prevalence of overweight calculation. Since 1975, global obesity rates have nearly tripled worldwide obesity rates tripled, positioning the condition as a central component of the "global syndemic"—an interconnected crisis involving undernutrition, climate change, and non-communicable diseases global syndemic description.
At its core, obesity is driven by a combination of environmental, behavioral, and biological factors. A primary driver is the adoption of the "Western diet," characterized by high consumption of ultra-processed foods, sugary beverages, and refined grains Western diet contributes to obesity. This is frequently analyzed through the "evolutionary discordance hypothesis," which posits that modern human biology is not adapted to the rapid dietary and lifestyle shifts of the Industrial Age evolutionary discordance hypothesis. While the "energy imbalance" model—focusing on the ratio of calorie intake to expenditure—remains a foundational concept energy imbalance concept, researchers also emphasize the role of decreased physical activity decreased physical activity and genetic predispositions, such as variations in the AMY1A salivary amylase gene AMY1A copy number.
Physiologically, obesity is fundamentally linked to chronic, low-grade inflammation. Excess adipose tissue triggers the infiltration of macrophages and shifts the body's balance toward the production of inflammatory cytokines tilting balance toward inflammatory cytokines. This inflammatory state is a key driver of insulin resistance per Linus Pauling Institute and metabolic syndrome National Library of Medicine. Furthermore, obesity induces hormonal dysregulation, including leptin resistance, which blunts appetite and energy signaling leptin resistance has been documented in mouse models, and can alter sex hormone levels, such as the conversion of testosterone to estrogen Core Medical Wellness.
The health consequences of obesity are extensive, contributing to millions of deaths annually related to millions of deaths. It is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, osteoarthritis, and various cancers global diet-related health crisis. Additionally, there is a bidirectional relationship between obesity and sleep; obesity is a primary determinant of obstructive sleep apnea National Academies Press, while sleep deprivation—often defined as less than seven hours—is independently linked to an increased risk of obesity Institute of Medicine.
The economic and social burden of the condition is profound, with annual medical costs in the United States exceeding $200 billion medical costs exceed $200B. Consequently, public health strategies are shifting from individual-focused weight loss toward primary prevention, emphasizing sustainable, whole-food-based diets, such as Mediterranean-style eating patterns, and the promotion of local food systems shifting to primary prevention. While some scholars critique the term "overnutrition" as overly simplistic, arguing for a greater focus on the specific, unhealthy composition of modern diets critique of overnutrition concept, the consensus remains that addressing the obesity crisis is a global priority requiring systemic, long-term intervention.
Model Perspectives (7)
openrouter/google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview definitive 100% confidence
Obesity is a global health crisis characterized by a significant increase in prevalence, with worldwide rates nearly tripling since 1975 worldwide obesity rates tripled. This trend is closely tied to the adoption of the "Western Diet," a dietary pattern marked by high intake of ultra-processed foods, sugary drinks, and refined grains Western diet contributes to obesity sugary drinks and sweets. According to the World Health Organization and various research, this shift is driving a global health crisis that includes metabolic disorders like type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and certain cancers global diet-related health crisis.
Scientific perspectives on the causes of obesity vary. While many scientists support the "energy imbalance" model, which focuses on calorie intake versus expenditure energy imbalance concept, others emphasize the "discordance hypothesis" proposed by Stanley Boyd Eaton and Melvin Konner. This hypothesis suggests that modern humans are not biologically adapted to diets introduced during the Industrial Age, creating a mismatch that leads to chronic disease discordance hypothesis. Lifestyle factors such as significantly decreased physical activity compared to previous generations also play a critical role decreased physical activity.
The economic and social impact is substantial, particularly in the United States, where medical costs associated with obesity exceed $200 billion annually medical costs exceed $200B. Current anti-obesity initiatives are increasingly prioritizing primary prevention—focusing on long-term weight management across populations—over secondary, individual-focused weight loss shifting to primary prevention. Research suggests that dietary interventions, such as increasing fruit and vegetable consumption consuming fruits and vegetables or adopting Mediterranean-style diets Mediterranean diet benefits, may help mitigate these risks.
openrouter/google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview definitive 100% confidence
Obesity is defined as a health condition characterized by a BMI ≥25.0 kg/m² or specific waist circumference thresholds (>88 cm for women, >102 cm for men) prevalence of overweight calculation. It is a significant component of the 'global syndemic,' an interconnected crisis involving undernutrition, climate change, and non-communicable diseases global syndemic description. According to the 2021 Global Nutrition Report, obesity was responsible for approximately 2.7 million deaths in 2021 risks related to energy, with mortality figures showing a steady increase from 2010 to 2018 deaths attributable to obesity.
Research indicates that dietary patterns play a central role in the prevalence of obesity. Specifically, the 'Western diet'—characterized by high intake of ultra-processed foods, sugar-sweetened beverages, and refined carbohydrates—is consistently linked to higher rates of obesity and metabolic disturbances Western diet and obesity. In contrast, traditional, whole-food-based diets are associated with lower rates of these chronic conditions traditional diet benefits. The 'evolutionary discordance hypothesis' suggests that modern obesity arises because human genetics have not adapted to the rapid shifts in diet occurring over the last century evolutionary discordance hypothesis. Genetic factors, such as variations in the AMY1A salivary amylase gene, have also been identified as predisposing factors AMY1A copy number.
Addressing the obesity crisis is a global priority, with organizations like the United Nations advocating for sustainable, healthy diets UN promotion of sustainability. Current research priorities are shifting toward understanding how local and indigenous food systems can mitigate the syndemic local food systems focus, while some scholars argue that the focus should move away from the term 'overnutrition' toward identifying the specific unhealthy composition of modern diets critique of overnutrition concept.
openrouter/google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview definitive 95% confidence
Obesity is a complex, non-communicable health condition that has seen significant global increases in research and prevalence over the past several decades research on nutrition's role. Characterized by some researchers as a 'Sword of Damocles' for future generations characterized as future threat, obesity is associated with over 2.8 million deaths annually related to millions of deaths, including 280,184 deaths per year in the United States alone annual US mortality rate.
Dietary habits are central to the development and management of obesity. The consumption of the Standard American Diet long-term consumption impact, diets high in ultra-processed foods linked to poor outcomes, and the Western Pattern Diet contributes to health issues are all linked to increased prevalence. Conversely, healthy eating habits and the consumption of fruits and vegetables are identified as key factors in prevention and medical nutrition therapy prevention and nutrition therapy. Beyond diet, physical activity plays a protective role; for example, the Amish population maintains low levels of obesity despite a meat-rich diet, which is attributed to high levels of physical activity physical activity's protective role.
Obesity prevalence varies significantly by geography and population, often linked to the 'nutritional transition' degenerative diseases transition model. While some regions like the Ferlo in Senegal maintain low rates low prevalence in Ferlo, others show high rates, such as Egypt reported rates in Egypt or American Indian and Alaska Native populations, who face a higher predisposition to the condition higher predisposition in AI/AN.
openrouter/x-ai/grok-4.1-fast definitive 88% confidence
Obesity emerges from the facts as a major chronic health condition strongly associated with metabolic, cardiovascular, inflammatory, and sleep-related disorders. Multiple studies link sleep deficiency to obesity, with cross-sectional epidemiology from Harvard Medical School connecting both short and long sleep durations to obesity, and von Kries et al. (National Academies Press; Colten HR, Altevogt BM) finding shorter sleep reduces overweight risk in children. Inflammation is central, as detailed in de Heredia et al.'s review (Linus Pauling Institute) on obesity, inflammation, and the immune system, and chronic inflammation triggered by obesity per Harvard Health Publishing. Obesity contributes to poor wound healing alongside diabetes (Healthline), increases heart disease risk (Vanderbilt University), and features in metabolic syndrome with elevated inflammatory markers (Medical News Today). Contributing factors include diet, as in Vioque et al.'s study on TV time and obesity in Spanish adults (National Academies Press; Colten HR, Altevogt BM), junk food consumption (Longdom Publishing), and genetic predisposition in American Indian elders (National Indian Council on Aging), where over 46% of women are obese. Animal models show obesity in Clock mutant mice (National Academies Press; Colten HR, Altevogt BM), and historical trends note rising obesity from 1970s-1990s (BMJ). Research efforts like OBI-WAN-DIET project (Advances in Nutrition; Bragazzi et al.) target it via plant-based diets, while Allison et al. estimated U.S. deaths attributable to obesity.
openrouter/google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview 100% confidence
Obesity is a complex health condition characterized by its association with diet, lifestyle, and physiological mechanisms. Research highlights that obesity frequently co-occurs with chronic conditions such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular issues, and various cancers diet-related chronic diseases, association with pandemic diseases. The development of these comorbidities is often progressive, with negative health impacts manifesting over time progressive nature of obesity.
