Knowledge Tree
Shabelle Zone
Also known as: Shebelle zone
synthesized from dimensionsThe Shabelle Zone, formerly known as the Gode Zone, is an administrative region located within the Somali Regional State of eastern Ethiopia administrative location. Geographically, the zone is defined by flat to gently sloping terrain, with land use primarily distributed among pasturelands (56%), woodlands and shrublands (33%), and cultivated land (11%) terrain and land use. The Shebelle River serves as a critical lifeline for the region, supporting irrigated agriculture, livestock watering, and domestic needs across its six woredas river importance. The population is predominantly Somali (98.62%) and follows the Islamic faith (98.76%) demographics.
The local economy is heavily reliant on livestock production, with livelihoods categorized into irrigated farming (40–50%), agro-pastoralism (25–30%), and pastoralism (20–30%) livelihood patterns. Despite this reliance on natural resources, the zone faces significant socio-economic challenges, including limited infrastructure and high vulnerability to drought resource reliance. Beyond its agricultural output, the zone has become a notable site for scientific inquiry, including ethnobotanical studies on wild edible plants (WEPs) and epidemiological research regarding conditions such as visceral leishmaniasis.
Recent ethnobotanical research has documented 57 wild edible plant species across 22 families in the Shabelle Zone research publication. These plants are categorized into four life forms—shrubs, trees, herbs, and climbers—with shrubs being the most prominent Wild edible plant species in the Shabelle Zone…. Fruits are the most significant dietary component, representing 66.6% of the species and holding the highest relative frequency of citation In the Shabelle Zone, six categories of wild…. While 73.2% of these species are consumed under normal conditions, 26.8% serve as critical famine foods, providing essential resilience during periods of drought or limited market access In the Shabelle Zone, 41 out of 57….
Traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) regarding these plants is deeply rooted in the local culture, transmitted primarily through oral history, storytelling, and direct observation [44, 58]. Research indicates that this knowledge is not uniformly distributed; it is positively associated with older age, male gender, and lower levels of formal education species diversity and knowledge. Harvesting techniques—primarily picking, plucking, and digging—are often governed by informal, sustainable practices, though these are increasingly challenged by environmental pressures [11, 47, 48].
The sustainability of the zone's plant resources is currently threatened by overgrazing, deforestation, climate change, and the spread of invasive species such as *Parthenium hysterophorus* and *Prosopis juliflora* environmental threats. IUCN Red List screenings have identified specific species, such as *Balanites ogadensis*, as critically endangered, and *Carissa edulis* and *Carissa cyclophylla* as vulnerable An IUCN Red List screening of 57 wild…. Despite these threats, conservation efforts remain limited, with approximately 90% of local respondents reporting no structured management strategies, relying instead on incidental planting along farm boundaries In a survey of the Shabelle Zone, 90%….
Model Perspectives (6)
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The Shabelle Zone, formerly known as Gode Zone, is an administrative region within the Somali Regional State of eastern Ethiopia administrative location. It is characterized by a geography of flat to gently sloping terrain, with land use divided primarily into pasturelands (56%), woodlands and shrublands (33%), and cultivated land (11%) terrain and land use. The Shebelle River is a vital resource for the zone, supporting irrigated agriculture, domestic water needs, and livestock watering across six woredas river importance.
The population is predominantly Somali (98.62%), with Islam practiced by 98.76% of residents demographics. The local economy is centered on livestock production, with livelihoods split between irrigated farming (40–50%), agro-pastoralism (25–30%), and pastoralism (20–30%) livelihood patterns. Despite its reliance on natural vegetation for food and medicine, the region faces significant socio-economic challenges, including limited infrastructure and high vulnerability to drought resource reliance.
Recent ethnobotanical research, published in the *Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine* (2026), has begun to address the historical lack of documentation regarding the zone's plant diversity research publication. This study documented 57 wild edible plant species across 22 families, noting that traditional ecological knowledge is most concentrated among older, male, and less formally educated individuals species diversity and knowledge. These plant resources—and the indigenous knowledge surrounding them—are currently threatened by pressures such as overgrazing, climate change, and habitat degradation environmental threats.
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The Shabelle Zone possesses a diverse array of wild edible plants (WEPs) categorized into four life forms: shrubs, trees, herbs, and climbers Wild edible plant species in the Shabelle Zone…. Shrubs are the most prominent life form Shrubs are the most prominent life form contributing…, while fruits represent the most significant dietary component, accounting for 66.6% of species In the Shabelle Zone, six categories of wild… and holding the highest relative frequency of citation (RFC=0.91) Fruits represent the most important use of wild….
Local consumption patterns are highly seasonal, with the highest harvest rates occurring during the spring (September–December) In the Shabelle Zone, the highest number of…. While 73.2% of recorded species are consumed under normal conditions, 26.8% serve as critical famine foods In the Shabelle Zone, 41 out of 57…. Harvesting techniques include picking, plucking, and digging, with picking being the most common method Among the 57 documented wild edible plant species….
The sustainability of these resources is currently threatened by human and environmental pressures, including overharvesting, deforestation, and the spread of invasive species like *Parthenium hysterophorus* and *Prosopis juliflora* The sustainability of wild edible plants in the…. Furthermore, an IUCN Red List screening identified species such as *B. ogadensis* as critically endangered, and *C. edulis* and *C. cyclophylla* as vulnerable An IUCN Red List screening of 57 wild…. Despite these threats, only 10% of local respondents reported any form of deliberate management, such as planting along farm boundaries In a survey of the Shabelle Zone, 90%….
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The Shabelle Zone in Eastern Ethiopia is characterized by a diverse array of wild edible plants (WEPs) that serve as critical components of local nutrition and livelihood, particularly for Somali communities [59]. Research published by Springer documents 57 distinct WEP species across 22 families, with Fabaceae, Malvaceae, and Burseraceae being the most representative [51, 52]. These plants are categorized by lifeform, with shrubs being the most abundant, followed by trees, herbs, and climbers, which collectively support dietary diversity in the region's arid and semi-arid landscapes [60].
