Knowledge Tree
Africa
synthesized from dimensionsAfrica is a continent of profound evolutionary, geological, and geopolitical significance, serving as the cradle of humanity and a critical node in contemporary global interdependencies. As the site where *Homo erectus* emerged approximately two million years ago [fact:53bf453b-abdd-4e4c-8b36-10db2227cc85] and where the "Environment of Evolutionary Adaptness" for humans was established [fact:45c49f28-3811-49d3-b4a4-fc5de0f863e6], Africa holds a foundational position in the history of the human species. Its geological history, marked by its separation from South America 110 to 100 million years ago [fact:4b2f33bf-fcb0-4d1b-b7e0-a2c743f83aea], has fostered a unique biological landscape, characterized by high biodiversity and specialized evolutionary phenomena, such as the diversification of weakly electric fishes [fact:e31bad38-92c0-4065-a1e5-e9e97fd218f5][fact:71e59387-988f-443c-82ab-0452622ffae9].
The continent is currently defined by a complex interplay of rapid demographic growth and significant developmental challenges. It faces the largest projected population increase globally [fact:04a41427-dd93-49d4-9ac3-66fff9c36348], which places immense pressure on food security, infrastructure, and public health. Nutritional challenges, including high rates of child stunting in impoverished areas [fact:1614bf28-c119-4c1d-b8dc-a50e01d67d32], are exacerbated by climate change—which impacts temperature and precipitation patterns [fact:03ed592e-2b70-4552-a755-20e8678f0908]—and a heavy reliance on food and energy imports that leaves the continent vulnerable to global conflicts, such as the Russia-Ukraine war [fact:354fc524-f12b-45d0-8d0d-49ef1ac44732][fact:72a0c7fc-47c7-40c8-9981-6c6a3df0b0d4].
Geopolitically, Africa is a central theater for competing international influences. Major powers, including China, Russia, and the European Union, engage with the continent through diverse strategies ranging from infrastructure loans and peacekeeping missions to soft power initiatives and energy cooperation [fact:03fb49e9-0fec-44d9-ad9a-eb53b4dd5768][fact:0cf66451-2a6b-4b37-8b34-b6648fe770e3][fact:0c6367d6-de15-47aa-9dac-485ee0afc78f]. This engagement is met with a degree of geopolitical ambivalence from many African nations, which often prioritize strategic autonomy and seek to navigate these external pressures while pursuing internal development goals, such as those outlined in Agenda 2063 [fact:c8f2289e-885f-4bbf-8298-cc943f7d60b1] and the African Continental Free Trade Area.
Culturally, Africa is characterized by a rich heritage of indigenous knowledge systems and collectivist social philosophies that prioritize group harmony and community cohesion [fact:011cc923-d13d-4974-ae95-eec4748591bb]. These social structures often involve complex economic obligations, such as the "Black Tax," and are supported by traditional practices in medicine and agriculture that utilize indigenous flora [fact:175f1b2f-ca99-4bf1-bebc-6c8387f274a3][fact:1110a907-eaeb-46ef-a4d2-ddec4b9368]. While some cultural practices, such as female genital mutilation, remain subjects of intense anthropological and ethical debate regarding their status as social norms versus human rights violations [fact:c026f92d-e8e7-4b9f-8b06-0f5f6ee70564], the continent’s cultural landscape remains a vital, evolving component of its identity.
Ultimately, Africa is a continent of profound contrasts and potential. It possesses significant opportunities for renewable energy development, including hydrogen exports [fact:0584134c-d5a0-4ac9-aaae-6b765b7b8000], yet it remains constrained by debt dependencies and the need for structural economic modernization. The synthesis of its deep historical roots, its immense biodiversity, and its active role in the modern global order underscores Africa's status as an essential, dynamic, and indispensable participant in the future of the global community.
Model Perspectives (7)
openrouter/google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview 100% confidence
Africa is recognized as a continent with a diverse biological and cultural landscape, characterized by long-standing traditions of utilizing indigenous flora for medicinal, nutritional, and ritual purposes. African traditional medicine is one of the world's oldest healing systems, with practices documented over thousands of years ancient medicinal practices. For many, particularly in rural areas, traditional medicine remains a primary source of healthcare primary healthcare option, with modern research increasingly exploring the integration of these traditional systems into contemporary healthcare delivery integration with modern systems.
The continent's plant biodiversity serves as a critical resource. Indigenous plants like *Vernonia amygdalina* are utilized across sub-Saharan Africa for both food and medicine utilization of Vernonia, while species such as *Crinum glaucum* have shown potential antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity Crinum glaucum activity. Furthermore, specific plants like *Adansonia digitata* and *Balanites aegyptiaca* are identified as key suppliers of essential vitamins key nutrient suppliers. Despite this importance, research indicates that a large proportion of wild medicinal and edible plants in tropical regions of Africa remain unevaluated need for further evaluation.
Knowledge regarding these resources is often preserved through oral transmission oral knowledge transmission and intergenerational learning processes intergenerational learning review, with elders—particularly men—frequently serving as repositories of medicinal expertise role of elders. Gender-based patterns also influence resource use, as women often focus on household-level plant applications gender-based plant gathering. Beyond utility, the historical use of plants in Africa extends to ritual applications, including the potential use of psychoactive fungi, as suggested by archaeological evidence psilocybin mushroom evidence.
openrouter/z-ai/glm-5v-turbo definitive 50% confidence
```json
{
"content": "Based on the provided data, Africa is characterized as a continent of profound evolutionary significance, immense biodiversity, complex nutritional challenges, and rich cultural heritage involving indigenous knowledge systems.