Physiologically, Boden and Shulman (2002) identified that free fatty acids play a critical role in the development of insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction, linking obesity directly to type 2 diabetes role of free fatty acids. Furthermore, Bacha and Gidding (2016) have highlighted associated cardiac abnormalities in youth suffering from both obesity and type 2 diabetes cardiac abnormalities in youth.
Dietary patterns are a significant focus in obesity research. Western diets, characterized by processed foods and high-fat intake, are linked to the rise of obesity and other health complications unhealthy junk food consumption. Conversely, interventions such as healthy eating plans, regular physical activity, and research into plant-based diets via multi-omics approaches—such as the OBI-WAN-DIET project—aim to address these issues at the individual level multi-omics approach to diet, maintaining a moderate weight.
Epidemiologically, obesity affects diverse populations with varying prevalence rates; for example, the National Indian Council on Aging reports that over 46% of American Indian and Alaska Native women are obese, a trend attributed to a combination of genetic predisposition, exercise, and diet obesity in native women, factors for native elders.
openrouter/x-ai/grok-4.1-fast definitive 92% confidence
Obesity arises from overnutrition, defined as excess nutrient intake over energy needs leading to fat storage imbalance, according to the Linus Pauling Institute. It promotes chronic low-grade inflammation via dying fat cells attracting immune responders, as noted by Vanderbilt University, and alterations in adipose tissue immune cells, detailed in reviews by Mraz and Haluzik and de Heredia et al. cited by Linus Pauling Institute. This pro-inflammatory state involves adipokines and cytokines proportional to body mass index, exemplified in metabolic syndrome per National Library of Medicine. Obesity elevates morbidity risks for hypertension, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, osteoarthritis, sleep apnea, and cancers, as summarized by Linus Pauling Institute. It is a primary determinant of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), with rising prevalence likely underestimated amid obesity epidemic, according to National Academies Press. Bidirectional ties exist with sleep issues: sleep loss shows dose-response with BMI National Academies Press, and obesity worsens sleep-disordered breathing in children and adolescents National Academies Press. Hormonally, it induces leptin resistance blunting appetite/energy signals Linus Pauling Institute and converts testosterone to estrogen, per Core Medical Wellness. Prevention emphasizes balanced diet, exercise, limiting alcohol/smoking Mitocare, alongside healthy eating and activity to curb obesity-related cancers Medical News Today.
openrouter/x-ai/grok-4.1-fast definitive 92% confidence
Obesity is a major global health issue addressed by the World Health Organization in 2020, with worldwide trends analyzed in a pooled study of 128.9 million individuals published in The Lancet showing changes in body-mass index, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016. It is strongly linked to chronic low-grade inflammation, characterized by macrophage infiltration of adipose tissue proportional to obesity degree and tilting balance toward inflammatory cytokines, as noted by sources like Linus Pauling Institute and Frontiers. This inflammation contributes to insulin resistance pathogenesis per Linus Pauling Institute and conditions like metabolic syndrome National Library of Medicine, type 2 diabetes, and obesity-related metabolic dysfunction MD Anderson Cancer Center. Obesity also heightens risks for slow-healing wounds HealthPartners, low testosterone in men JCMC Health, and impaired immune response to infection Milner and Beck review. Bidirectional ties exist with sleep: epidemiological studies like Hasler et al. (2004) and others (e.g., Gupta et al., Locard et al.) link short sleep to obesity National Academies Press, Colten HR, Altevogt BM, while obesity contributes to obstructive sleep apnea via airway fat deposition and central obesity predicts OSA better than total obesity is a…) per Grunstein (2005b). Addressing obesity may benefit sleep disorders, and vice versa National Academies Press. Risk factors include sleep loss below 7 hours Institute of Medicine Committee on Sleep…), vitamin deficiencies Linus Pauling Institute, and leptin resistance in models Linus Pauling Institute.
Facts (318)
Sources
Extent and Health Consequences of Chronic Sleep Loss and ... - NCBI ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 47 facts
claimGupta, Mueller, Chan, and Meininger investigated the association between obesity and poor sleep quality in adolescents in a 2002 study.
claimLocard E et al. examined parental versus environmental risk factors for obesity in a five-year-old population in a 1992 study published in the International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders.
claimThe association between sleep loss and diabetes is independent of obesity, as adjustment for waist girth did not alter the significance of the findings in the Sleep Heart Health Study.
referencePalmer LJ, Buxbaum SG, Larkin E, Patel SR, Elston RC, Tishler PV, and Redline S conducted a whole-genome scan for obstructive sleep apnea and obesity, published in the American Journal of Human Genetics in 2003.
claimThe Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Sleep Medicine and Research associates chronic sleep loss and sleep disorders with an increased risk of hypertension, diabetes, obesity, depression, heart attack, and stroke.
claimCentral obesity (obesity around the waist) is a better predictor of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) than total obesity, according to Grunstein (2005b).
claimAddressing obesity will likely benefit sleep disorders, and treating sleep deprivation and sleep disorders may benefit individuals with obesity.
claimSleep loss, defined as less than 7 hours per night, may have wide-ranging adverse effects on the cardiovascular, endocrine, immune, and nervous systems, including obesity, diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, anxiety symptoms, depressed mood, and alcohol use.
claimThere is a dose-response relationship between sleep loss and obesity, where sleeping less than 7 hours per night correlates with higher body mass index (BMI), which is calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.
claimThere is a dose-response relationship between sleeping less than 7 hours per night and obesity, where shorter sleep duration correlates with higher obesity levels.
claimObesity contributes to obstructive sleep apnea by causing fat deposition in airways, which narrows them.
claimHasler G., Buysse DJ, Klaghofer R., Gamma A., Ajdacic V., Eich D., Rossler W., and Angst J. (2004) conducted a 13-year prospective study showing an association between short sleep duration and obesity in young adults, published in 'Sleep'.
claimEpidemiological studies of young children (Locard et al., 1992; Sekine et al., 2002; von Kries et al., 2002) and adults (Vioque et al., 2000; Kripke et al., 2002; Gupta et al., 2002; Taheri et al., 2004; Hasler et al., 2004) have established a relationship between sleep loss and obesity.
claimRisk factors for sleep-disordered breathing in children include obesity, race, and respiratory problems, according to Redline et al. (1999).
referenceVioque J, Torres A, and Quiles J studied the relationship between time spent watching television, sleep duration, and obesity in adults living in Valencia, Spain, as published in the International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders in 2000.
referenceFerguson KA, Ono T, Lowe AA, Ryan CF, and Fleetham JA studied the relationship between obesity and craniofacial structure in obstructive sleep apnea.
claimRedline et al. (1999) identified obesity, race, and respiratory problems as risk factors for sleep-disordered breathing in children.
claimThe cumulative effects of sleep loss and sleep disorders are associated with an increased risk of hypertension, diabetes, obesity, depression, heart attack, and stroke.
claimAdolescents share similar risk factors for sleep-disordered breathing as adults, including obesity.
claimChronic sleep loss and sleep disorders are associated with an increased risk of hypertension, diabetes, obesity, depression, heart attack, and stroke.
claimEvidence suggests that obesity rates may increase as sleep loss trends worsen, and that treating obesity may benefit sleep disorders while treating sleep deprivation and sleep disorders may benefit individuals with obesity, according to Taheri et al. (2004).
referencePalmer LJ, Buxbaum SG, Larkin EK, Patel SR, Elston RC, Tishler PV, and Redline S conducted a whole-genome scan for obstructive sleep apnea and obesity specifically in African-American families, published in the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine in 2004.
measurementHasler et al. (2004) conducted a 13-year prospective study finding an association between short sleep duration and obesity in young adults.
claimLocard E et al. investigated parental versus environmental factors as risks for obesity in a five-year-old population.
claimRisk factors for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) include obesity, male gender, and increasing age.
claimGupta et al. (2002) investigated the association between obesity and poor sleep quality in adolescents.
claimRisk factors for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) include obesity, male gender, and increasing age, as reported by Young et al. (1993).
claimAddressing obesity will likely benefit sleep disorders, and treating sleep deprivation and sleep disorders may benefit individuals with obesity, according to Taheri et al. (2004).
claimAfrican American children are at an increased risk for sleep-disordered breathing, even after adjusting for obesity or respiratory problems.
claimObesity is an important determinant of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA), and the recent epidemic increase in obesity suggests that current prevalence figures for OSA may be underestimates.
claimThere is a dose-response relationship between sleep loss and obesity, where shorter sleep duration is associated with greater obesity as measured by body mass index (BMI).
claimObesity and metabolic syndrome are observed in Clock mutant mice.
