fruit

vegetables

Vegetables and fruit are frequently categorized together as essential components of a healthy diet, as seen in dietary recommendations [1], [2], and [3], as well as in nutritional studies regarding their combined impact on inflammation [4] and their inclusion in specific dietary patterns like the Paleolithic diet [5]. They are also commonly grouped when discussing global consumption trends [6] or deficiencies in specific environments like maritime settings [7], [8], and [9]. — 9 supporting facts

whole grains

Justification not yet generated — showing supporting facts

• Higher-income countries exhibit better scores for healthy dietary components, such as fruit and whole grains, but worse scores for unhealthy components, such as red/processed meats and sodium, compared to lower-income countries.
• Globally, women had modestly higher AHEI scores than men for fruit (+0.2), non-starchy vegetables (+0.3), and whole grains (+0.4).
• Globally, between 1990 and 2018, AHEI scores increased for non-starchy vegetables (+1.1), legumes/nuts (+1.1), and fruit (+0.1); decreased for red/processed meat (−1.4), sugar-sweetened beverages (−0.6), and sodium (−0.4); and remained stable for whole grains (+0.1), PUFAs (0), and seafood omega-3 (0).
• In high-income countries, Central/Eastern Europe, Central Asia, the Middle East, and Northern Africa, improvements in dietary quality driven by increased intake of fruit, non-starchy vegetables, legumes/nuts, and whole grains have been offset by stable or only minor reductions in red/processed meats, sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), and sodium.
• The Western pattern diet is associated with higher risks of cardiovascular disease and obesity compared to a 'prudent pattern diet,' which contains higher proportions of fruit, vegetables, whole grains, and poultry.
• Globally, urban residents had higher AHEI scores for fruit (+0.2) and whole grains (+0.2), but lower scores for sugar-sweetened beverages (-0.5), red/processed meat (-0.4), and legumes/nuts (-0.1).
• Globally, more educated individuals had higher AHEI scores for fruit (+0.8), sodium (+0.7), whole grains (+0.6), and non-starchy vegetables (+0.5).
• Global intake of whole grains and fruit and vegetables increased by 2% between 2010 and 2018.

meat

Justification not yet generated — showing supporting facts

• In maritime settings, access to meat, processed meat, eggs, frozen and canned food items, sugary drinks, alcohol, and greasy and salty food is high, while consumption of fruit, vegetables, dairy products, and cereals is lower than recommended dietary guidelines.
• Among the Chinese elderly, daily consumption of fruit, meat, fish, egg, and tofu improves self-rated health, while daily sugar consumption is associated with a poorer self-rated health assessment.
• Within-group dietary diversity measures, which have grown in usage since 2010, primarily assessed fruit and/or vegetable diversity (over 50%), meat/alternatives diversity (25%), grain diversity (10%), and dairy diversity (8%).
• Foragers rely on 'fallback foods' when primary food sources like meat, fruit, or honey are scarce, according to Brooks.
• In the scoping review by Annalijn I Conklin et al., over half of the 114 within-group diversity measures assessed fruit and/or vegetable diversity, 25% assessed meat/alternatives diversity, 10% assessed grain diversity, and 8% assessed dairy diversity.
• Dietary intake in maritime settings is characterized by high consumption of meat, processed meat, eggs, frozen and canned food, sugary drinks, alcohol, and greasy and salty foods, while consumption of fruit, vegetables, dairy products, and cereals is lower than recommended.

processed meat

Justification not yet generated — showing supporting facts

• In maritime settings, access to meat, processed meat, eggs, frozen and canned food items, sugary drinks, alcohol, and greasy and salty food is high, while consumption of fruit, vegetables, dairy products, and cereals is lower than recommended dietary guidelines.
• Higher-income countries exhibit better scores for healthy dietary components, such as fruit and whole grains, but worse scores for unhealthy components, such as red/processed meats and sodium, compared to lower-income countries.
• Globally, between 1990 and 2018, AHEI scores increased for non-starchy vegetables (+1.1), legumes/nuts (+1.1), and fruit (+0.1); decreased for red/processed meat (−1.4), sugar-sweetened beverages (−0.6), and sodium (−0.4); and remained stable for whole grains (+0.1), PUFAs (0), and seafood omega-3 (0).
• In high-income countries, Central/Eastern Europe, Central Asia, the Middle East, and Northern Africa, improvements in dietary quality driven by increased intake of fruit, non-starchy vegetables, legumes/nuts, and whole grains have been offset by stable or only minor reductions in red/processed meats, sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), and sodium.
• Globally, urban residents had higher AHEI scores for fruit (+0.2) and whole grains (+0.2), but lower scores for sugar-sweetened beverages (-0.5), red/processed meat (-0.4), and legumes/nuts (-0.1).
• Dietary intake in maritime settings is characterized by high consumption of meat, processed meat, eggs, frozen and canned food, sugary drinks, alcohol, and greasy and salty foods, while consumption of fruit, vegetables, dairy products, and cereals is lower than recommended.