### Human Origins and Prehistory
Africa serves as the cradle of humanity in this dataset. According to the Natural History Museum, *Homo erectus* appeared in Africa approximately two million years ago [fact:53bf453b-abdd-4e4c-8b36-10db2227cc85] and was likely the first hominin to migrate out of the continent into Asia [fact:61650395-bbab-4092-81ce-38846747f903]. This dispersal followed environmental changes across northern Africa [fact:3baa2df0-bddf-4824-8898-42d0bc3abe61]. The "Environment of Evolutionary Adaptness" (EEA) for humans is specifically defined as the savannahs of eastern Africa during the Pleistocene epoch [fact:45c49f28-3811-49d3-b4a4-fc5de0f863e6]. Archaeologically, the continent's Early Stone Age is noted as roughly equivalent to Europe's Lower Paleolithic [fact:41d285ea-402c-4bfc-84e3-8934755593a4], with evidence of cooked starchy rhizome consumption dating back 170,000 years [fact:1353946e-dc6e-475b-9367-f987bf45489f].
### Geology and Biodiversity
Geologically, Africa's separation from South America—completed approximately 110 to 100 million years ago—has left a distinct biological footprint [fact:4b2f33bf-fcb0-4d1b-b7e0-a2c743f83aea]. This separation explains the independent evolutionary histories of certain freshwater fish groups, such as the electric catfish native to Africa [fact:4b4fd584-a15e-4216-b33e-de048118960c][fact:1a5bc3ab-e437-446b-b9f5-c63cdba58856].
The continent hosts a vast array of flora with significant medicinal and nutritional value. Research highlights plants like *Vernonia amygdalina* (indigenous to tropical Africa) and *Crinum glaucum* for their antimicrobial properties [fact:175f1b2f-ca99-4bf1-bebc-6c8387f274a3][fact:059a4379-4660-4792-9d08-0cef1b51a7fb]. Wild edible plants remain essential sources of food and medicine, contributing to cultural heritage and survival [fact:1110a907-eaeb-46ef-a4d2-ddec4b9368
openrouter/x-ai/grok-4.1-fast definitive 70% confidence
Africa is portrayed across these facts as a continent with collectivist child-rearing philosophies prioritizing group harmony and community over individualism, according to LDA Iowa child-rearing group harmony Africa. It faces significant projected population growth, the largest globally per Springer major population increases Africa, alongside climate impacts like temperature and precipitation changes detailed by Almazroui et al. in Earth Systems and Environment CMIP6 temperature precipitation Africa, and health challenges including nearly 50% child stunting rates in impoverished areas per OpenStax high child stunting Africa. Food security is strained, with three-quarters of governments cutting agricultural budgets per Springer African agricultural budget cuts, exacerbated by the Russia-Ukraine war as warned by UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres of a 'cyclone of famine' Guterres famine risk Africa. Geopolitically, Africa attracts Chinese infrastructure loans criticized for debt dependency by Springer analysts Chinese loans debt Africa, Russian soft power via media and Wagner Group per Springer Russia soft power Africa, and EU renewable energy cooperation mainstreaming gender equity Africa-EU renewable platform. Opportunities exist in hydrogen exports with socio-economic benefits projected by the H2 Atlas for Africa/Ecowas per Frontiers hydrogen exports benefits Africa, amid reliance on imports heightening vulnerability to global conflicts per Springer Africa import vulnerability conflicts.
openrouter/x-ai/grok-4.1-fast definitive 68% confidence
Africa faces significant threats to its social, economic, and political stability from the Russia-Ukraine conflict, as both nations supply vital wheat, oil, and fertilizers, exacerbating food crises and inflation, particularly in South Africa, Nigeria, and Egypt Russia-Ukraine conflict threatens Africa, grain export halt impacts Africa, war causes African economic spikes. Russia expands influence via hard/soft power, Wagner Group securing interests amid instability, RT challenging Western narratives, and Orthodox Church promoting values, despite sanctions (Springer). China invests strategically for raw materials, deploys most UN peacekeepers there, and aids modernization, though loans declined recently (SWP; Geoprogress Edition; Simona Epasto). Europe engages via EIB infrastructure funds and Sahel security focus (SWP; ESISC), while US sees China as a threat there (SWP). African oil nations struggle with climate adaptation (Brookings Institution), Nigeria has high blackouts (International Energy Agency via Frontiers), and countries have lowest life expectancies (Springer). Historically, Homo erectus originated there (Natural History Museum), lactose tolerance evolved among herders (National Geographic), and traditional medicine thrives (Springer). Renewables develop in key nations like South Africa, Egypt, Nigeria (Springer). The African Continental Free Trade Area involves 47 countries (Cato Institute).
openrouter/x-ai/grok-4.1-fast definitive 68% confidence
The facts portray Africa as a continent characterized by geopolitical ambivalence, economic vulnerabilities, cultural practices, biodiversity, and development challenges. Global South nations, primarily in Africa, have shown hesitance to join Western sanctions against Russia over Ukraine, blunting their impact according to the RAND Corporation. Russia's influence persists, with the Moscow Patriarchate expanding activities there in 2023, disturbing Orthodox unity per Springer, and Peter Fabricius of the Institute for Security Studies noting revived Cold War faultlines across Africa European Journal of Development Studies. Economically, African countries face heightened susceptibility to conflicts due to import reliance, with IMF projecting 2023 growth slowdown to 3.7% and inflation surges pushing millions into poverty Springer Springer. Food security is threatened by climate change, Ukraine war disruptions in wheat imports, and hunger eradication goals under Agenda 2063 European Journal of Development Studies. Culturally, female genital mutilation (FGM) is framed by anthropologist Richard Shweder as biologically harmless in African contexts and a social norm pressuring compliance Springer Springer. Biodiversity includes African elephantfish with specialized electroreceptors like Knollenorgans Wikipedia and convergent evolution with South American counterparts PLOS ONE. Medicinal plants like Vernonia amygdalina and indigenous grains such as millet support health and diets Frontiers African Journal of Food Science. External engagements feature China's Belt and Road Initiative for infrastructure Springer and EU interest in energy Geoprogress Edition, amid debt issues like Zambia's 2023 default on Chinese loans Springer. Dietary risks cause lower premature deaths in Africa (17%) versus higher-income regions Global Nutrition Report.