Knowledge regarding these plants is deeply rooted in local culture, with 48.3% of informants acquiring information through direct observation and others through oral history and storytelling [45]. Research indicates a strong correlation between age and botanical knowledge [44], and significant differences in reported knowledge levels based on factors such as gender, formal education, and informant expertise [41, 42, 43]. The Botanical Ethnoknowledge Index (BEI) varies across the zone, with Gode recording the highest index and species counts, and Ferfer the lowest [56, 58].
Communities employ three primary harvesting techniques—picking, plucking, and digging—often accompanied by sustainable informal rules to prevent overexploitation, especially regarding famine foods [11, 47, 48]. While some species like *L. triphylla* and *M. stenopetala* provide year-round stability [20], others are consumed seasonally [16, 17, 18, 19] or serve as emergency sustenance during famine periods [15, 34]. Preparation methods, such as boiling or roasting, are essential to remove toxins or bitterness from certain tubers and roots [5, 49]. Furthermore, several species, including *C. olitorius* and *T. indica*, are actively traded in local markets, providing a source of income [22, 23, 24]. Despite their importance, these plants face conservation challenges due to natural vegetation clearing, overharvesting, and grazing pressures [36, 37, 38].
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The Shabelle Zone of Ethiopia hosts a diverse food system centered on 57 documented species of wild edible plants (WEPs) across 41 genera and 22 families [54]. Research published by Springer indicates that these plants are essential for household nutrition, dietary diversity, and resilience during periods of drought, famine, or limited market access [21, 56]. The local flora is dominated by shrubs and trees, which provide various edible components including fruits, leaves, roots, tubers, stems, and resins [55]. These woody species are considered the foundational elements of famine foods in the region [4].
Seasonal availability dictates the local diet, with specific plants harvested across spring, summer, autumn, and winter [5, 6, 7]. Certain species, such as *Moringa stenopetala* and *Lippia triphylla*, are available year-round, serving as dependable nutritional buffers [8]. Beyond subsistence, several species, including *Ziziphus mauritiana* and *Tamarindus indica*, hold commercial value and are frequently traded in local markets, with prices fluctuating based on seasonal abundance [10, 11, 12].
Knowledge regarding these plants is deeply rooted in traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) transmitted through oral instruction and observation [44, 58]. According to Springer, familiarity with these resources is not uniform across the population; it is positively associated with age, male gender, and a lack of formal education, suggesting that engagement with traditional pastoral and foraging practices influences knowledge retention [36, 38, 41, 57].
Despite their importance, the sustainability of these WEPs is under significant threat from climate variability, habitat loss, overharvesting, and invasive species [26, 59]. High-value species, such as *Balanites ogadensis* and *Carissa edulis*, are categorized as threatened by the IUCN [28]. Currently, local conservation efforts are minimal, with approximately 90% of informants reporting no structured strategies for plant protection, relying instead on incidental planting [29, 60].
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The Shabelle Zone, located in Eastern Ethiopia, has been the subject of focused academic research, particularly regarding its ethnobotanical landscape and public health. An ethnobotanical study on wild edible plants (WEPs) was conducted in the area, necessitating authorization from Shabelle Zone Administration Offices before data collection. This research, which utilized R software for analysis, faced several methodological limitations. These included seasonal constraints on fieldwork, a reliance on purposively selected informants, and the use of quantitative metrics like the Botanical Ethnoknowledge Index and Relative Frequency of Citation, which are susceptible to recall bias. Furthermore, the study lacked ecological and nutritional assessments, restricting conclusions regarding species sustainability and composition. Beyond botany, the zone has also been studied in a medical context, with researchers investigating the epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in the region.
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Shabelle Zone, also spelled Shebelle, is an administrative division in the Somali Region of Eastern Ethiopia, where researchers secured authorization letters from Shabelle Zone Administration Offices for fieldwork in an ethnobotanical study of wild edible plants published by Springer. This study, titled 'Ethnobotanical study of wild edible plants in Shabelle Zone, Eastern Ethiopia,' involved field data collection by contributors like ZK and used R software for analysis, but faced limitations such as purposive informant selection, recall bias in indices like BEI and RFC, seasonal fieldwork constraints, and lack of ecological or nutritional assessments. The authors declared no competing interests. Separately, Bezaredie D, Tadesse Z, and Tadesse Z published on visceral leishmaniasis epidemiology in Shebelle Zone in Parasites & Vectors (2019). These Springer-sourced facts portray Shabelle Zone as a site for ethnobotanical and epidemiological research in a resource-limited, seasonally variable environment.
Facts (209)
Sources
Ethnobotanical study of wild edible plants in Shabelle Zone, Eastern ... link.springer.com Feb 5, 2026 208 facts
claimSpring is the peak season for the consumption of many widely consumed wild edible plants in the Shabelle Zone, including O. insignis, S. rhynchocarpa, G. tenax, and H. species.
claimSeasonal patterns of wild edible plant availability in the Shabelle Zone of Ethiopia mirror findings from other semi-arid regions, including the Somali, Afar, and Hararghe regions of Ethiopia, as well as Kenya, Sudan, Niger, Rajasthan, and the Tibetan Plateau.
claimTraditional knowledge of wild edible plants in Shabelle Zone, Eastern Ethiopia, varies significantly across informant groups, with older, male, and less formally educated individuals exhibiting greater familiarity with the plants.
claimWild edible plant species consumed primarily during famine periods in the Shabelle Zone include A. dubius, D. elata, A. reficiens, C. edulis, B. ogadensis, C. esculentus, H. abyssinica, C. olitorius, F. vasta, and H. reptans.
measurementWild edible plant (WEP) species richness in the Shabelle Zone of Ethiopia is lower than in Konso (154 species) and Yeki District (74 species).
claimIn the Shabelle Zone, wild edible plants including V. bussei, T. indica, A. rugosus, C. gileadensis, C. esculentus, and C. olitorius are primarily available and consumed during the summer.
claimThe authors of the study 'Ethnobotanical study of wild edible plants in Shabelle Zone, Eastern Ethiopia' read and approved the final version of the manuscript.
claimThe Shabelle Zone is administratively divided into ten districts: Gode, Kelafo, Mustahil, Ferfer, Adadle, Imi, Danan, Beercaano, Elele, and Abaaqarow.