claimThe association between sleep duration and diabetes in the Sleep Heart Health Study remained significant after adjusting for waist girth, suggesting the effect is independent of obesity (Gottlieb et al., 2005).
claimIn adolescents, obesity is a risk factor for sleep-disordered breathing, similar to the risk factors observed in adults, according to Redline et al. (1999).
claimObesity is a risk factor for sleep-disordered breathing in adolescents, similar to the risk factors observed in adults.
claimThe prevalence of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) may be underestimated due to the recent epidemic increase in obesity, which is a significant determinant of the condition.
claimVgontzas A.N., Tan T.L., Bixler E.O., Martin L.F., Shubert D., and Kales A. found an association between sleep apnea and sleep disruption in obese patients, as published in the Archives of Internal Medicine in 1994.
referenceChin et al. (2003) studied the effects of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome on serum aminotransferase levels in obese patients.
claimA cross-sectional study by von Kries et al. (2002) found that the duration of sleep in 5- and 6-year-old children is associated with a reduced risk for overweight and obesity.
referenceThe Wisconsin Sleep Cohort study, a prospective study tracking adults with sleep-disordered breathing for at least 4 years, found that the hypertensive effect of Obstructive Sleep Apnea was independent of obesity, age, gender, and other confounding factors.
claimObesity and metabolic syndrome are observed in circadian Clock mutant mice, as reported by Turek et al. in Science in 2005.
referenceSulit, Storfer-Isser, Rosen, Kirchner, and Redline found associations between obesity, sleep-disordered breathing, and wheezing in children, as published in the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine in 2005.
claimSleep insufficiency is associated with lower levels of leptin (an appetite-suppressing hormone produced by adipose tissue) and higher levels of ghrelin (a peptide that stimulates appetite), which suggests a hormonally mediated increase in appetite explains the link between short sleep and obesity (Taheri et al., 2004).
claimGupta NK, Mueller WH, Chan W, and Meininger JC investigated the association between obesity and poor sleep quality in adolescents.
claimObesity and hypertension develop insidiously over months and years of chronic sleep problems.
claimGupta NK, Mueller WH, Chan W, and Meininger JC (2002) investigated the association between obesity and poor sleep quality in adolescents in the 'American Journal of Human Biology'.
referenceVgontzas AN et al. studied sleep apnea and sleep disruption in obese patients, as published in the Archives of Internal Medicine in 1994.
Associations between dietary diversity and self-rated health in a ... link.springer.com Feb 28, 2025 20 facts
referenceA 2020 review article characterized obesity and diabetes as a 'Sword of Damocles' for future generations.
referenceCanhada et al. published the 'Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil)' in 2020 in Public Health Nutrition, which examined the association between ultra-processed foods and incident overweight, obesity, and longitudinal changes in weight and waist circumference.
referenceGolpour-Hamedani S, Rafie N, Pourmasoumi M, Saneei P, Safavi SM published a case-control study in Public Health (2018) titled 'Higher dietary diversity score is associated with obesity: a case–control study' which examines the association between dietary diversity scores and obesity.
claimFood insecurity is associated with self-rated health and obesity among college students, according to a 2017 study by Knol et al.
referenceKarimbeiki R, Pourmasoumi M, Feizi A, Abbasi B, Hadi A, Rafie N, et al. published an evaluation in BMC Public Health (2013) titled 'High dietary diversity is associated with obesity in Sri Lankan adults: an evaluation of three dietary scores' which assesses the correlation between dietary diversity and obesity.
referenceThe 2020 Obepi-Roche study, conducted by the Ligue Contre l’Obésité, assessed the prevalence of overweight and obesity in France.
claimDietary diversity scores (DDS) are associated with the incidence of chronic diseases such as diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular risk factors, and metabolomic syndrome, although some systematic reviews and meta-analyses caution that these relationships depend on the method used to determine the DDS.
claimDiets high in fats, saturated fats, and sugars, which are characteristic of industrialized, marketed, and ultra-processed foods, are linked to a higher prevalence of non-communicable diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes.
measurementObesity and being overweight are related to over 2.8 million deaths annually.
measurementThe prevalence of diabetes and obesity is higher in French Guiana and Guadeloupe compared to northern Portugal and the Ferlo region of Senegal, and these rates are among the highest in all of France.
procedureThe study classified food into 18 groups based on lists from the FAO and the World Health Organization, specifically including sentinel fried foods and processed meats, while excluding vitamin A-rich food items to focus on diet-related diseases like diabetes, obesity, and hypertension. A detailed explanation of this classification is available in the Nakala data repository.
claimThe French overseas territories of Guadeloupe and French Guiana exhibit high prevalence of chronic non-communicable diseases like diabetes, overweight, and obesity, which corresponds to the fourth nutritional transition model (degenerative diseases) defined by Popkin.
claimOverweight and obesity status impacts self-rated health, as evidenced by instrumental variables ordered Probit models in a 2016 study by Cullinan and Gillespie.
referenceMendonça et al. published the 'University of Navarra Follow-Up (SUN) cohort study' in 2016 in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, which examined the association between ultra-processed food consumption and the risk of overweight and obesity.
claimDietary interventions through nutrition therapy are considered important for managing non-communicable diseases like obesity and type 2 diabetes and are supported by organizations worldwide.
claimThe Ferlo region in Senegal has a low prevalence of diabetes and obesity, suggesting it has not yet transitioned into a dietary pattern favorable for the development of chronic diseases.
referenceSalehi-Abargouei et al. (2016) conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies regarding the relationship between dietary diversity scores and obesity, published in the European Journal of Clinical Nutrition.
claimThe likelihood of declaring bad health increases with age, which may reflect the progressive nature of chronic diseases like diabetes and obesity that manifest their negative health impacts over time.
claimIndividuals' perceptions of their health are related to health outcomes including type 2 diabetes, elevated inflammatory markers, obesity, overweight, genetic factors, and lifestyle factors such as physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, and meal planning choices.
referenceMacia et al. (2017) studied the prevalence of obesity and body size perceptions in urban and rural Senegal, providing insights into the epidemiological transition in West Africa.
Immunity In Depth | Linus Pauling Institute lpi.oregonstate.edu 17 facts
referenceMilner JJ and Beck MA published a review titled 'The impact of obesity on the immune response to infection' in the Proceedings of the Nutrition Society in 2012 (volume 71, issue 2, pages 298-306).
claimDeficiencies or inadequacies of B vitamins and vitamins A, C, D, and E have been associated with obesity.
claimLeptin resistance has been documented in mouse models of obesity, though more research is required to understand its role in human obesity.
claimObesity is characterized by chronic, low-grade inflammation, which is considered an important contributor to the pathogenesis of insulin resistance.
claimObesity is an independent risk factor for increased morbidity and mortality following infection with the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) virus.
claimObesity is associated with macrophage infiltration of adipose tissue, and the accumulation of macrophages in adipose tissue is directly proportional to the degree of obesity.
referenceExley MA, Hand L, O'Shea D, and Lynch L published a review titled 'Interplay between the immune system and adipose tissue in obesity' in the Journal of Endocrinology in 2014 (volume 223, issue 2, pages R41-48).
referenceMraz M and Haluzik M published a review titled 'The role of adipose tissue immune cells in obesity and low-grade inflammation' in the Journal of Endocrinology in 2014 (volume 222, issue 3, pages R113-127).
claimOvernutrition is defined as a form of malnutrition where nutrients are supplied in excess of the body’s needs, creating an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure that leads to excessive energy storage and obesity.
referenceGarcia OP, Long KZ, and Rosado JL published a review in Nutrition Reviews in 2009 regarding the impact of micronutrient deficiencies on obesity.
claimObesity is associated with an increased risk of morbidity from chronic diseases, including hypertension, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, liver and gallbladder disease, osteoarthritis, sleep apnea, and certain cancers.
referenceThe paper "Immunocompetence in obesity" by R.K. Chandra and K.M. Kutty was published in Acta Paediatr Scand in 1980, volume 69, issue 1, pages 25-30.
claimObesity is associated with a state of leptin resistance, where the elevated leptin signal is not associated with the normal responses of reduced food intake and increased energy expenditure.
referencede Heredia FP, Gomez-Martinez S, and Marcos A published a review titled 'Obesity, inflammation and the immune system' in the Proceedings of the Nutrition Society in 2012 (volume 71, issue 2, pages 332-338).
claimThe pro-inflammatory phenotype of obesity is explained in part by alterations in the numbers, proportions, and activity of resident adipose tissue immune cells.
referenceChandra RK and Kutty KM published a study titled 'Immunocompetence in obesity' in Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica in 1980 (volume 69, issue 1, pages 25-30).
claimObesity is linked to poor wound healing and an increased occurrence of skin infections.