openrouter/x-ai/grok-4.1-fast definitive 55% confidence
The provided facts portray Africa primarily through lenses of geopolitics, energy development, evolutionary biology, and cultural-economic challenges, often in comparative global contexts. In geopolitics, Dan Banik and Benedicte Bull (SWP) analyze Chinese engagement in Africa, while CSIS reports assert that the IRGC-QF maintains operatives in Africa, echoed by the Combating Terrorism Center at West Point via Irregular Warfare Initiative. Energy research dominates, with Aly Sanoh et al. examining clean energy development in Africa, Simpson, Kammen, and Sovacool exploring renewable transitions in Africa, and Bedair et al. assessing global warming status in Africa. Evolutionary studies highlight Africa's centrality, such as Peters and O'Brian's analysis of early hominids in Africa and Mormyroidea as African weakly electric fishes. Cultural and social insights include collectivist norms per Maryville University and the 'Black Tax' challenge social pressure in Africa noted by Robert Mwesige. S. Claar (Frontiers) critiques the European Green Deal for perpetuating dependencies with Africa. These fragments indicate Africa's role in global interdependencies but lack unified narrative.
openrouter/x-ai/grok-4.1-fast 35% confidence
The provided facts portray Africa primarily through diverse lenses including biodiversity, historical human development, geopolitics, economics, and health. In biodiversity, Africa hosts weakly electrogenic fishes like Petrocephalus in Odzala, offering insights into Mormyridae signal diversification patterns per S. Lavoué et al. (2008, Journal of Physiology-Paris), and floodplain habitats with convergent evolution of weakly electric fishes documented by K.O. Winemiller and A. Adite (1997). Historically, Africa was a center of agriculture and domestication over 12,000 years ago (INFLIBNET; Mr. Vijit Deepani, Prof. A.K. Kapoor), and home to hunter-gatherers two million years ago inferred by paleoanthropologists from tools and bones (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy). Geopolitically, Global South nations primarily in Africa react ambivalently to Ukraine invasion (RAND Corporation), leaders in Africa eye the Chinese development model as an alternative to Western paradigms (SWP), Russia maintains trade relations despite sanctions (CSIS), Iran has links via armed networks (Atlantic Council), and a potential Russian shift could spell 'dire straits' for Africa (Vihma & Wigell, 2016; European Journal of Development Studies). Economically, Africa supplies ultra-high-net-worth individuals to Monaco (Henley & Partners) and UAE (Henley & Partners). Environmentally, arid African landscapes tie plants to water, where shortages cause food insecurity (Clayton Magill, Answers in Genesis). In health, physicians in eastern and central Africa noted few chronic diseases among indigenous populations (Diagnostic Detectives). These facts offer fragmented insights without a unified narrative.
Facts (238)
Sources
The Geopolitics of the Russian-Ukrainian War: Implications for Africa ... eu-opensci.org Aug 3, 2024 22 facts
claimUN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres warned on March 14, 2022, that Russia's war in Ukraine could lead to a "cyclone of famine" in many nations, specifically mentioning Africa and the rest of the world.
claimThe conflict in Ukraine has diverted global political focus away from critical issues in Africa, hindering the United Nations' ability to lead peace efforts for vulnerable African nations.
claimBoth Russia and Ukraine are strategic partners of the African continent regarding social and economic ties.
perspectiveThe Russian-Ukrainian war exacerbates Africa's food security challenges due to a perceived lack of leadership cohesion and boldness among African nations to pressure the UN and NATO to end the conflict.
claimThe Russian-Ukrainian conflict in Africa is viewed as resembling the Cold War more than World War II because it pits Russia against the United States and its NATO allies.
claimExperts observe that African states were hesitant to engage in the Russia-Ukraine conflict because the associated economy and politics appeared to prioritize distributive conflict and short time horizons, which act as barriers to crisis resolution.
claimThe 'crisis decision-making model' is an assumption that during times of crisis, global leaders, particularly in Africa, must make crucial decisions that affect core national interests.
claimThe conflict between Ukraine and Russia marks the beginning of an unstable and disruptive period for Africa's relations with the rest of the world.
claimThe war in Ukraine negatively impacts the United Nations Global Goal 2, which aims to end world hunger, by disrupting grain supplies and increasing food and gasoline prices in Africa.
claimAfrican nations have historically withheld their positions during major political crises, a pattern often cited as a reason for Africa's perceived absence on the international stage.
claimThe conflict in Ukraine has negatively impacted the African economy by causing rising prices for commodities like gas and oil, which are arresting the region's frail economies.
claimThe conflict between Russia and Ukraine poses a threat to international security and specifically threatens the social, economic, and political stability of Africa, as both nations are vital to the continent.
claimSouth Africa, Nigeria, and Egypt, which possess the most developed economies in Africa, are likely to be the most impacted by the prolonged Russia-Ukraine crisis if it is not settled quickly.
claimThe halt of grain exports, particularly wheat and other agricultural inputs from Ukraine, will severely impact the majority of Africa, which already faces a structural food crisis due to climate disruptions and ongoing wars.