measurementThe Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC) for wild edible plant parts in the Shabelle Zone is 0.91 for fruits, 0.77 for tubers, 0.67 for roots, 0.53 for leaves, 0.44 for resin, and 0.35 for stems.
claimHerbs identified as wild edible plants in the Shabelle Zone include A. dubius, S. sanguinea, E. nutans, A. rugosus, C. esculentus, and H. abyssinica.
measurementLeaves, which are usually boiled or cooked alone or mixed with other foods, account for 6% of observations regarding the preparation and consumption of wild edible plants in the Shabelle Zone.
claimLocal communities in the Shabelle Zone follow informal rules regarding the timing and quantity of collection for famine foods like A. dubius, D. elata, and C. esculentus to prevent overexploitation.
claimWild edible plants in the Shabelle Zone function both as routine foods and as critical resources during periods of famine, contributing to household food security, dietary diversity, and nutritional resilience.
measurementA total of 120 informants (64 males and 56 females) participated in the ethnobotanical study in the Shabelle Zone, with approximately 15 respondents selected from each of the eight study sites.
measurementRoots and tubers, which require peeling and cooking, account for 17.5% of observations regarding the preparation and consumption of wild edible plants in the Shabelle Zone.
measurementInformants in the Shabelle Zone ethnobotanical study were categorized into three age groups: young adults (20–35 years) at 21.6%, middle-aged adults (36–50 years) at 33.3%, and elders (51–80 years) at 45.1%.
claimThe use of wild tubers and leafy vegetables as a buffer against famine in drought-prone Ethiopian regions like Sedie, Konso, Gayint, Gibe, and Raya mirrors the reliance on wild edible plants in the Shabelle Zone.
claimThe plant families Amaranthaceae, Aristolochiaceae, Asteraceae, Balanophoraceae, Cactaceae, Capparaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Moringaceae, Rubiaceae, Salicaceae, Salvadoraceae, and Zygophyllaceae are each represented by a single species in the Shabelle Zone study.
measurementResin (3 species) and stems (1 species) in the Shabelle Zone recorded the highest Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) values of 0.96 and 1.00, respectively, showing highly consistent information regarding their use.
claimMoringa stenopetala, Lippia triphylla, Erucastrum nutans, and Ajuga rugosus are processed by drying or storing to extend their availability and market potential in the Shabelle Zone.
measurementThe study documented a total of 57 wild edible plant (WEP) species in the Shabelle Zone, representing 41 genera and 22 botanical families.
measurementIn the Shabelle Zone, male informants reported a higher mean number of wild edible plants (4.5 ± 1.7) compared to female informants (2.3 ± 1.3), a difference that was statistically significant (t = 7.7, p < 0.05).
claimWild edible plants in the Shabelle Zone face threats including overharvesting, habitat degradation, climate variability, grazing, trampling, and invasive species.
measurementApproximately 65% of respondents in the Shabelle Zone ethnobotanical study were illiterate, while 35% had some level of formal education.
procedureEthnobotanical data in the Shabelle Zone study were collected through three field visits between May 2023 and April 2024 across eight selected study sites.
claimThe high proportion of elders (45.1%) in the Shabelle Zone ethnobotanical study reflects their recognized role as custodians of traditional ecological knowledge.
claimThe authors of the study on wild edible plants in Shabelle Zone, Ethiopia, utilized R software for data analysis.
referenceThe Jaccard Similarity Index (JSI) is used to compare the composition of wild edible plants (WEPs) documented in the Shabelle Zone study with those reported from other regions of Ethiopia to measure floristic overlap and regional variation.
claimEight representative study sites were selected in the Shabelle Zone for ethnobotanical research: Aba-korow, Adadle, Berocano, Danan, Ferfer, Gode, Kelafo, and Mustahil.
claimSimilar patterns of wild edible plant composition to the Shabelle Zone are observed in northern Kenya, the Karamoja region of Uganda, the Maasai regions of Tanzania, and arid areas in Pakistan, India, and Australia.
claimCordeauxia edulis Hemsl., Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile, Amaranthus dubius Mart. ex Thell., and Moringa stenopetala (Baker f.) Cufod. are highly preferred and multipurpose wild edible plant species in Shabelle Zone, Eastern Ethiopia.
claimLocal market surveys in the Shabelle Zone identified five wild edible plant species that are frequently traded: Corchorus olitorius, Dobera glabra (D. elata), Grewia penicillata, Ziziphus mauritiana, and Tamarindus indica.
claimThe study of wild edible plants in the Shabelle Zone involves recognizing edible species, determining safe plant parts, understanding seasonal availability, and identifying potentially toxic plants.
claimIndigenous preparation methods for wild edible plants in the Shabelle Zone, such as boiling or roasting tubers of C. esculentus and E. dammanniana, are used to remove bitterness or toxins and enhance palatability.
measurementIn the Shabelle Zone, approximately 40–50% of the population depends on irrigated farming, 25–30% practices agro-pastoralism, 20–30% relies on pastoralism, and urban-based services account for less than 1% of livelihoods.
claimThe study examines how knowledge of wild edible plants varies across gender, age groups, and livelihood systems, and identifies environmental and socio-economic pressures affecting these resources.
claimIn the Shabelle Zone, Eastern Ethiopia, fruits are the most commonly consumed parts of wild edible plants, while roots, tubers, leaves, stems, and resins are primarily used during periods of food scarcity.
measurementIn the Shabelle Zone, C. olitorius is primarily sold by women in small bundles priced between 20 and 80 Ethiopian birr (USD 0.13–0.53).
claimSignificant shrub species in the Shabelle Zone include I. rotundifolia, C. edulis, C. spinarum, and various Grewia species, which are valued for their resilience to arid conditions, multipurpose utility, and provision of edible fruits, leaves, and seeds.
procedureResearchers obtained authorization letters from the Shabelle Zone Administration Offices before beginning data collection for the ethnobotanical study.
claimIn the Shabelle Zone, the species Ziziphus mauritiana, Balanites aegyptiaca, and Carissa edulis possess high commercial value due to their taste, cultural preference, and seasonal abundance.
claimRoots are utilized as a food source in species including Senna sanguinea, Ipomoea volkensii, Cissus spiculata, and Euclea grandis, while tubers are utilized in species including Ekebergia dammanniana, Cyperus esculentus, and Cyperus exaltatus.