A Scoping Review of Indicators for Sustainable Healthy Diets frontiersin.org Jan 12, 2022 8 facts
referenceSwinburn et al. (2019) published 'The global syndemic of obesity, undernutrition, and climate change: The Lancet Commission report' in The Lancet, which addresses the interconnected issues of obesity, undernutrition, and climate change.
referenceGuh et al. (2009) conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis on the incidence of co-morbidities related to obesity and overweight.
claimComposite indices such as healthy eating indices, the Health Score, and the Diet Quality Index are justified because they are based on national dietary guidelines and assess overall diets beyond single nutrients, which is important for the reduction of obesity and diet-related non-communicable diseases (Carvalho et al., 2013; Wrieden et al., 2019; Rose et al., 2019; Van Dooren et al., 2014).
measurementHealth cost indicators in diet assessment include two metrics for health savings (cost-benefit due to health improvements and cost per DALYs saved) and two metrics for health costs attributed to obesity.
referenceMohanan et al. (2014) analyzed the pathophysiology of obesity and asthma and discussed implications for diagnosis and management in primary care in the article 'Obesity and asthma: pathophysiology and implications for diagnosis and management in primary care' published in Experimental Biology and Medicine.
claimThe global challenges of the twenty-first century include combatting malnutrition (undernutrition, micronutrient deficiency, overweight, and obesity) and reducing the burden of diet-related non-communicable diseases (NCDs).
referenceBacha and Gidding (2016) reported on cardiac abnormalities in youth with obesity and type 2 diabetes in the journal Current Diabetes Reports.
referenceAbarca-Gómez et al. (2017) published a pooled analysis of 2,416 population-based measurement studies involving 128.9 million children, adolescents, and adults, which examined worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016.
Implications of the Western Diet for Agricultural Production, Health ... frontiersin.org 8 facts
claimCurrent dietary patterns cause an acceleration of greenhouse gas emissions, increased prevalence of obesity and diabetes, and an expansion of land-use change to satisfy the demand for highly processed food products and sugary drinks.
claimChanging the Western diet could substantially reduce the prevalence of diabetes, obesity, and greenhouse gas emissions (GHGe).
measurementWorldwide obesity prevalence in children increased from 1% in 1975 to 7% in 2015.
claimPrincipal Component Analysis shows a positive correlation and similar growth rates between health issues (overweight, obesity, diabetes) and environmental variables/inputs like synthetic fertilizers.
claimSeveral global regions are experiencing a diet-related health crisis characterized by malnutrition, overweight, obesity, and metabolic disorders like type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and cancer, according to the 2018 WHO database.
claimIn the United States, multiple studies indicate that the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages is associated with health issues including overweight, obesity, and diabetes.
referenceGuigliano et al. (2018) demonstrated an association between diet and pandemic diseases such as diabetes and obesity.
claimIncreased global production and consumption of sugar and refined grains over the last 40 years correlates with an increase in diseases such as diabetes, overweight, and obesity.
A Consensus Proposal for Nutritional Indicators to Assess ... - Frontiers frontiersin.org 7 facts
procedureThe 'Diet-Related Morbidity/Mortality Statistics' indicator uses two primary parameters: (1) the prevalence of individuals with physician-diagnosed obesity, cardiovascular diseases (CHD, stroke, hypertension), type II diabetes, osteoporosis, neurodegenerative diseases, and obesity-related cancers; and (2) disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) as a measure of disease burden associated with nutrition-related factors like high blood pressure, high cholesterol (total and LDL), and high blood sugar (insulin resistance/diabetes).
claimNational Dietary Surveys often fail to reflect portion size, which is a factor in the increase of overweight and obesity associated with changes in dietary patterns in children and adults.
procedureThe prevalence of overweight or obesity is calculated as the percentage of individuals having a BMI ≥25.0 kg/m2 (based on self-reported weight and height) and/or a waist circumference >88 cm in women and >102 cm in men.
measurementReported rates for overweight and obesity range from 45.5% and 16.0% in Algeria to 67.9% and 33.1% in Egypt.
claimAccording to the World Health Organization (WHO), overweight and obesity rates in Mediterranean countries continue to rise.
claimScientific research has linked the Mediterranean Diet to benefits beyond cardiovascular health, including reduced risks of obesity, diabetes, cancer, depression, and cognitive decline, as well as improved quality of life.
claimThe Mediterranean area is experiencing a 'nutritional transition' where undernutrition coexists with overweight, obesity, and food-related chronic diseases.
History of modern nutrition science—implications for current ... bmj.com Jun 13, 2018 7 facts
claimResearch on the role of nutrition in complex non-communicable chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity, and cancers, has accelerated significantly over the past two to three decades, particularly after 2000.
perspectiveThe international nutrition community's focus on obesity as the primary non-communicable disease concern promotes a misleading concept of 'overnutrition,' rather than identifying unhealthy dietary composition as the root problem.
claimThe 'double burden' of malnutrition in lower-income countries refers to the simultaneous presence of conventional malnutrition (insufficient calories and micronutrients) causing poor maternal and child health, and modern malnutrition (poor diet quality) causing obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer.
claimMany scientists support the 'energy imbalance' concept of obesity, which posits that calories from different foods are equal.
claimAnti-obesity efforts are shifting from secondary prevention (weight loss in people with obesity) towards primary prevention (avoidance of long-term weight gain in populations).
measurementBetween the 1970s and 1990s, coronary mortality rates fell in high-income countries, while diet-related chronic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and several cancers increased.
claimEmerging research priorities in nutrition science include determining optimal dietary composition to reduce obesity, studying interactions between prebiotics, probiotics, fermented foods, and gut microbiota, analyzing the effects of specific bioactives like fatty acids and flavonoids, advancing personalized nutrition, and investigating the influence of place and social status on health disparities.
Chronic inflammation in the etiology of disease across the life span nature.com Dec 5, 2019 7 facts
referenceSleep influences obesity, insulin resistance, and the risk of type 2 diabetes, according to a 2018 article by S. Reutrakul and E. Van Cauter in Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental.
measurementWorldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016 were analyzed in a pooled study of 128.9 million individuals published in The Lancet in 2017.
referenceAging and obesity share biological hallmarks related to dysfunctional adipose tissue, a concept termed 'adipaging', as described in a 2016 study in the Journal of Physiology.
referenceAging and obesity are linked to inflammatory age-related diseases, as detailed in a 2017 study in Frontiers in Immunology.
referenceNutrient excess and autophagic deficiency explain metabolic diseases in obesity, according to a 2018 article by G. van Niekerk et al. in Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental.
referenceGut microbiota-mediated inflammation in obesity is linked to gastrointestinal cancer, as discussed in a 2018 review in Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology.
referenceObesity is not a passive bystander in autoimmune diseases, as argued in a 2014 review in Autoimmunity Reviews.
Western Diet: How it affects health, risks, and complications medicalnewstoday.com Oct 27, 2023 6 facts
claimLong-term consumption of the Standard American Diet (SAD) can contribute to the development of conditions including overweight and obesity.
claimResearch suggests that consuming large quantities of ultra-processed foods may play a significant role in obesity.
claimA low-quality diet is associated with high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, and obesity.
claimIndividuals may be able to maintain a moderate weight and lower their risk of obesity-related cancers by following a healthy eating plan and getting regular physical activity.
claimResearch links the Standard American Diet (SAD) with health conditions such as obesity, heart disease, and stroke.
claimAccording to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), there is an association between overweight and obesity and a higher risk of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus, breast cancer (in individuals who have gone through menopause), colorectal cancer, uterine cancer, gallbladder cancer, upper stomach cancer, kidney cancer, liver cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, thyroid cancer, meningioma, and multiple myeloma.
Origins and evolution of the Western diet: health implications for the ... academia.edu 6 facts
referenceDavid S. Ludwig published a review on the physiological mechanisms relating the glycemic index to obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease in JAMA in 2002.
measurementObesity causes 280,184 deaths annually in the United States.
referenceSkov AR, Toubro S, Ronn B, Holm L, and Astrup A conducted a randomized trial comparing protein versus carbohydrate in an ad libitum fat-reduced diet for the treatment of obesity, as published in the International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders in 1999.
referenceHedley AA, Ogden CL, Johnson CL, Carroll MD, Curtin LR, and Flegal KN published 'Prevalence of overweight and obesity among US children, adolescents, and adults, 1999-2002' in JAMA in 2004 (Volume 291, pages 2847-50).
referenceBoden G and Shulman GI defined the role of free fatty acids in obesity and type 2 diabetes, specifically regarding their role in the development of insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction, in a 2002 article in the European Journal of Clinical Investigation.
referenceAllison DB, Fontaine KR, Manson JE, Stevens J, and VanItallie TB published 'Annual deaths attributable to obesity in the United States' in JAMA in 1999 (Volume 282, pages 1530-8).