claimThe ongoing war in Ukraine has caused significant economic impacts in Africa, including spikes in food prices, shortages of fuel, cooking oil, and fertilizers, and increased inflationary pressures.
claimTurkey acted as a diplomatic superintendent to facilitate the resumption of essential commodity supplies from the port of Crimea to Africa and the rest of the world.
claimBecause Russia and Ukraine are significant exporters of oil, wheat, and corn to Africa, the ongoing conflict is expected to increase food insecurity for people living on the African continent.
claimPeter Fabricius, writing for the Institute for Security Studies on March 18, 2022, asserted that Russia's invasion of Ukraine revived Cold War faultlines and demonstrated Russia's influence across the African continent.
claimAfrica's ability to eradicate hunger and food insecurity within forty years, as outlined in Agenda 2063, depends on current actions and inactions.
claimClimate change represents a major threat to Africa's food security, requiring active mitigation alongside direct investments in the food system.
claimA potential Russian defeat or shift in power could result in a new configuration of Europe involving China in East Asia and the Western Pacific, potentially ending the current global order and ushering in a new Cold War between the 'East' and the 'West' and causing 'dire straits' for Africa (Vihma & Wigell, 2016).
claimAfrican households, the agricultural industry, and food security have been negatively impacted by the invasion of Ukraine due to Africa's reliance on Russian and Ukrainian wheat imports, which account for approximately 30% of global wheat exports.
The International Implications of the Russo-Ukrainian War link.springer.com 21 facts
perspectiveCritics argue that large-scale Chinese loans for infrastructure development lead to unsustainable debt levels and increase the economic dependency of African countries on China.
claimRussia utilizes a soft power strategy in Africa that leverages media, religious institutions, and cultural diplomacy to expand its influence across the continent.
claimThe Russian Orthodox Church spreads Russian narratives within African countries, according to a 2023 report by Texty.org.ua.
claimAfrica's reliance on energy and food imports makes the continent highly susceptible to the ripple effects of international conflicts, a situation exacerbated by pre-existing challenges such as climate change, political instability, and the economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic.
claimThe Russian private military company Wagner Group has played an increasingly visible role in Africa, aligning with Russia’s geopolitical objectives.
claimRussia continues to expand its influence in Africa and the Middle East despite facing economic sanctions and military setbacks, utilizing both hard and soft power tactics.
claimThe Wagner Group has played a pivotal role in securing Russia’s geopolitical interests in Africa by aligning with local governments and exploiting regional instability.
measurementChinese loans to African nations declined to their lowest level in nearly two decades as of September 2023.
claimRussia Today (RT), a state-funded international television network, shapes African public opinion by offering news narratives that challenge Western perspectives on global events.
claimChina's investments in Africa have contributed to economic modernization, job creation, and improved trade connectivity.
claimThe Russo-Ukrainian War has accentuated the fragility and vulnerability of African nations across environmental, economic, and political stability dimensions.
claimThe Moscow Patriarchate has expanded its activities into Africa, a move that aids the Kremlin's geopolitical interests and disrupts Orthodox unity, according to a 2023 report by the Jamestown Foundation.
claimThe Russian Orthodox Church operates in Africa in coordination with Russian diplomatic and cultural missions to promote Orthodox Christianity and spread Russian cultural and ethical values.
claimThe Russo-Ukrainian War has caused sharp increases in global oil and gas prices, leading African countries, particularly in East Africa, to pivot toward more ecologically damaging energy sources like coal to meet energy demands.
claimThe Moscow Patriarchate expanded its activities into Africa in 2023, a move described as aiding the Kremlin and disturbing Orthodox unity.
claimThe Russo-Ukrainian War has caused far-reaching consequences that have reshaped international relations and exacerbated vulnerabilities in the Middle East, Africa, South Asia, and East Asia.
measurementIn 2023, Zambia became the first African nation to default on Chinese loans, raising concerns about potential debt crises in other countries.
claimAfrican countries are highly susceptible to the economic ripple effects of international conflicts due to their heavy reliance on energy and food imports, combined with pre-existing challenges like climate change, political instability, and the post-COVID-19 recovery.
measurementThe International Monetary Fund projected that Africa's economic growth would slow to 3.7% in 2023, a decrease from the pre-war projection of 4.5%.
claimThe Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) serves as the central framework for China's engagement with Africa, facilitating infrastructure development that connects African countries to global trade networks.
claimInflation rates across Africa surged in 2022 and 2023 due to rising fuel prices resulting from the Russo-Ukrainian War, pushing millions of people into poverty.
Strategic Rivalry between United States and China swp-berlin.org 12 facts
referenceDan Banik and Benedicte Bull authored the article 'Chinese Engagement in Africa and Latin America: Does It Matter for State Capacity?', published in Third World Thematics: A TWQ Journal in 2018.
claimThe European Investment Bank provides significant funding for infrastructure projects in Africa as part of Europe's engagement strategy.
claimThe Chinese development model demonstrates to state leaders and development planners in Asia, Africa, and Latin America that economic progress and globalization do not necessarily require adherence to the Western paradigm.
claimMany states and societies in Asia and Africa value China's economic engagement and its Belt and Road Initiative, but fear one-sided dependencies.
claimThe US government views China as a threat to US and Western interests in regions outside the Indo-Pacific, specifically in Africa, the Middle East, and most notably the Arctic, where the US fears Chinese resource competition and the establishment of a Chinese military presence.
claimThe European Investment Bank provides considerable funds for African infrastructure as part of Europe's engagement strategy.
claimThe United States government views China as a threat to United States and Western interests in regions beyond the Indo-Pacific, specifically including Africa, the Middle East, and the Arctic.
measurementChina provides the highest number of personnel for peacekeeping missions among the five permanent members of the UN Security Council, with 2,500 soldiers and police deployed as of 2020, primarily in Africa.
claimWashington regards China as a threat to United States and Western interests in regions outside the Indo-Pacific, specifically in Africa, the Middle East, and the Arctic.
claimMany states and societies in Asia and Africa value China's economic engagement and the Belt and Road Initiative, but they also fear the development of one-sided dependencies.
claimThe Chinese development model demonstrates to state leaders and development planners in Asia, Africa, and Latin America that economic progress and globalization do not necessarily require adherence to the Western paradigm.
measurementAmong the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, China provides the highest number of personnel for peacekeeping missions, with 2,500 soldiers and police deployed, primarily in Africa.