claimIntermediate similarity in wild edible plant composition between the Shabelle Zone and Dire Dawa, Hararghe, and Goba is largely influenced by shared cultural histories, trade, and migration corridors connecting Somali, Oromo, Harari, and Argobba populations.
measurementBoswellia ogadensis Vollesen is classified as Critically Endangered, while Cordeauxia edulis Hemsl. and Commiphora cyclophylla Chiov. are classified as Vulnerable, according to the study of wild edible plants in Shabelle Zone, Eastern Ethiopia.
claimSpecies such as Crotalaria fascicularis and Hygrophila reptans are rarely traded in the Shabelle Zone due to their perishability, taste, and handling challenges.
claimIn the Shabelle Zone study, plant families such as Anacardiaceae, Arecaceae, Cyperaceae, and Moraceae contained only one or two species, suggesting more specialized or seasonal use.
measurementIn the Shabelle Zone, 41 out of 57 (73.2%) recorded wild edible plant species are consumed under normal conditions, while 15 species (26.8%) are consumed primarily during famine periods.
procedureCommunity members in the Shabelle Zone preserve and store wild edible plants such as E. nutans, A. rugosus, E. dammanniana, and E. grandis by drying or storing them to extend consumption beyond the harvest season.
claimThe ethnobotanical study of wild edible plants (WEPs) in the Shabelle Zone was limited by reliance on purposively selected informants, which may have overrepresented elders or key participants while underrepresenting younger or less experienced community members.
claimDuring the summer months in the Shabelle Zone, Erucastrum nutans and Cyperus esculentus serve as important root- and tuber-based food sources.
claimIn the Shabelle Zone of Eastern Ethiopia, shrubs are the most abundant plant lifeform, followed by trees, herbs, and climbers, which supports food security, nutrition, and dietary diversity in the region's drylands.
referenceThe article 'Ethnobotanical study of wild edible plants in Shabelle Zone, Eastern Ethiopia' is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits non-commercial use, sharing, distribution, and reproduction provided appropriate credit is given to the original authors and source.
claimTrees are the second most abundant life form of wild edible plants in the Shabelle Zone, featuring species such as O. insignis, L. triphylla, D. elata, A. bussei, B. aegyptiaca, F. vasta, and M. stenopetala.
claimOverharvesting of high-value wild edible plant species, specifically Acacia rugosus, Carissa edulis, Balanites aegyptiaca, Amaranthus dubius, and Balanites ogadensis, is a growing concern in the Shabelle Zone.
measurementIn the Shabelle Zone of Ethiopia, the Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC) analysis indicates that rainy-season wild edible plant species are the most dominant, with an RFC value of 0.49.
perspectiveThe study authors argue that the participatory research approach strengthened species documentation and highlighted the central role of indigenous knowledge in sustainable wild edible plant management in the Shabelle Zone.
measurementRipe fruits are predominantly eaten raw, accounting for 76.5% of all observations regarding the preparation and consumption of wild edible plants in the Shabelle Zone.
measurementThe botanical families Anacardiaceae, Arecaceae, Cyperaceae, and Moraceae each contributed two species to the total count of documented wild edible plants in the Shabelle Zone.
claimThe most represented plant families in the Shabelle Zone study were Fabaceae, Malvaceae, and Burseraceae, which illustrates their ecological abundance in arid and semi-arid landscapes.
claimLocal informants in the Shabelle Zone reported that consumption of leafy vegetables and tuberous species including Amaranthus dubius, Eruca nutans, Asystasia rugosus, Cyperus esculentus, and C. exaltatus occasionally caused minor gastrointestinal discomfort, which was attributed to high fiber content or the presence of secondary metabolites.
claimIn the Shabelle Zone, fruits are the most commonly used part of wild edible plants, recorded in species including Phoenix dactylifera, Ziziphus spp., Berchemia discolor, Pappea discolor, Vangueria madagascariensis, Dovyalis abyssinica, and Dovyalis glabra.
claimThe study of wild edible plants in the Shabelle Zone included a diverse group of informants, ensuring representation of both everyday users and individuals with specialized ethnobotanical knowledge.
claimThe study of wild edible plants in the Shabelle Zone was approved by the Department of Biology at Jigjiga University and the administrative offices of the Shabelle Zone, adhering to the International Society of Ethnobiology (ISE) Code of Ethics.
claimTraditional ecological knowledge (TEK) regarding wild edible plants in the Shabelle Zone is transmitted through observation, oral instruction from elders, and culturally embedded practices.
measurementIn the Shabelle Zone, Z. mauritiana fruits are marketed by women at 10–45 Ethiopian birr (USD 0.07–0.30) per cup.
claimResin-producing species such as C. myrrha and B. ogadensis are utilized in the Shabelle Zone for both nutritional contributions and medicinal purposes.
claimThe Shabelle Zone faces socio-economic constraints including limited infrastructure, low electricity coverage, sparse road networks, and low educational enrollment rates.
measurementThe study documented 57 wild edible plant species across 41 genera and 22 families in the Shabelle Zone.
measurementThe Jaccard Similarity Index (JSI) for wild edible plant species between the Shabelle Zone and other Ethiopian regions ranges from 0.046 (Sedie) to 0.407 (Lowland Ethiopia).
claimWild edible plant species T. indica, B. aegyptiaca, C. spinarum, G. tenax, and V. madagascariensis are classified as Least Concern (LC) or Not Evaluated (NE) by the IUCN but remain under pressure from overharvesting, deforestation, and grazing in the Shabelle Zone.
measurementAmong the 57 documented wild edible plant species in the Shabelle Zone, picking is the most common collection method (applied to 37 species), followed by digging (11 species), and plucking (9 species).
procedureA reconnaissance survey was conducted in the Shabelle Zone from 15 to 28 February 2023 to collect baseline information and identify suitable study sites for ethnobotanical research on wild edible plants.
measurementAccording to the 2015 Population and Housing Census, the Shabelle Zone had a population of 464,253 people, with 19.3% living in urban areas and 25.55% practicing pastoralism.
claimZK contributed to the proposal writing, participated in field data collection and specimen identification, and assisted in the preparation of the final manuscript for the study titled 'Ethnobotanical study of wild edible plants in Shabelle Zone, Eastern Ethiopia'.