Why Sleep Matters: Consequences of Sleep Deficiency sleep.hms.harvard.edu 6 facts
claimChronic sleep deprivation is associated with long-term health problems, including obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and early mortality.
claimSleep is considered a potential risk factor for obesity, alongside the commonly identified risk factors of lack of exercise and overeating.
claimInsufficient sleep is considered a potential risk factor for obesity, alongside lack of exercise and overeating.
claimCross-sectional epidemiological studies have linked both reduced and increased sleep duration, as reported on questionnaires, with hypertension, diabetes, and obesity.
referenceCross-sectional epidemiological studies involve examining questionnaires that provide information about habitual sleep duration and the existence of diseases in large populations at one point in time. These studies have linked both reduced and increased sleep duration with hypertension, diabetes, and obesity.
claimChronic sleep deprivation is associated with long-term health problems, including obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and early mortality.
Sleep Deprivation Can Lead to a Plethora of Diseases bergerhenryent.com Jan 26, 2019 6 facts
measurementA study by the Harvard School of Public Health that followed 60,000 women for 16 years discovered that women who slept five hours or less per night had a 15 percent higher risk of becoming obese compared to women who slept seven hours a night.
claimIn the study analyzed by Healthiguide, participants who slept for four hours showed signs of prediabetes and obesity, while those who slept 8.5 hours showed no such signs.
measurementIn the Harvard School of Public Health study, women who slept five hours or less per night had a 30 percent higher risk of gaining 30 pounds over the course of the 16-year study compared to women who slept seven hours a night.
measurementAccording to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 93.3 million adults in the United States are obese, which represents almost 40 percent of the population.
claimThe American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (ASMBS) classifies obesity and diabetes as 'twin epidemics'.
claimResearchers suggest that sleep deprivation may lead to obesity because individuals are too tired to exercise, may eat more due to being awake longer, and experience disrupted function of hormones that control appetite.
Health and environmental impacts of diets worldwide globalnutritionreport.org 6 facts
measurementBetween 2010 and 2018, the proportion of overweight and obesity increased by 0.70%, while the levels of underweight decreased by 0.15%.
measurementBetween 2010 and 2018, rates of overweight and obesity increased in every global region, with an increase of up to 3% in Asia.
claimHigher-income countries have the highest intake levels of foods with high environmental and health impacts, and the highest levels of overweight and obesity.
measurementDeaths attributable to obesity increased from 2,430,385 in 2010 to 2,735,876 in 2018, according to the 2021 Global Nutrition Report.
claimThe leading causes of dietary ill health across all regions include low intake of fruits and vegetables (5–8% of premature mortality), low intake of whole grains (2–5%), high intake of red and processed meat (1–6%), and high levels of overweight and obesity (5–13%).
measurementRisks related to total energy intake and body weight in the 2021 Global Nutrition Report analysis included obesity (2.7 million deaths), overweight (1.2 million), and underweight (1.1 million).
Western pattern diet | Nutrition and Dietetics | Research Starters ebsco.com 5 facts
referenceThe World Health Organization published information on 'Obesity' in 2020.
measurementWorldwide obesity rates have almost tripled since 1975.
claimResidents of urban neighborhoods that rely on processed foods from fast-food restaurants and convenience stores experience higher rates of health problems, including obesity and diabetes.
claimThe Western Pattern Diet contributes to significant health issues, including obesity, heart disease, and diabetes.
claimDecreased physical activity levels in modern populations compared to previous generations contribute to obesity and other health problems.
The Western Diet and Its Impact on Modern Health: What Patients ... diagnosticdetectives.com 5 facts
claimThe prevalence of modern processed foods is directly linked to 'diseases of civilization,' including obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, coronary heart disease, high cholesterol, acne, polycystic ovary syndrome, certain cancers, and skin conditions.
claimChronic conditions often referred to as 'diseases of civilization'—including obesity, diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, and certain cancers—can be reversed within weeks when individuals return to traditional eating patterns.
claimInhabitants of traditional cultures who maintain their ancestral diets tend to be free of chronic diseases like obesity, diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, and certain cancers, only developing them after adopting Western eating patterns.
accountMichael Pollan's book 'In Defense of Food' describes a group of Australian Aborigines who had developed metabolic syndrome—a cluster of conditions including diabetes, obesity, heart disease, and high blood pressure—after relocating to settlements and consuming a Western diet consisting of flour, sugar, rice, carbonated drinks, alcoholic beverages, powdered milk, cheap fatty meat, potatoes, and onions.
claimPopulations consuming traditional, whole-food diets experience significantly lower rates of obesity, diabetes, heart disease, depression, and anxiety compared to those consuming a Western diet.
Western pattern diet - Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org 5 facts
referenceAdam Drewnowski (2007) analyzed the contribution of added sugars and fats to obesity.
claimThe Western pattern diet is associated with higher risks of cardiovascular disease and obesity compared to a 'prudent pattern diet,' which contains higher proportions of fruit, vegetables, whole grains, and poultry.
claimThe Western pattern diet is positively correlated with plasma biomarkers that may mediate obesity, specifically HDL cholesterol, high levels of fasting insulin, and leptin.
referenceYang et al. (2012) conducted a systematic review on the relationship between dietary patterns and overweight/obesity in children within Asian developing countries.
claimCompared to a healthy diet, the Western pattern diet is positively correlated with an elevated incidence of obesity, death from heart disease, and cancer, particularly colon cancer.
Modern Diet and its Impact on Human Health - Longdom Publishing longdom.org 5 facts
claimUnder-nutrition causes nutritional deficiency, while over-nutrition leads to obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and cancer.
claimUrban populations face an increased risk of chronic diseases, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, and certain cancers.
claimOver-nutrition, specifically the excessive absorption and storage of energy, can cause diseases including diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, obesity, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia.
claimThe modern diet is an integral part of life in both developed and developing nations and is associated with a massive increase in obesity and related health problems.
claimThe consumption of unhealthy junk food, processed food, and high-fat calories contributes to the rise of obesity, food poisoning, dehydration, cardiac problems, diabetes mellitus, and arthritis in developing countries.
The Western Diet: Processed Foods and Meats Are Killing Us sentientmedia.org Jan 10, 2019 5 facts
claimThe Western Diet contributes to obesity in consumers.
claimFactors influencing the risk of becoming diabetic include family history, genetics, age, stress, high cholesterol, and obesity.
claimObesity is a factor in the onset of diabetes, heart disease, and high blood pressure.
claimObesity is the primary predictor for the development of type 2 diabetes.
claimThe Western Diet is associated with high rates of obesity globally, and its expansion into developing countries is causing health problems in poorer communities.
Indigenous Foods - National Indian Council on Aging nicoa.org 5 facts
claimAmerican Indian and Alaska Native populations have a predisposition to obesity and diabetes, though these conditions were historically rare among these groups.
measurementNearly 40 percent of American Indian and Alaska Native men are obese, according to research cited by the National Indian Council on Aging.
measurementObesity rates among American Indian and Alaska Native elders are highest in the 55-64 age group and lower among older elders.
claimDiet, exercise, and genetic predisposition are contributing factors to the high rates of diabetes and obesity among American Indian and Alaska Native elders.
measurementMore than 46 percent of American Indian and Alaska Native women are obese, according to research cited by the National Indian Council on Aging.
What is the Impact of a Western Diet? - Robard Corporation robard.com 4 facts
measurementMedical costs associated with obesity in the United States exceed $200 billion per year.
measurementThe percentage of Americans affected by obesity is expected to increase to 60 percent by 2030.
claimHigh protein diets and meal replacements are a viable and desirable option for many individuals to reduce obesity and obesity-related diseases.
measurementWestern diets are linked to obesity, which is projected to affect 50 percent of the American population by 2025.
What Are The Global Impacts of The Western Diet On Health? rupahealth.com 4 facts
claimCancer is influenced by dietary habits, with a portion of cancer deaths attributed to poor nutrition and obesity.
claimThe Western diet's departure from traditional nutritional models has been linked to health challenges including obesity, diabetes, heart disease, and cancer.
claimThe high intake of sugary drinks and sweets in the Western diet contributes to the rise in obesity, diabetes, and dental issues.
claimChronic illnesses associated with obesity, such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, have become leading causes of death.
Chronic Inflammation - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 4 facts
claimMetabolic syndrome is an example of a condition where obesity-related inflammatory mediator secretion is observed.
measurementWorldwide, 3 out of 5 people die due to chronic inflammatory diseases, including stroke, chronic respiratory diseases, heart disorders, cancer, obesity, and diabetes.
claimAdipose tissue in obese or overweight individuals induces low-grade systemic inflammation.
claimObesity is a risk factor for chronic inflammation because fat tissue acts as an endocrine organ, secreting adipokines and inflammatory mediators, with body mass index being proportional to the amount of pro-inflammatory cytokines secreted, as exemplified by metabolic syndrome.