sugar-sweetened beverages

Justification not yet generated — showing supporting facts

• In maritime settings, access to meat, processed meat, eggs, frozen and canned food items, sugary drinks, alcohol, and greasy and salty food is high, while consumption of fruit, vegetables, dairy products, and cereals is lower than recommended dietary guidelines.
• Globally, between 1990 and 2018, AHEI scores increased for non-starchy vegetables (+1.1), legumes/nuts (+1.1), and fruit (+0.1); decreased for red/processed meat (−1.4), sugar-sweetened beverages (−0.6), and sodium (−0.4); and remained stable for whole grains (+0.1), PUFAs (0), and seafood omega-3 (0).
• In high-income countries, Central/Eastern Europe, Central Asia, the Middle East, and Northern Africa, improvements in dietary quality driven by increased intake of fruit, non-starchy vegetables, legumes/nuts, and whole grains have been offset by stable or only minor reductions in red/processed meats, sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), and sodium.
• Globally, children had lower AHEI component scores than adults for fruit (2.2 vs 2.5), non-starchy vegetables (3.1 vs 4.3), sugar-sweetened beverages (5.3 vs 6.1), and seafood omega-3 (3.3 vs 4.7).
• Globally, urban residents had higher AHEI scores for fruit (+0.2) and whole grains (+0.2), but lower scores for sugar-sweetened beverages (-0.5), red/processed meat (-0.4), and legumes/nuts (-0.1).
• Dietary intake in maritime settings is characterized by high consumption of meat, processed meat, eggs, frozen and canned food, sugary drinks, alcohol, and greasy and salty foods, while consumption of fruit, vegetables, dairy products, and cereals is lower than recommended.

Alternative Healthy Eating Index

Justification not yet generated — showing supporting facts

• Globally, women had modestly higher AHEI scores than men for fruit (+0.2), non-starchy vegetables (+0.3), and whole grains (+0.4).
• Globally, between 1990 and 2018, AHEI scores increased for non-starchy vegetables (+1.1), legumes/nuts (+1.1), and fruit (+0.1); decreased for red/processed meat (−1.4), sugar-sweetened beverages (−0.6), and sodium (−0.4); and remained stable for whole grains (+0.1), PUFAs (0), and seafood omega-3 (0).
• Globally, children had lower AHEI component scores than adults for fruit (2.2 vs 2.5), non-starchy vegetables (3.1 vs 4.3), sugar-sweetened beverages (5.3 vs 6.1), and seafood omega-3 (3.3 vs 4.7).
• Globally, urban residents had higher AHEI scores for fruit (+0.2) and whole grains (+0.2), but lower scores for sugar-sweetened beverages (-0.5), red/processed meat (-0.4), and legumes/nuts (-0.1).
• Globally, more educated individuals had higher AHEI scores for fruit (+0.8), sodium (+0.7), whole grains (+0.6), and non-starchy vegetables (+0.5).

legumes

Justification not yet generated — showing supporting facts

• In low-income countries in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, consumption of healthy components such as fruit, non-starchy vegetables, legumes/nuts, seafood omega-3 fat, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) remained far from optimal in 2018.
• Globally, between 1990 and 2018, AHEI scores increased for non-starchy vegetables (+1.1), legumes/nuts (+1.1), and fruit (+0.1); decreased for red/processed meat (−1.4), sugar-sweetened beverages (−0.6), and sodium (−0.4); and remained stable for whole grains (+0.1), PUFAs (0), and seafood omega-3 (0).
• In high-income countries, Central/Eastern Europe, Central Asia, the Middle East, and Northern Africa, improvements in dietary quality driven by increased intake of fruit, non-starchy vegetables, legumes/nuts, and whole grains have been offset by stable or only minor reductions in red/processed meats, sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), and sodium.
• Globally, urban residents had higher AHEI scores for fruit (+0.2) and whole grains (+0.2), but lower scores for sugar-sweetened beverages (-0.5), red/processed meat (-0.4), and legumes/nuts (-0.1).

nuts

Justification not yet generated — showing supporting facts

• In low-income countries in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, consumption of healthy components such as fruit, non-starchy vegetables, legumes/nuts, seafood omega-3 fat, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) remained far from optimal in 2018.
• Globally, between 1990 and 2018, AHEI scores increased for non-starchy vegetables (+1.1), legumes/nuts (+1.1), and fruit (+0.1); decreased for red/processed meat (−1.4), sugar-sweetened beverages (−0.6), and sodium (−0.4); and remained stable for whole grains (+0.1), PUFAs (0), and seafood omega-3 (0).
• In high-income countries, Central/Eastern Europe, Central Asia, the Middle East, and Northern Africa, improvements in dietary quality driven by increased intake of fruit, non-starchy vegetables, legumes/nuts, and whole grains have been offset by stable or only minor reductions in red/processed meats, sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), and sodium.
• Globally, urban residents had higher AHEI scores for fruit (+0.2) and whole grains (+0.2), but lower scores for sugar-sweetened beverages (-0.5), red/processed meat (-0.4), and legumes/nuts (-0.1).

dietary diversity

Dietary diversity is measured by assessing the variety of specific food groups consumed, with fruit being a primary component evaluated in over half of the diversity measures identified in the scoping review [1]. — 1 supporting fact

inflammation

Inflammation and fruit are related because a diet rich in fruit and vegetables can help to fight inflammation in the body [1]. — 1 supporting fact

obesity

Obesity is linked to fruit through the Western pattern diet, which is associated with higher risks of obesity, whereas the 'prudent pattern diet' that helps mitigate such risks contains higher proportions of fruit [1]. — 1 supporting fact