claimThe sustainability of wild edible plants in the Shabelle Zone is threatened by human and environmental pressures, specifically overharvesting, agricultural expansion, deforestation, and urbanization.
claimQuantitative measures used in the Shabelle Zone WEP study, specifically the Botanical Ethnoknowledge Index (BEI) and Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC), depended on participant recall, which could lead to under- or over-reporting of data.
claimThe Shabelle Zone shares an international boundary with Somalia to the south, along the provisional administrative borders of the Hirshabelle and Galmudug Federal States.
claimThe Direct Matrix Ranking (DMR) method illustrates the integral role of wild edible plants (WEPs) in local livelihoods and environmental knowledge systems in the Shabelle Zone.
measurementWild edible plant prices in the Shabelle Zone range from 10 to 80 Ethiopian Birr per unit (approximately 0.07 to 0.53 USD), with prices peaking during the fruiting seasons in spring, autumn, and winter.
measurementThe mean number of wild edible plant (WEP) species reported per participant in the Shabelle Zone of Ethiopia ranged from 3.2 in Ferfer to 9.6 in Gode.
claimLeaves are the second most frequently used part of wild edible plants in the Shabelle Zone, occurring in species such as Amaranthus dubius, Crotalaria fascicularis, Corchorus olitorius, and Moringa stenopetala.
claimThe authors of the study 'Ethnobotanical study of wild edible plants in Shabelle Zone, Eastern Ethiopia' declare no competing interests.
claimThe study intends to compare local knowledge and uses of wild edible plants in the Shabelle Zone with reports from other Somali-inhabited regions of Ethiopia and neighboring countries to identify shared traditions and region-specific practices.
measurementAmong wild edible plant use categories in the Shabelle Zone, fruits account for the highest number of taxa (37 species) and use reports (110), with a moderate Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) of 0.66.
referenceThe study aims to document the diversity of wild edible plants in the Shabelle Zone, including vernacular names, edible parts, modes of consumption, seasonal availability, and cultural significance.
claimMale informants in the Shabelle Zone reported a higher number of wild edible plants compared to female informants, reflecting gendered divisions of labor.
claimThe Shabelle Zone of the Somali Region has not been systematically documented regarding wild edible plant (WEP) diversity, traditional uses, seasonal availability, consumption periods, or perceived threats.
measurementIn a survey of the Shabelle Zone, 90% of respondents reported no deliberate management of wild edible plants, while 10% reported incidental practices such as planting along farm boundaries, fences, or protected pasturelands.
measurementFruits represent the most important use of wild edible plants in the Shabelle Zone, with the highest Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC = 0.91).
procedureThe popularity of wild edible plants in the Shabelle Zone was assessed using the Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC), informant consensus, and reported usage patterns.
claimTubers of C. esculentus and E. dammanniana require cooking before consumption, while resins from C. myrrha are used sparingly in the Shabelle Zone.
claimIn the Shabelle Zone of Ethiopia, local Somali communities prioritize wild edible plants based on taste, nutritional value, seasonal availability, and ease of harvesting.
claimResearchers identified six major threats to wild edible plants (WEPs) in the Shabelle Zone: agricultural expansion, charcoal production, introduction of exotic species, firewood collection, overgrazing, and persistent drought.
claimThe dominance of shrubs and trees in the Shabelle Zone aligns with findings from other Ethiopian dryland regions (Somali, Afar, and Eastern Hararghe) and arid zones in Sudan and Kenya, where woody species serve as the backbone of famine foods.
claimTraditional sustainable harvesting practices in the Shabelle Zone include selective plucking, picking, or digging to minimize plant damage and ensure future availability.
claimTree species such as B. aegyptiaca, M. stenopetala, and L. triphylla contribute fruits, leafy vegetables, fodder, shade, and habitat for local biodiversity in the Shabelle Zone.
measurementIn the Shabelle Zone, informants without formal education reported a higher mean number of wild edible plant species (3.9 ± 1.9) compared to literate informants (2.1 ± 1.2), a difference that was statistically significant (t = 6.2, p < 0.05).
claimThe Shebelle River, which originates in the Ethiopian highlands and flows into Somalia, supports six woredas in the Shabelle Zone and is a critical resource for irrigated agriculture, domestic water use, and livestock watering.
claimThe study of wild edible plants (WEPs) in the Shabelle Zone of Ethiopia enhances understanding of the role of these plants in supporting food security, cultural identity, and ecological resilience in a drought-prone region.
measurementThe Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC) analysis for wild edible plants in the Shabelle Zone indicates they are most significant during the rainy season (RFC = 0.49), followed by the dry season (RFC = 0.36), and year-round availability (RFC = 0.10).
measurementAmong informants in the Shabelle Zone, 48.3% learned about wild edible plants through direct observation, 24.2% acquired knowledge from elders at a later age, 17.5% learned via oral history, and 10% gained understanding through puzzles or local stories shared during evening gatherings.
claimKnowledge transfer regarding wild edible plants in the Shabelle Zone occurs primarily through observation, oral instruction from elders, storytelling, and local narratives.
claimLow similarity in wild edible plant composition between the Shabelle Zone and highland regions like Sedie, Konso, and Gayint indicates ecological and cultural divergence, as highland communities inhabit cooler, wetter climates favoring leafy greens and wild tubers integrated into cereal-based diets.
claimAutumn and winter diets in the Shabelle Zone rely on wild edible plant species such as Carissa edulis, Ficus sycomorus, Phoenix dactylifera, and Ziziphus mauritiana.
measurementA total of 57 wild edible plant species were documented across all study sites in the Shabelle Zone, with Gode and Kelafo accounting for more than half of the reported species, while Kebri Dehar Zuria recorded 21 species and Mustahil recorded 16 species.
measurementOnly 10% of respondents in the Shabelle Zone WEP study reported the existence of local initiatives for plant protection.
claimIn the Shabelle Zone, the botanical family Fabaceae was the most species-rich among documented wild edible plants, followed by Malvaceae, Burseraceae, Apocynaceae, and Rhamnaceae.
claimLocal knowledge systems in the Shabelle Zone of the Somali Region are vulnerable to ecological degradation and changing land-use practices.