The Good, The Bad and the Ugly of Inflammation medschool.vanderbilt.edu Feb 10, 2015 4 facts
claimObesity tilts the body's balance in favor of inflammatory cytokines.
claimObesity causes fat cells to die, which attracts inflammatory cells to the site to clean up the debris, worsening inflammation.
claimObesity and type 2 diabetes are connected by inflammation.
claimObesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes increase the risk for heart disease.
Western diet – Knowledge and References - Taylor & Francis taylorandfrancis.com 4 facts
claimDramatic changes in diet and lifestyle over the last century have contributed to an increase in non-communicable diseases, including obesity, diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
claimHiatus hernia, an acquired abnormality defined by the abnormal location of the oesophagogastric junction and part of the gastric cardia above the diaphragm, is associated with the Western diet and obesity.
claimLong-term consumption of high-fat and high-carbohydrate foods, characteristic of the Western diet, is associated with obesity, insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridemia, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), as well as inflammatory and oxidative stress conditions.
claimWestern dietary patterns are associated with a higher prevalence of constipation in children during the first 4 years of life, independent of excess energy intake, overweight, or obesity.
Research reveals devastating impact of Western diet on human health news-medical.net Jun 18, 2023 4 facts
claimThe modern Western diet is associated with a rise in epidemiological problems, including obesity, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes, which have increased the public health burden.
claimHigh sugar consumption, a key feature of the Western diet, is directly related to an increased risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.
claimThe low intake of nutrient-rich foods in Western diets is linked to the prevalence of chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, and various inflammatory and metabolic problems.
claimIncome and education levels are directly correlated to Western diet adherence, with individuals of lower income more likely to have poor dietary habits and an increased risk of chronic diseases like obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease (CVD).
Dietary Guidelines and Quality - Principles of Nutritional Assessment nutritionalassessment.org 3 facts
claimThe MedDietScore developed by Panagiotakos et al. was negatively associated with hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, and obesity in its initial study, and later shown to be negatively associated with the 10-year incidence of cardiovascular disease (Panagiotakos et al., 2015) and diabetes (Filippatos et al., 2016).
claimEvidence regarding the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) and its relationship to respiratory health, neurodevelopmental outcomes, metabolic syndrome, obesity, and diabetes is currently limited or conflicting according to Phillips et al. (2019).
claimRecent reviews have associated high ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption with negative health outcomes, including overweight, obesity, cardiometabolic risks, some cancers, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, irritable bowel syndrome, depression, and all-cause mortality.
Short- and long-term health consequences of sleep disruption dovepress.com May 19, 2017 3 facts
claimSleep may be an appropriate therapeutic target for the treatment and prevention of obesity and diabetes.
claimMetabolic syndrome is defined by the coexistence of obesity, elevated blood pressure, elevated glucose levels, and low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
referenceA review by Cedernaes et al. describes various molecular and behavioral factors that link sleep disruption to metabolic disorders, including obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
Editorial: Local, traditional and indigenous food systems in the 21st ... frontiersin.org 3 facts
claimFocusing on local, traditional, and indigenous food systems and nutrition could help countries improve human nutrition and mitigate the global syndemic of obesity, undernutrition, and climate change.
claimThe Research Topic titled 'Local, traditional and indigenous food systems in the 21st century to combat obesity, undernutrition and climate change' consists of 12 scholarly articles focused on local and traditional food systems, with the goal of contributing solutions to climate and health crises.
claimThe world currently faces a global syndemic characterized by obesity, undernutrition, and climate change.
Defining the Western Diet & Its Impact - Frontier Neuro frontierneuro.com Feb 1, 2022 3 facts
quoteMichael Pollan states: “We have known for a century now that there is a complex of so-called Western Diseases – including obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and a specific set of diet related cancers – that begin almost invariably to appear soon after a people abandons it traditional diet and way of life.”
claimThe modern Western diet is characterized by a lower density of nutrients, which leads individuals to consume more calories to obtain the same amount of nutrients, resulting in obesity and hunger.
claimThe discrepancy between average American calorie consumption and metabolic expenditure results in a daily calorie excess that contributes to obesity and health risks.
The Evolutionary Impact of Dietary Shifts on Physical and Cognitive ... ouci.dntb.gov.ua 3 facts
claimAMY1A copy number variations are associated with obesity and other cardiometabolic risk factors.
referenceFalchi et al. found that a low copy number of the salivary amylase gene is a predisposition factor for obesity.
referenceSpeakman (Cell. Metab., 2007) proposed the 'predation release' hypothesis as a nonadaptive scenario to explain the genetic predisposition to obesity.
eHealth Tools Supporting Early Childhood Education and Care ... researchprotocols.org Oct 24, 2023 3 facts
referenceOlsen A, Møller P, and Hausner H studied the early origins of overeating, specifically early habit formation and implications for obesity in later life, published in Current Obesity Reports in 2013.
referenceA 2019 scoping review published in Nutrients titled 'School-based interventions in low socioeconomic settings to reduce obesity outcomes among preschoolers' examines the effectiveness of school-based interventions for reducing obesity in preschool-aged children.
referenceKracht et al. performed a scoping review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses regarding e- & mHealth interventions targeting nutrition, physical activity, sedentary behavior, and/or obesity among children, published in Obesity Reviews in 2021.
Editorial: Inflammation and chronic disease - Frontiers frontiersin.org Jul 1, 2024 2 facts
Origins and evolution of the Western diet: health implications for the ... scispace.com 2 facts
claimConsuming more fruits and vegetables can contribute to medical nutrition therapies for type 2 diabetes, heart disease, cancer, and obesity, as well as to the prevention of these diseases.
claimFood craving is hypothesized to be an intervening causal variable between responsivity to environmental cues and the development of obesity, where eating in response to an increasingly obesogenic environment is a salient aspect of eating behavior influenced by learning and experience.
Long-Term Effects of Chronic Sleep Deprivation empowersleep.com Mar 15, 2023 2 facts
claimChronic sleep deprivation increases the risk of obesity and weight gain by disrupting the balance of appetite-regulating hormones leptin and ghrelin, which leads to increased hunger and food consumption.
claimInsufficient sleep can lead to a multitude of physical and mental health issues, including obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cognitive decline, and mood disorders.
Acute v chronic inflammation in the body: what's the difference? cbhs.com.au Mar 20, 2020 2 facts
Evolutionary Eating — What We Can Learn From Our Primitive Past todaysdietitian.com Apr 1, 2009 2 facts
claimMarlene Zuk cites a study of aboriginal Australians that demonstrated a link between an indigenous diet and a reduction in modern diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and obesity.
perspectiveSome scientists argue that modern humans are not genetically adapted to the modern diet introduced during the Neolithic Revolution and the Industrial Age, and that this dietary divergence contributes to epidemic levels of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, and obesity.
Medicinal plants: bioactive compounds, biological activities ... frontiersin.org 2 facts
claimMethanol extract from common bean leaves is used to treat obesity and diabetes, with activity against Enterobacter species and Enterococcus casseliflavus.
referenceAbdoon et al. (2024) investigated the protective effects of specific herbs on mitigating high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity in female rats by enhancing biochemical indicators and fertility.
Wound healing stages: What to look for healthpartners.com 2 facts
claimSlow-healing wounds are more common in individuals with diabetes, kidney disease, obesity, high blood pressure, or vascular disease.
claimChronic wounds are most common in individuals with diabetes, kidney disease, obesity, high blood pressure, or vascular disease, but they can occur in otherwise healthy individuals.
“Manopause”: How Male Hormones Change With Age - JCMC jcmchealth.com Aug 2, 2022 2 facts
claimLow testosterone levels in men are associated with an increased risk of health problems including osteoporosis, obesity, heart trouble, and obstructive sleep apnea.
claimFactors that increase the likelihood of low testosterone in men include poor diet, smoking, alcohol consumption, lack of exercise, insufficient sleep, depression or low self-esteem, stress, obesity, and infection, injury, or chronic illness.
10 Effects of Long-Term Sleep Deprivation sleephealthsolutionsohio.com Aug 20, 2025 2 facts
claimObesity is a known risk factor for individuals suffering from insomnia.
claimLong-term sleep deprivation is associated with hypertension, heart attacks, strokes, obesity, diabetes, depression, anxiety, decreased brain function, memory loss, weakened immune system, lower fertility rates, and psychiatric disorders.