Comparable Ages for the Independent Origins of Electrogenesis in ... journals.plos.org 11 facts
referenceGosline (1975) reexamined the similarities between the freshwater fishes of Africa and South America.
referenceVan Couvering (1977) documented early records of freshwater fishes in Africa.
measurementThe complete separation of Africa and South America is dated to the period from approximately 110 to 100 Mya.
claimThe origin and diversification of crown group Gymnotiformes and Mormyroidea began at the dawn of the independent histories of South America and Africa in the early Late Cretaceous.
claimFreshwater drainages on Africa and South America appear to have been separated by a permanent seaway by around 110 Mya, which aligns with the distribution of freshwater and marine fossils found from that time.
measurementReconstruction #2 for the origin of the Gymnotiformes and the Mormyroidea crown groups infers their ages to be 143.5 Mya and 124.8 Mya, respectively, which corresponds to the period before the complete separation of Africa and South America.
measurementTectonic map reconstructions indicate that the separation of Africa and South America began approximately 130 million years ago.
claimMormyroidea are African weakly electric fishes, and Gymnotiformes are South American weakly electric fishes.
claimThe independent origins of the Mormyroidea and Gymnotiformes occurred at similar times, either slightly postdating or just predating the final separation of Africa and South America by continental drift.
referenceS. Lavoué, M.E. Arnegard, J.P. Sullivan, and C.D. Hopkins published 'Petrocephalus of Odzala offer insights into evolutionary patterns of signal diversification in the Mormyridae, a family of weakly electrogenic fishes from Africa' in the Journal of Physiology-Paris in 2008, examining signal diversification in Mormyridae.
referenceK.O. Winemiller and A. Adite documented the convergent evolution of weakly electric fishes from floodplain habitats in Africa and South America in 1997.
Ethnobotanical study of food plants used in traditional medicine in ... link.springer.com Nov 26, 2025 11 facts
referenceThe review 'Intergenerational learning processes of traditional medicinal knowledge in Africa: a review' was published in the journal Heritage in 2022.
referenceAmusa TO et al. contributed a chapter titled 'The role of non-timber forest products for sustainable livelihoods in African multifunctional landscapes' to the 2024 book 'Trees in a Sub-Saharan multi-functional landscape'.
referenceAhmed et al. (2018) conducted a systematic review on the use of medicinal plants by pregnant women in Africa.
referenceNargawe et al. (2023) published 'Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used in traditional medicine in Africa' in Plant Sci Arch, documenting traditional medicinal plant usage.
referenceNeil D. Burgess edited 'Terrestrial ecoregions of Africa and madagascar: A conservation assessment', published by Island Press in Washington, DC in 2004.
claimOral transmission of knowledge is a documented characteristic of traditional knowledge systems in many African societies.
referenceThe book 'Medicinal plants and traditional medicine in Africa' was published by Spectrum Books in Ibadan in 1993.
claimThe study defines native species as those phylogenetically originating from Africa, while exotic species are defined as taxa introduced from Asia, the Americas, Europe, or Oceania.
claimStudies in Africa and Asia indicate that men, particularly elders, are often regarded as repositories of medicinal knowledge due to their roles as healers or community leaders.
claimPrior ethnobotanical studies in tropical regions, including Africa, Angola, and Ethiopia, indicate that a large proportion of wild medicinal and edible plants remain unevaluated despite their socio-economic and cultural importance.
referenceThe study protocol 'Integrating pediatric TB services into child healthcare services in Africa: study protocol for the INPUT cluster-randomized stepped wedge trial' was published in BMC Public Health in 2020.
Health and environmental impacts of diets worldwide globalnutritionreport.org 10 facts
measurementIf the dietary patterns of Africa and Asia were adopted globally, greenhouse gas emissions would be 60–75% above sustainable levels required to limit global warming to below 2°C.
measurementBetween 2010 and 2018, the prevalence of underweight decreased by 0.2% in Africa, which was the smallest decrease among all regions.
measurementIn 2018, fruit and vegetable consumption was 59% below recommended intake in Africa, 41% below in Europe, and 56% below in Northern America.
measurementBetween 2010 and 2018, red and processed meat intake changed by 1% in Northern America and decreased by 10% in Africa.
measurementBetween 2010 and 2018, the average fruit and vegetable intake per person decreased in Africa by 4% and in Oceania by 13%.
referenceThe Global Nutrition Report analysis of food demand estimates from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and a database of environmental footprints shows that dietary patterns in Northern America, Oceania, Latin America, Europe, Africa, and Asia consistently exceeded global environmental targets for greenhouse gas emissions, cropland use, freshwater use, and nitrogen and phosphorus application between 2010 and 2018.
measurementIn 2018, red and processed meat intake was eight to nine times higher than recommended in Europe, Oceania, and Latin America, double the recommended value in Africa, and four times above the target in Asia.
measurementDairy consumption in 2018 deviated from EAT-Lancet Commission maximum recommendations by 141% in Europe and 106% in Northern America, while Africa remained 62% below the recommended maximum.
measurementThe percentage of premature death attributable to dietary risks is highest in higher-income regions, specifically Northern America (31%) and Europe (31%), and lowest in lower-income regions such as Africa (17%).
measurementBetween 2010 and 2018, premature mortality from dietary risks decreased by 3% in Northern America, while other regions experienced increases: Africa (+22%), Latin America and the Caribbean (+8%), Asia (+7%), Oceania (+4%), and Europe (+2%).