measurementAn IUCN Red List screening of 57 wild edible plants documented in the Shabelle Zone identified B. ogadensis as Critically Endangered (CR) due to overexploitation and habitat loss, while C. edulis (Yeheb) and C. cyclophylla are listed as Vulnerable (VU).
referenceThe study of wild edible plants in the Shabelle Zone utilized Microsoft Word 2019 for data records and R software (version 4.4.2) for statistical analysis.
claimThe plant species Cyperus esculentus, Echidnopsis dammanniana, and Amaranthus dubius serve as reliable emergency foods during crop failures and lean seasons in the Shabelle Zone.
claimMoringa stenopetala and Lippia triphylla are available year-round in the Shabelle Zone, providing dependable nutrition during periods of scarcity.
procedureThe study of wild edible plants in Shabelle Zone, Eastern Ethiopia, collected ethnobotanical data from 120 purposively selected informants across five districts using semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, and guided field observations.
claimIn the Shabelle Zone, wild edible plants including I. volkensii, B. ogadensis, and C. cyclophylla are consumed during the winter.
procedurePicking is predominantly used for fruits and other accessible plant parts in the Shabelle Zone that can be harvested without harming the plant, including species such as Opuntia insignis, Ziziphus spp., Berchemia discolor, Pappea discolor, and Vangueria madagascariensis.
measurementTubers and roots in the Shabelle Zone, each represented by 5 species, exhibit a very high Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) of 0.95, indicating strong agreement on their use.
procedureIn the Shabelle Zone, local communities utilize specific harvesting methods for wild edible plants: plucking is used for leaves, stems, or resins (e.g., A. dubius, A. reficiens, C. myrrha, B. ogadensis, C. olitorius, M. stenopetala), while digging is used for underground parts like tubers and roots (e.g., I. rotundifolia, S. sanguinea, I. volkensii, E. nutans, C. spiculata, E. grandis, C. exaltatus).
claimA second group of moderately traded wild edible plants in the Shabelle Zone includes A. dubius, M. stenopetala, L. triphylla, C. esculentus, E. dammanniana, T. indica, G. tenax, and F. sycomorus.
claimResins from C. myrrha are used sparingly for flavoring or medicinal purposes in the Shabelle Zone.
claimMultipurpose wild edible plant species Z. mauritiana, G. pannosiepala, and D. elata are particularly vulnerable to conservation gaps in the Shabelle Zone.
procedureThe study of wild edible plants in Shabelle Zone, Eastern Ethiopia, utilized the Botanical Ethnoknowledge Index, Relative Frequency of Citation, Informant Consensus Factor, and Jaccard Similarity Index to evaluate species importance and knowledge patterns.
claimResearchers in the Shabelle Zone conducted semi-structured interviews with wild edible plant (WEP) vendors to document the diversity, availability, quantities, sources, pricing, usage patterns, and market demand of these plants.
claimThe use of wild edible plants (WEPs) in the Shabelle Zone is guided by indigenous knowledge (IK) systems that dictate identification, harvesting, preparation, and consumption methods.
claimThe climate in the Shabelle Zone is divided into a dry season (November–April) and a rainy season (May–October).
claimThe Shabelle Zone was selected for ethnobotanical research on wild edible plants due to the local population's strong reliance on wild edible plants, the region's relatively diverse natural vegetation, and the absence of prior organized conservation or documentation efforts.
claimCommunities in the Shabelle Zone rely on natural vegetation for food, livestock forage, and traditional medicine, particularly during drought periods.
claimIn the Shabelle Zone, the highest number of wild edible plant species are harvested and consumed during spring (September–December), followed by autumn (March–May), summer (June–August), and winter (January–February).
measurementThe study of wild edible plants in Shabelle Zone, Eastern Ethiopia, documented 57 wild edible plant species representing 22 families, with shrubs and trees predominating.
claimHighly cited wild edible plant species in the Shabelle Zone include C. edulis, B. aegyptiaca, P. dactylifera, Z. mauritiana, L. triphylla, F. sycomorus, and V. madagascariensis, which are valued for flavor, nutritional content, and sometimes year-round availability.
claimSome wild edible plant species in the Shabelle Zone, such as C. edulis and M. stenopetala, are used for multiple parts, specifically both fruits and leaves.
measurementThe Shabelle Zone consists of flat to gently sloping terrain, with land use distribution of approximately 56% pasturelands, 33% woodland and shrubland, and 11% cultivated land.
claimWild edible plant species commonly consumed during normal times in the Shabelle Zone include O. insignis, T. indica, B. aegyptiaca, G. penicillata, M. stenopetala, P. dactylifera, Z. mauritiana, B. discolor, D. abyssinica, and D. glabra.
procedureThe ethnobotanical study in the Shabelle Zone utilized purposive and snowball sampling to select 80 general informants (long-term residents familiar with local plant resources) and 40 key informants (experienced plant gatherers, elders, women responsible for food preparation, market vendors, and hunters).
claimFruits such as Tamarindus indica, Ziziphus hamur, Grewia asiatica, and Opuntia monacantha are consumed raw in the Shabelle Zone.
claimIntermediate-ranked wild edible plants in the Shabelle Zone, such as Z. mauritiana, F. sycomorus, L. triphylla, and C. myrrha, are used less frequently due to factors like short harvest windows, specific preparation requirements, or taste preferences.
claimOrganizations such as Al-Nejah Relief and CHF International have implemented development and humanitarian interventions in the Shabelle Zone, including programs focused on water access and sanitation improvement.
claimInvasive species Parthenium hysterophorus and Prosopis juliflora outcompete native vegetation, alter soil conditions, and reduce the availability of wild edible plants in the Shabelle Zone.
claimMen's involvement in pastoralism, foraging, and ecological management in the Shabelle Zone provides them with broader familiarity with plants used for food and medicine, a finding consistent with studies in Yeki, Metema, Quara, Hararghe, and Lowland Ethiopia.
measurementThe total number of wild edible plant (WEP) species documented in the Shabelle Zone of Ethiopia was 36 species in Gode compared to 12 species in Ferfer.
claimHerbaceous plants such as A. dubius and C. esculentus provide essential leafy greens and tubers in the Shabelle Zone, often serving as supplementary or famine foods.