What Is Inflammation? Types, Causes & Treatment my.clevelandclinic.org Mar 22, 2024 2 facts
claimCommon causes of chronic inflammation include low levels of physical activity, chronic stress, obesity (BMI at or above 30, especially visceral fat), gut dysbiosis, regular consumption of foods high in trans fat or salt, disrupted sleep and circadian rhythm, exposure to toxins (hazardous waste, industrial chemicals), tobacco use, and excessive alcohol consumption.
claimChronic inflammation is primarily caused by environmental factors, including daily life habits and toxin exposure, such as low physical activity, chronic stress, obesity (BMI of 30 or higher, particularly visceral fat), gut microbiome imbalance (dysbiosis), consumption of inflammatory foods (high trans fat or salt), disrupted sleep and circadian rhythm, exposure to toxins (hazardous waste, industrial chemicals), tobacco use, and excessive alcohol consumption.
How Much Sleep Do You Need? - Sleep Foundation sleepfoundation.org Jul 11, 2025 2 facts
claimChronic sleep deprivation is associated with long-term health issues, including high blood pressure, heart problems, stroke, decreased immune function, type 2 diabetes, kidney disease, and obesity.
claimAn ongoing lack of sleep is associated with serious health issues, including high blood pressure, heart disease, weight gain, obesity, diabetes, and depression.
How Sleep Works: Understanding the Science of Sleep sleepfoundation.org Jul 8, 2025 2 facts
referenceMiller, M. A., & Cappuccio, F. P. published the research article 'Inflammation, sleep, obesity and cardiovascular disease' in the journal Current Vascular Pharmacology in 2007.
claimIn adults, a lack of sleep is associated with negative health consequences including cardiovascular problems, a weakened immune system, higher risk of obesity and type II diabetes, impaired thinking and memory, and mental health problems like depression and anxiety.
The New Field of Network Physiology: Building the Human ... frontiersin.org 2 facts
claimNetwork Physiology research investigates the pairwise and network interactions of organ systems and sub-systems, and how these interactions manifest in aging, exercise, sports, and various clinical conditions such as concussion, traumatic brain injury, cardiac arrest, sleep and neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, obesity, maternal-fetal and neonatal care, sepsis, coma, and multiple organ failure.
claimThe Human Physiolome maps are associated with diseases including neurodegenerative and metabolic disorders, sleep and circadian disorders, cancer, diabetes and obesity, concussion and brain trauma, coma, cardiac arrest, sepsis, and multiple organ failure.
Male menopause: Myth or reality? - Mayo Clinic mayoclinic.org Mar 26, 2025 2 facts
claimConditions such as having a body mass index of 30 or higher, obstructive sleep apnea, obesity, stress from serious illness, surgery, or hospitalization, and the use of medicines like opioid pain relievers can cause symptoms similar to those of low testosterone or contribute to low testosterone levels.
claimConditions that can cause low testosterone levels in men include obstructive sleep apnea, obesity, stress from serious illness, surgery, or hospitalization, and the use of certain medicines such as opioid pain relievers.
Indigenous Foods: a Path to Healthy Living nicoa.org Jul 12, 2016 2 facts
How to reduce inflammation in the body - MD Anderson Cancer Center mdanderson.org Mar 20, 2026 2 facts
Associations between media parenting practices and early ... - Nature nature.com Jun 5, 2024 2 facts
Sleep Deprivation and Deficiency - How Sleep Affects Your Health nhlbi.nih.gov Jun 15, 2022 2 facts
Psychosocial Pathways - CDC cdc.gov Sep 1, 2023 2 facts
Stress, Lifestyle, and Health – Psychology 2e OpenStax pressbooks.cuny.edu 2 facts
claimRisk factors for cardiovascular disorders include social determinants (aging, income, education, employment status), behavioral factors (unhealthy diet, tobacco use, physical inactivity, excessive alcohol consumption), and medical conditions (obesity, diabetes), according to the World Health Organization (2013).
claimIn a study of childhood depression, adolescents diagnosed with depression as children were more likely to be obese, smoke, and be physically inactive compared to those who had not received this diagnosis.
5.1 Physical Health and Growth in Early Childhood - OpenStax openstax.org Oct 16, 2024 2 facts
referenceLimited access to affordable and nutritious food is linked to health problems such as obesity, diabetes, and heart disease, according to Ziso et al. (2022).
claimSubstantial evidence associates less-than-optimal sleep in children with unhealthy weight gain and obesity, likely due to changes in appetite, increased calorie consumption, excessive snacking, and alterations in how the body metabolizes energy.
Unknown source 2 facts
claimHealthy diets promote optimal growth and development and prevent malnutrition in all its forms, including undernutrition and obesity.
claimThe consumption of a Western-style diet increases the risk of obesity and related diseases, according to research cited in the article 'Global Impacts of Western Diet and Its Effects on Metabolism'.
Stress, Lifestyle, and Health – Introduction to Psychology open.maricopa.edu 2 facts
claimRisk factors for cardiovascular disorders include social determinants (aging, income, education, employment status), behavioral factors (unhealthy diet, tobacco use, physical inactivity, excessive alcohol consumption), and medical conditions (obesity, diabetes).
claimThe magnitude of the effect of social support on mortality is comparable to the effect of quitting smoking and exceeds the impact of risk factors such as obesity and physical inactivity.
The Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Your Body - Healthline healthline.com Aug 23, 2024 2 facts
Sleep Deprivation: Symptoms, Causes, Effects, and Treatment sleepfoundation.org Sep 10, 2025 2 facts
claimSleep deprivation is linked to chronic health conditions including high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome, kidney disease, heart disease, stroke, and higher cholesterol levels.
claimSleep deprivation is linked to various physical health issues, including high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome, kidney disease, increased inflammation, an altered immune system, heart disease, stroke, and higher cholesterol.
Paleolithic diet - Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org 1 fact
claimStanley Boyd Eaton and Melvin Konner proposed the "discordance hypothesis," which asserts that the mismatch between modern diets and human biology causes lifestyle diseases such as obesity and diabetes.
Western Diet - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics sciencedirect.com 1 fact
claimThe Western Diet is linked to an increased prevalence of metabolic disorders, including obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases.
Experts recommend 7-8 hours of sleep for better brain health sph.unc.edu Jan 31, 2017 1 fact
claimThe Global Council on Brain Health (GCBH) consensus statement asserts that people with chronic inadequate sleep are at higher risk for and experience more severe health problems, including dementia, depression, heart disease, obesity, and cancer.
Should you be tested for inflammation? health.harvard.edu Mar 29, 2022 1 fact
claimMedical tests for inflammation cannot distinguish between acute inflammation, which may develop with a cold, pneumonia, or an injury, and chronic inflammation, which may accompany diabetes, obesity, or an autoimmune disease.
Stress, Lifestyle, and Health - Maricopa Open Digital Press open.maricopa.edu 1 fact
claimThe magnitude of the effect of social support on survival is comparable to the effect of quitting smoking and exceeds the impact of risk factors such as obesity and physical inactivity.
Paleo's evolution and the modern story of stone-age eating - Rily rily.co Mar 20, 2024 1 fact
claimThe evolutionary discordance hypothesis asserts that while humans have not genetically diverged from their pre-agrarian ancestors, their diets have changed significantly, leading to 'diseases of civilization' such as obesity and diabetes.
Editorial: Dietary diversity indicators: cultural preferences and health ... frontiersin.org 1 fact
claimHealthy eating habits contribute to the prevention of overweight and obesity during pregnancy and reduce long-term health risks.
How to tell if a wound is healing or infected - OSF HealthCare osfhealthcare.org Nov 6, 2025 1 fact
claimHealth conditions and factors that can heighten the risk of developing chronic wounds include age, diabetes, high blood pressure (hypertension), obesity, poor blood circulation, vascular disease, and a weakened immune system.
Indigenous Foodways - FSNK - Montana State University montana.edu Nov 11, 2024 1 fact
claimIndigenous peoples in Maine face higher rates of chronic illnesses, including diabetes and its related comorbidities, as well as higher rates of addictions to tobacco, alcohol, and other substances, and obesity compared to the general population.
Global dietary quality in 185 countries from 1990 to 2018 show wide ... nature.com Sep 19, 2022 1 fact
claimWorse dietary quality in children is associated with stunting, cardiometabolic risk factors (such as blood pressure, blood lipid levels, glucose control, and obesity), and lower health-related quality of life.
Sleep Deprivation: What It Is, Symptoms, Treatment & Stages my.clevelandclinic.org Aug 11, 2022 1 fact
claimSleep deprivation increases the risk of developing or worsening conditions including Type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure (hypertension), obesity, obstructive sleep apnea, vascular disease, stroke, heart attack, depression, anxiety, and conditions involving psychosis.