Energy asset stranding in resource-rich developing countries and ... frontiersin.org Jun 10, 2024 6 facts
claimThe H2 Atlas for Africa/Ecowas project projects that hydrogen exports will provide positive socio-economic benefits for the exporting countries.
referenceS. Claar published 'Green colonialism in the European green deal: continuities of dependency and the relationship of forces between Europe and Africa' in 2022, arguing that the European Green Deal perpetuates dependencies.
claimThe H2 Atlas for Africa/Ecowas project concludes that the region possesses favorable renewable energy potential and water access.
claimNigeria experiences one of the highest rates of blackouts in Africa due to a highly unreliable energy grid, according to the International Energy Agency (2021).
perspectiveMercure et al. (2018) argue that OPEC countries in the Arab world with high GDP per capita would suffer larger macroeconomic impacts from asset stranding than OPEC members in Africa and other developing countries.
claimNigeria is recognized as a relevant participant in Africa for the production and exportation of renewable hydrogen.
Realist Review on Just Transition Towards Low Emission, Climate ... link.springer.com Jan 5, 2026 6 facts
claimThe Africa-European Union Renewable Energy Cooperation Programme established a platform for private sector participation in African renewable energy markets that incorporated social equity objectives, specifically the mainstreaming of gender in renewable energy.
measurementThe realist review on just transition towards low emission, climate-resilient development included 99 interventions across various regions, with 38 from Africa, 39 from Asia, 17 from Latin America, two from Europe, one from the Caribbean, and one from the Pacific Islands.
measurementGeographic mapping of just transition interventions shows that Africa had the highest number of agriculture/food interventions, while Asia had the highest number of energy interventions.
measurementInterventions focused on ecosystem services were relatively evenly distributed across Africa, Asia, and Latin America, while the Caribbean, Europe, and the Pacific Islands had significantly fewer interventions and lower sector coverage.
measurementThree-quarters of African governments recently reduced their agricultural budgets.
referenceOxfam International reported in a 2023 press release that over 20 million more people were experiencing hunger in Africa during what was termed the 'Year of Nutrition.'
The role of Plant Foods in the evolution and Dispersal of early Humans kernsverlag.com Jul 30, 2022 5 facts
referenceL. Wadley et al. provided evidence that humans were consuming cooked starchy rhizomes in Africa 170,000 years ago.
claimA copy number expansion in the AMY1 gene occurred after the evolutionary split between Neanderthals and modern humans approximately 650,000 years ago, but prior to the migration of humans out of Africa.
claimHyper-carnivorism was unlikely to be a preferred diet across Middle Pleistocene Africa and Eurasia, particularly in warmer tropical and temperate regions.
claimPlant foods and processing technologies, such as cooking, grinding, and leaching, were essential to the dietary flexibility and adaptive capacity of early modern humans and their ancestors in Africa, Eurasia, Wallacea, and Sahul.
referenceThe nutritional ecology of Pan (chimpanzees) varies across Africa based on the plant foods consumed, as explored in a 2010 study by G. Hohmann et al.
Homo erectus, our ancient ancestor | Natural History Museum nhm.ac.uk 5 facts
claimHomo erectus inhabited regions across Africa, Asia, and potentially Europe.
claimHomo erectus likely dispersed from Africa into Asia by following environmental changes that extended suitable habitats and food sources across northern Africa and the Sinai Peninsula.
claimHomo erectus appeared in Africa approximately two million years ago, evolving from either a late form of australopith or a primitive form of Homo.
claimHomo erectus was the first known hominin to migrate out of Africa and potentially the first to cook food.
claimHomo erectus originated in Africa, as evidenced by a small skull fragment from East Turkana, Kenya, which dates to approximately 1.9 million years ago.
Comprehensive Overview on the Present State and Evolution of ... link.springer.com Aug 9, 2024 4 facts
referenceAlmazroui, M., Saeed, F., Saeed, S., Nazrul Islam, M., Ismail, M., Klutse, N.A.B., and Siddiqui, M.H. published a study in 2020 titled 'Projected change in temperature and precipitation over Africa from CMIP6' in the journal Earth Systems and Environment.
referenceThe study mentioned in the source text assessed anticipated temperature and precipitation changes across the African continent for the periods 2030–2059 and 2070–2099.
referenceBedair et al. explored the effects of climate change on human health, the agricultural sector, and food security in Africa using artificial intelligence, remote sensing, and advanced algorithms.
referenceBedair, H., Alghariani, M.S., Omar, E., Anibaba, Q.A., Remon, M., Bornman, C., Kiboi, S.K., Rady, H.A., Salifu, A.M.A., Ghosh, S., and Guuroh, R.T. published a study in 2023 titled 'Global warming status in the African continent: sources, challenges, policies, and future direction' in the International Journal of Environmental Research.
Dietary Guidelines and Quality - Principles of Nutritional Assessment nutritionalassessment.org 4 facts
claimSales of ultra-processed foods (UPF) are growing rapidly in Asia and Africa, although similar intake data are not available for most low- and middle-income countries.
claimThe global version of the Global Diet Quality Score (GDQS) was developed for population-level use using data sets from Africa, India, China, Mexico, and the United States.
claimKey messages encouraging dairy intake are nearly universal in Europe and North America, but are less common in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, according to Food-Based Dietary Guidelines (FBDGs).
claimIn the most recent version of the Dietary Inflammatory Index, scoring cut-offs were determined based on the associations of components to inflammation in studies conducted across eleven countries in all global regions except Africa.