claimShrubs are the most prominent life form contributing to local wild edible plant resources in the Shabelle Zone, including species such as I. rotundifolia, I. volkensii, C. edulis, C. dumosa, C. rostrata, C. spinarum, and various Grewia species.
measurementThe Shabelle Zone study documented 57 wild edible plant species, highlighting the ecological and morphological diversity relied upon by Somali communities to sustain their livelihoods.
measurementAnalysis using the Botanical Ethnoknowledge Index (BEI) in the Shabelle Zone of Ethiopia revealed that Gode exhibited the highest BEI value, followed by Kelafo, while Ferfer recorded the lowest value.
claimKey threats to wild edible plants in Shabelle Zone, Eastern Ethiopia, include overharvesting, habitat degradation, climate variability, intensive grazing, and invasive species.
claimFive wild edible plant species identified as actively marketable in the Shabelle Zone are C. olitorius, D. elata, G. penicillata, Z. mauritiana, and T. indica.
measurementIn the Shabelle Zone, key informants reported an average of 5.5 ± 1.4 wild edible plant species, while general informants reported an average of 2.7 ± 1.3 species, a difference that was statistically significant (t = 9.7, p < 0.05).
claimRoots and tubers including E. nutans, A. rugosus, C. esculentus, and E. dammanniana serve as critical emergency or famine foods in the Shabelle Zone during periods of scarcity.
measurementAnalysis using the Botanical Ethnoknowledge Index (BEI) in the Shabelle Zone showed that Gode had the highest BEI value, followed by Kelafo, while Ferfer had the lowest.
claimIn the Shabelle Zone, familiarity with wild edible plants is higher among older, male, and less formally educated individuals, as well as recognized key informants.
claimIn the Shabelle Zone, wild edible plants including D. elata, C. edulis, C. dumosa, C. spinarum, F. sycomorus, and Z. hamur are harvested and consumed during the autumn.
measurementAccording to the IUCN Red List, three wild edible plant species in the Shabelle Zone are threatened: Balanites ogadensis (Critically Endangered), Carissa edulis (Vulnerable), and Cissus cyclophylla (Vulnerable).
claimStems are used as a food source in Commiphora gileadensis, and resin is collected from Acacia reficiens, Commiphora myrrha, and Boswellia ogadensis.
claimModerate similarity in wild edible plant composition between the Shabelle Zone and East Shewa, Mieso, and Kebridehar suggests partial species overlap shaped by semi-arid ecology, pastoral mobility, regional trade, and intermarriage among Oromo, Somali, and Argobba communities.
claimClimate change, overgrazing, and land conversion are identified as pressures endangering plant resources and indigenous knowledge in the Shabelle Zone.
claimSustainable harvesting practices in the Shabelle Zone, such as selective plucking, picking, and digging, are used to manage wild edible plant populations.
claimThe top-ranked wild edible plants in the Shabelle Zone, including C. edulis, B. aegyptiaca, A. dubius, M. stenopetala, and P. dactylifera, are valued for their versatility, consistent utility, and role as daily foods or dietary supplements.
claimCommunity management rules in the Shabelle Zone, such as limiting collection quantities and observing seasonal restrictions, are implemented to ensure the natural regeneration of plants like A. dubius, D. elata, and C. esculentus.
procedureThe Shabelle Zone ethnobotanical study employed standard ethnobotanical methods including semi-structured interviews, guided field walks, preference ranking, pairwise comparisons, direct matrix ranking, and focus group discussions to document local knowledge of wild edible plants.
claimThe Shabelle Zone WEP study did not conduct ecological assessments, population dynamics studies, or detailed nutritional analyses, which limits insights into the sustainability and nutrient composition of the documented species.
claimThe study of wild edible plants in the Shabelle Zone contributes to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, specifically Goal 2 (Zero Hunger), Goal 3 (Good Health and Well-being), and Goal 15 (Life on Land).
measurementThe gender distribution of informants in the Shabelle Zone ethnobotanical study was 53.3% male and 46.6% female, reflecting local divisions of labor related to plant collection, processing, and household food preparation.
measurementIn the Shabelle Zone, six categories of wild edible plant parts are consumed: fruits (66.6% of species), tubers (8.7%), roots (8.7%), leaves (8.7%), resin (5.2%), and stems (1.7%).
measurementKey informants in the Shabelle Zone assigned severity scores from 1 (least severe) to 6 (most severe) to six major threats affecting wild edible plants.
referenceBezaredie D, Tadesse Z, and Tadesse Z published the study 'Epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in Shebelle zone of Somali Region, Eastern Ethiopia' in the journal Parasites & Vectors in 2019.
perspectiveThe patterns of wild edible plant knowledge in the Shabelle Zone underscore the need for inclusive conservation and education programs that engage men, women, and youth.
claimThe long-term sustainability of wild edible plants in the Shabelle Zone of Ethiopia is threatened by human and environmental pressures, including overharvesting, habitat loss, climate variability, livestock grazing, and invasive species.
claimThe Shabelle Zone is an administrative zone located in the Somali Regional State in eastern Ethiopia, formerly known as Gode Zone.
claimPreparation techniques for wild edible plants in the Shabelle Zone, such as boiling, roasting, and selective resin use, are used to enhance palatability and reduce toxicity.
claimIn the Shabelle Zone, wild edible plants serve as accessible, nutrient-rich alternatives to imported or ultra-processed foods, addressing hidden hunger often overlooked in conventional food security assessments.
measurementIn the Shabelle Zone, age is positively correlated with knowledge of wild edible plants, with a Pearson correlation coefficient of r = 0.68 (p < 0.001) and an R² value of 0.46, indicating that approximately 46% of the variation in knowledge is attributable to age.
claimElders and recognized local experts in the Shabelle Zone reported more wild edible plant species than general informants, highlighting their role as custodians of traditional ecological knowledge.
claimShared Cushitic heritage underpins the use of drought-resilient fruits and tubers in the Shabelle Zone, while differences in food taboos, taste preferences, and livelihood strategies explain divergence in wild edible plant selection.
claimWild edible plants in the Shabelle Zone are critical for food security, nutrition, and cultural preservation.