Physiology, Sleep Stages - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf - NIH ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 1 fact
claimIndividuals who do not get enough sleep are at a higher risk of developing obesity, diabetes mellitus (DM), and cardiovascular disease.
Stress: Its Negative Impact on Your Mental & Physical Health cwcare.net Jun 7, 2023 1 fact
claimChronic stress can initiate communication errors between the brain and the body’s various systems, which are linked to the development of physical and mental health conditions such as chronic fatigue, metabolic disorders (diabetes and obesity), depression, anxiety, and immune system disorders.
The Evolution of Diet - National Geographic nationalgeographic.com 1 fact
claimThe rising epidemic of obesity and related diseases is contributed to by the global shift toward processed foods.
How Sleep Deprivation Impacts Mental Health columbiapsychiatry.org Mar 16, 2022 1 fact
claimReduced sleep is linked to increased eating and a higher risk for weight gain and obesity.
Cognitive Stress Management Therapy | CBT for Stress cognitivetherapynyc.com 1 fact
claimChronic, high levels of stress are associated with serious physical and psychological difficulties, including insomnia, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, obesity, depression, and anxiety disorders.
Understanding acute and chronic inflammation - Harvard Health health.harvard.edu Apr 1, 2020 1 fact
claimRegular exercise can help protect against conditions linked with chronic inflammation, specifically heart disease and obesity.
How sleep deprivation can harm your health - Harvard Health health.harvard.edu Jul 22, 2025 1 fact
claimLack of sufficient sleep disrupts the hormones that control hunger and appetite, which contributes to weight gain and obesity.
Global overview of dietary outcomes and dietary intake assessment ... link.springer.com Aug 21, 2021 1 fact
perspectiveWorksite health promotion programs are recommended for both land-based and maritime jobs because poor diet is a leading risk factor for obesity and metabolic syndrome.
National Sleep Foundation Guidelines: How Much Sleep Do You ... drkumardiscovery.com Oct 22, 2025 1 fact
claimConsistently sleeping outside the recommended ranges is associated with increased health risks, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity, depression, and reduced immune function.
Which hormones are present in men + women? - MITOcare mitocare.de 1 fact
procedurePreventing testosterone deficiency, which can cause hormonal imbalances, involves a conscious lifestyle including a balanced diet, plenty of exercise, and limiting alcohol, obesity, and smoking.
Why At Least 7 Hours of Sleep Is Essential for Brain Health medicine.utah.edu Jun 26, 2023 1 fact
claimSleep deficiency is linked to serious health outcomes, including obesity, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, stroke, and neurodegenerative disorders.
4 Stages of Wound Healing: Timeline - Healthline healthline.com Dec 19, 2019 1 fact
claimDiabetes, obesity, high blood pressure (hypertension), and vascular disease are health conditions that can lead to poor blood circulation and consequently cause poor wound healing.
Risk Factors: Chronic Inflammation - NCI - National Cancer Institute cancer.gov Apr 29, 2015 1 fact
claimPotential causes of chronic inflammation include persistent infections, abnormal immune reactions to normal tissues, and conditions such as obesity.
Measurement of diets that are healthy, environmentally sustainable ... frontiersin.org 1 fact
procedureThe research team developed 10 categories for health outcomes: cancer; cardiovascular diseases; mortality, number of deaths averted, or years of life saved (non-specific disease); type 2 diabetes; stroke; disability-adjusted life year (DALY) (non-specific disease); weight, overweight, or obesity; composite health indicators; quality-adjusted life year (QALY) or quality of life (QOL) related to non-specific diseases; or other.
(PDF) Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Diet and Nutrition academia.edu 1 fact
claimRising rates of obesity associated with lifestyle modernization are driven by shifts in energy balance and diet composition, rather than simply being the product of greater energy intakes.
Diet composition and staple-food dependence as structural ... researchsquare.com 1 fact
claimDiets high in ultra-processed foods may show high diet diversity but are linked with poor health outcomes, including obesity and cardiovascular risk.
measurement-of-dietary-diversity Research Articles - Page 1 discovery.researcher.life 1 fact
measurementIn a study of aboriginal primary school children, 60.8% were of normal weight, 17.7% were overweight, 16.7% were obese, and 4.8% were thin to severely thin.
A Twist on Paleo: Eat What Your Family Ate—500 Years Ago nationalgeographic.com Mar 2, 2016 1 fact
claimThe Amish in America have almost no obesity despite consuming a diet rich in meat and potatoes, which Le attributes to their high levels of physical activity, specifically walking three times as much as the average citizen.
Healthy Child Care Settings - The Nutrition Source nutritionsource.hsph.harvard.edu 1 fact
claimInterventions focusing on children at the greatest risk of developing obesity demonstrate the highest efficacy, and longer-term follow-up studies suggest that booster interventions may be required to ensure healthy weight is maintained over time.
Understanding Male Hormonal Changes: A Complete Guide (2025) coremedicalwellness.com Oct 21, 2025 1 fact
claimObesity contributes to hormonal imbalances in men because excess body fat can convert testosterone to estrogen and affects insulin sensitivity.
How Inflammation Affects Your Health | News - Yale Medicine yalemedicine.org Apr 8, 2022 1 fact
claimInflammation is a key factor in serious diseases, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, obesity, diabetes, and various infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS.
Early Digital Engagement Among Younger Children and the ... pediatrics.jmir.org Jul 3, 2025 1 fact
claimParents living in unsafe neighborhoods often provide screen time to their toddlers as a way to keep them indoors and protected from the external world, which can lead to higher screen dependence at school age, shorter attention spans, higher risk of obesity, and aggressive behavior.
The Evolutionary Impact of Dietary Shifts on Physical and Cognitive ... onfoods.it 1 fact
claimThe OBI-WAN-DIET research project utilizes a multi-omics approach to address obesity at the individual level through plant-based diets.
Inflammation: Types, symptoms, causes, and treatment medicalnewstoday.com 1 fact
claimMetabolic syndrome, which includes type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and obesity, is linked to higher levels of inflammatory markers in the body.
Global Impacts of Western Diet and Its Effects on Metabolism and ... pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Jun 14, 2023 1 fact
referenceShively C.A., Appt S.E., Vitolins M.Z., Uberseder B., Michalson K.T., Silverstein-Metzler M.G., and Register T.C. published a study in 2019 titled 'Mediterranean versus Western Diet Effects on Caloric Intake, Obesity, Metabolism, and Hepatosteatosis in Nonhuman Primates' in the journal Obesity.
Exploring the Impact of Parenting Styles on the Social Development ... acr-journal.com 1 fact
claimThe lack of rules in permissive parenting, particularly regarding snacks, can lead children to develop poor eating habits, increasing the likelihood of obesity and other health issues.
Sex differences in cardiorespiratory control under hypoxia - Frontiers frontiersin.org Jan 30, 2025 1 fact
claimThe study findings on sex differences in cardiorespiratory control under hypoxia should not be extrapolated to clinical contexts without further investigation into factors such as age, obesity, and comorbidities.
What is inflammation, and why is it dangerous? health.harvard.edu Mar 1, 2020 1 fact
claimChronic inflammation can be triggered by exposure to toxins, chronic stress, obesity, and autoimmune disorders.
Measuring Adherence to Sustainable Healthy Diets - R Discovery discovery.researcher.life Dec 26, 2022 1 fact
claimThe United Nations encourages governments to promote sustainable healthy diets to address undernutrition, obesity, and climate change.
Chronic Inflammation: How to Test For it and Prevent it medichecks.com Jan 31, 2024 1 fact
measurementChronic inflammatory diseases are the most significant cause of death globally, with three out of five deaths related to them, including strokes, chronic respiratory disease, heart disorders, cancer, obesity, and type 2 diabetes.
The Effect of Insomnia on Brain Health - American Brain Foundation americanbrainfoundation.org Sep 17, 2025 1 fact
claimChronic insomnia and sleep deprivation increase the risk of hypertension, type 2 diabetes, obesity, heart failure, vascular disease, stroke, cognitive impairment, obstructive sleep apnea, Alzheimer’s disease, and mortality.
Circadian rhythm - Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org 1 fact
claimTurek et al. (2005) found that Clock mutant mice exhibit obesity and metabolic syndrome.
The Evolution of Human Nutrition carta.anthropogeny.org Dec 7, 2012 1 fact
claimInterest in the paleodiet is largely driven by the prevalence of modern diseases, including obesity, type-2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and high blood pressure.
Childhood Trauma and its effect on Adulthood - Palo Alto University paloaltou.edu 1 fact
claimNegative health outcomes associated with unresolved childhood trauma include depressive disorder, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, asthma, kidney disease, stroke, coronary heart disease, cancer, diabetes, and obesity.