Renewable Energy Landscapes and Socio-ecological Transitions link.springer.com Mar 13, 2026 4 facts
referencevan der Horst, D., & Vermeylen, S. authored 'Landscape and ecological impacts of renewable energy in Africa: Trade-offs and opportunities', published in Land Use Policy in 2018, volume 77, pages 446–455.
referenceSimpson, G., Kammen, D. M., & Sovacool, B. K. authored 'Socio-ecological dimensions of renewable energy transitions in Africa', published in Energy Research & Social Science in 2020, volume 60, article 101318.
referenceMoura, Sovacool, and de Almeida (2021) explored the relationship between energy transitions and socio-ecological landscapes in Africa.
referenceRoe, Booker, and Zhang (2021) provided lessons from Africa on financing nature-based and community-owned renewable energy projects.
Medicinal plants and human health: a comprehensive review of ... link.springer.com Nov 5, 2025 4 facts
claimTraditional medicine remains the primary healthcare option for a significant portion of Africa’s population, especially in rural areas where access to modern medical facilities is limited.
referenceThe integration of traditional medicine with modern healthcare systems has impacted healthcare delivery in Africa, as noted by Kendi (2024).
claimAfrican traditional medicine is one of the world's oldest healing systems, with evidence of sophisticated medicinal practices dating back thousands of years across the African continent.
referenceOgidi and Emaikwu (2023) documented the utilization methods and practices of herbal medicine in Africa.
Geopolitics of the energy transition: between global challenges and ... geoprogress-edition.eu Oct 26, 2025 4 facts
claimChina is expanding its influence by making strategic investments in Africa and Latin America, where significant reserves of critical raw materials are located, according to UNDP (2023).
claimChina holds a dominant position in rare earth processing and invests in mines across Africa and Latin America to strengthen its global influence, according to IRENA (2023) and Lizza (2024).
claimAfrica is emerging as a key partner for Europe, offering the potential to reduce Europe's external energy dependence and foster sustainable growth.
claimThe European Union considers Africa a key region for economic and energy cooperation due to Africa's natural gas reserves and potential for renewable energy development.
Strategic analysis of cyber conflicts: A game-theoretic modelling of ... securityanddefence.pl May 31, 2025 3 facts
referenceThe study 'Strategic analysis of cyber conflicts: A game-theoretic modelling of global cyber' examined six significant cases of cyber conflict spanning North America, South America, Europe, Asia, the Middle East, and Africa.
referenceThe study 'Strategic analysis of cyber conflicts: A game-theoretic modelling of global cyber' employs game theory to analyze six significant cyber crises that occurred during the 2000s across North America, South America, Europe, Asia, the Middle East, and Africa.
claimRussia's cyber conflict payoffs vary by region, being positive in North America, Africa, and one European case, but negative in another European case.
Ethnobotanical study of wild edible plants in Shabelle Zone, Eastern ... link.springer.com Feb 5, 2026 3 facts
claimMultifunctional uses of resins are reported in dryland regions of Africa, the Middle East, and India.
claimAcross Africa and Asia, gender-based patterns in plant gathering show that men typically gather from fields and forests, while women focus on household-level plant uses.
claimAcross Africa, Asia, and South America, elders guide the identification, collection, and preparation of plants.
Wild edible plants for food security, dietary diversity, and nutraceuticals frontiersin.org Nov 27, 2025 3 facts
claimWild edible plants have historically served as essential sources of food, animal feed, and medicine, contributing to human survival and cultural heritage across Asia, Africa, Latin America, and Europe.
claimResearch into wild edible plants is currently led by India and China, with significant developments also occurring in the USA, Europe, and Africa.
referenceIckowitz et al. (2014) analyzed the correlation between dietary quality and tree cover in Africa.
Vernonia amygdalina: a comprehensive review of the ... frontiersin.org 3 facts
claimVernonia amygdalina is an indigenous African plant that thrives throughout most of sub-Saharan Africa and is widely spread in Asia.
claimVernonia amygdalina is native to tropical Africa.
accountVernonia amygdalina has been utilized for generations in Africa for both food and medicinal purposes, including the management and treatment of various health conditions.
Regional Powers Still Matter! - Giga- Hamburg giga-hamburg.de 3 facts
claimThe interest of Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey in Africa is not a new development, nor is it limited solely to the Horn of Africa.
claimThe German Institute for Global and Area Studies (GIGA) publishes the GIGA Focus series, which covers Africa, Asia, Latin America, the Middle East, and global issues.
claimThe interest of Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey in Africa is neither new nor limited to the Horn of Africa.
Global perspectives on energy technology assessment and ... link.springer.com Oct 30, 2025 3 facts
claimEnergy Technology Assessment (ETA) curricula should include international case studies that highlight different approaches to energy transitions in regions such as Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas.
claimThe Engineers Without Borders initiative facilitates networking, collaboration, and information exchange among member associations across Africa, America, Asia, and Europe, including master's thesis exchanges that engage students with real-world energy access and sustainability problems.
referenceAliyu A.K., Modu B., and Tan C.W. (2018) reviewed renewable energy development in Africa, specifically focusing on South Africa, Egypt, and Nigeria.