claimLivelihoods in the Shabelle Zone are primarily based on pastoralism and agro-pastoralism, with livestock production forming the backbone of the local economy.
claimFieldwork for the Shabelle Zone WEP study was seasonally constrained, which potentially resulted in missing species available outside the survey period.
claimAccess to wild edible plant collection areas in the Shabelle Zone is governed by social norms, elder guidance, and local councils, often operating under communal or customary tenure.
procedureLocal communities in the Shabelle Zone employ three primary harvesting techniques for wild edible plants: picking, plucking, and digging.
claimConsumption patterns for wild edible plants in the Shabelle Zone vary by part: fruits and resin are predominantly eaten raw, while roots, tubers, and leaves are generally cooked or mixed with other foods prior to consumption.
claimAge is positively associated with wild edible plant knowledge in the Shabelle Zone, as older participants report a greater number of species due to decades of observation and practice.
measurementIn the Shabelle Zone, G. penicillata fruits are commonly sold by women at prices ranging from 10 to 70 Ethiopian birr (USD 0.07–0.47) per cup.
measurementThe ethnobotanical study in the Shabelle Zone documented 57 wild edible plant (WEP) species across 41 genera and 22 families.
claimThe most commercially important wild edible plants in the Shabelle Zone are Z. mauritiana, C. olitorius, B. aegyptiaca, C. edulis, and P. dactylifera, which are mainly traded for their fruits during the spring, autumn, and winter seasons.
claimWild edible plant species in the Shabelle Zone are classified into four life forms: trees, shrubs, herbs, and climbers.
claimParticipants without formal education in the Shabelle Zone reported more wild edible plant species than literate participants, likely because formal schooling shifts daily activities away from direct engagement with natural resources.
claimClearing natural vegetation reduces the distribution of wild edible plants (WEPs) and diminishes their ecological niches in the Shabelle Zone.
claimThe Shabelle Zone is highly vulnerable to drought and is exposed to malaria, which exacerbates livelihood insecurity.
measurementWithin Ethiopia, the number of wild edible plant (WEP) species identified in the Shabelle Zone is comparable to Eastern Hararghe (26 species), the lowlands of Ethiopia (88 species), Tach Gayint (36 species), and Midakegn District (50 species).
claimSome wild edible plants in the Shabelle Zone, such as M. stenopetala and C. edulis, are harvested using multiple methods, including both picking fruits and plucking leaves.
measurementApproximately 90% of respondents in the Shabelle Zone reported no structured conservation strategies for wild edible plants, relying instead on incidental planting along farm boundaries.
measurementLeaves in the Shabelle Zone (5 species, 64 use reports) have an Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) of 0.93, suggesting generally shared knowledge with minor differences in reported use.
measurementResearchers conducted eight focus group discussions, one per study site, with purposively selected participants recognized as key informants for their extensive experience and knowledge of local plant resources.
claimWild edible plants in the Shabelle Zone serve multiple purposes beyond nutrition, including medicinal, fodder, fuelwood, construction, and cultural uses.
claimThe least preferred wild edible plants in the Shabelle Zone, including C. esculentus, E. dammanniana, and B. ogadensis, are typically consumed only during food scarcity or require extensive processing to remove bitterness or toxicity.
claimThe Jaccard Similarity Analysis of wild edible plants (WEPs) in the Shabelle Zone of Ethiopia reveals that the highest similarity in plant composition exists with Lowland Ethiopia, reflecting shared arid/semi-arid environments and pastoral or agro-pastoral livelihoods among Somali, Afar, and Oromo communities.
claimSpring harvests of wild edible plants in the Shabelle Zone include Amaranthus dubius, Balanites aegyptiaca, Boscia neglecta, and Dobera glabra.
measurementIn the Shabelle Zone, T. indica is traded by both men and women, with fruits sold individually or in small packages at 30–50 Ethiopian birr (USD 0.20–0.33) per cup.
claimIn the Shabelle Zone, wild edible plants including L. triphylla, M. stenopetala, P. discolor, and V. madagascariensis are available and consumed throughout the year, serving as stable food resources.
claimLivestock production, including large populations of cattle, sheep, goats, and camels, remains central to survival strategies in the Shabelle Zone.
claimWild edible plants in the Shabelle Zone represent a vital component of local food systems, particularly during periods of recurrent drought, erratic rainfall, and limited market access.
measurementLivelihood activities among respondents in the Shabelle Zone ethnobotanical study included livestock keeping (39.1%), farming (32.4%), charcoal or firewood production (16.0%), and trade (12.5%).
claimClimbers are the least represented life form of wild edible plants in the Shabelle Zone, with examples including C. kelleri and C. spiculata.
measurementThe population of the Shabelle Zone is 98.62% Somali, with 98.98% of residents speaking Somali as their first language and 98.76% practicing Islam.
procedureSemi-structured interviews in the Shabelle Zone ethnobotanical study were guided by a checklist initially prepared in English and translated into Somali to gather socio-demographic data and ethnobotanical knowledge, such as vernacular plant names, edible parts, preparation methods, and consumption patterns.
claimIn the Shabelle Zone, shrubs and trees are the dominant life forms among wild edible plants, with fruits, leaves, roots, tubers, stems, and resins serving as the primary edible parts.
claimThe Botanical Ethnoknowledge Index (BEI) was applied to assess variation in ethnobotanical knowledge across study sites in the Shabelle Zone.
claimIn the Shabelle Zone of Ethiopia, wild edible plant knowledge among informant groups is influenced by gender, literacy, age, and experience.
claimLeafy vegetables such as A. dubius, C. olitorius, and M. stenopetala are regularly harvested and consumed as an essential part of the local diet in the Shabelle Zone.
measurementThe Jaccard Similarity Index (JSI) for wild edible plant species between the Shabelle Zone and other regions is 0.276 for East Shewa, 0.272 for Mieso, 0.261 for Kebridehar, 0.046 for Sedie, and 0.049 for Konso.
Ethnobotanical study of wild edible plants in Goba District Southwest ... nature.com Jul 29, 2025 1 fact
referenceThe study 'Ethnobotanical study of wild edible plants in Shabelle Zone, Eastern Ethiopia' was published in the Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine in 2026.