Psychedelics, Sociality, and Human Evolution frontiersin.org 3 facts
referenceThe article 'On the origin of the genus Psilocybe and its potential ritual use in ancient Africa and Europe', published in 2016 in Economic Botany by T. Froese, G. Guzmán, and L. Guzmán-Dávalos, investigates the origins of the Psilocybe genus and its historical ritual applications.
claimPossible evidence of psilocybin-containing mushroom use among early Neolithic farming and herding communities exists in rock carvings and paintings found in Africa and Spain.
referenceGuzmán et al. (2014) documented the presence of Psilocybe in Africa and described a new species discovered in the Congo.
The Evolution of Diet - National Geographic nationalgeographic.com 3 facts
accountRaymond Dart discovered the first fossil of a human ancestor in Africa in 1924 and popularized the image of early human ancestors hunting meat to survive on the African savanna.
claimLactose tolerance evolved independently among cattle-herding populations in Europe, the Middle East, and Africa after the domestication of cattle provided an evolutionary advantage to digesting milk.
measurementThe Hadza and Kung bushmen of Africa fail to acquire meat on more than 50 percent of their hunting expeditions using bows and arrows.
The Impact and Implications of the Ukraine Crisis - Interpret interpret.csis.org Feb 28, 2023 3 facts
claimSeveral countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, including China and India, have maintained or increased economic and trade ties with Russia despite Western sanctions.
claimSome scholars predict the global energy landscape will evolve into two hemispheres and two energy circles: a 'Pan-Atlantic Energy Circle' consisting of the United States and Europe seeking supplies from the Middle East, Africa, and the Americas, and an 'Asian Energy Circle' consisting of Russia, China, India, and other Asian countries.
claimDespite Western sanctions, Russia has maintained trade relations with countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, with trade volumes increasing with China and India.
The cross-cultural study of mind and behaviour: a word of caution link.springer.com Apr 8, 2022 3 facts
perspectiveRichard Shweder argues that female genital mutilation (FGM), as practiced in most African societies, is biologically harmless and does not negatively affect women's health or sexual pleasure compared to other ordinary conditions they experience.
claimAmerican anthropologist Richard Shweder and his associates conducted research on the genital mutilation of young girls in some African countries.
claimFor the majority of African women, female genital mutilation (FGM) functions as a social rule within their culture rather than an individual decision, creating pressure for compliance.
Nutritional potential of underutilized edible plant species in coffee ... link.springer.com Apr 23, 2021 2 facts
claimThe research project 'BiomassWeb—Improving food security in Africa through increased system productivity of biomass-based value webs' was funded by the German Federal Ministries of Education and Research (BMBF) and of Cooperation and Development (BMZ) under grant number FKZ 031 A258 A.
claimAdansonia digitata, Balanites aegyptiaca, Ziziphus mauritiana, Boscia senegalensis, and Cassia obtusifolia are key suppliers of pro-vitamins A, B2, and C in Africa.
Political and social trends in the future of global security. A meta ... link.springer.com Dec 5, 2017 2 facts
claimGlobal population growth is projected to be geographically uneven, with the most significant increases occurring in Africa, followed by certain countries in Central Asia and the Middle East.
measurementThe global coastal population is estimated to increase by 50% by 2035 compared to the population levels in 2000, with an increase of more than 150 million people in Asia and 60 million in Africa.
War by Proxy: Iran's Growing Footprint in the Middle East - CSIS csis.org Mar 11, 2019 2 facts
Pharmacological Uses of New Bioactive Compounds from Medicinal ... academia.edu 2 facts
How the “Scientific Consensus” on Global Warming Affects ... heritage.org Oct 26, 2010 2 facts
claimThe IPCC acknowledged overstating crop loss in Africa, the depletion of the Amazon rain forest, sea level increases in the Netherlands, and damage from weather catastrophes in its 2007 report.
claimThe IPCC's assessment of mountain ice reduction in the Andes, Alps, and Africa relied on a magazine article discussing anecdotal evidence from mountain climbers and a student dissertation.
Cross-cultural similarities and variations in parent-child value ... nature.com Nov 26, 2025 2 facts
referencePence and Marfo (2008) interrogated the constraints of prevailing knowledge bases regarding early childhood development in Africa.
procedureThe study utilizes co-design workshops conducted in 12 low- and middle-income countries across Africa, Asia, and Oceania to develop culturally responsive early childhood development (ECD) interventions.
Cultural Influences on Child Development - Maryville Online online.maryville.edu Apr 8, 2021 2 facts
Nutritional Evolution – Human Origin and Evolution ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in 2 facts
referenceAntón, S. C., Leonard, W. R., & Robertson, M. L. (2002) published 'An ecomorphological model of the initial hominid dispersal from Africa' in Journal of Human Evolution, 43(6), 773-785.
claimThe origin and spread of agriculture and animal husbandry occurred over the past 12,000 years, with centers of domestication located in Asia, Europe, South America, and Africa.
Evidence for Meat-Eating by Early Humans | Learn Science at Scitable nature.com 2 facts
Evolutionary Psychology | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy iep.utm.edu 2 facts
claimThe human environment of evolutionary adaptedness (EEA) is defined as the set of environmental conditions encountered by human populations during the Pleistocene, specifically from 1.8 million years ago to 10,000 years ago, when early hominids lived as hunter-gatherers on the savannahs of eastern Africa.
quoteBut how can we possibly know in detail what small bands of hunter-gatherers did in Africa two million years ago? These ancestors left some tools and bones, and paleoanthropologists can make some ingenious inferences from such evidence.
The conflict in the Middle East and its impact on global shipping stocklogistic.com 1 day ago 2 facts
claimThe route around the Cape of Good Hope is being used as an alternative to the Strait of Hormuz for the transit of goods, which involves circumnavigating the African continent.
claimThe shift in shipping routes has impacted strategic ports such as Valencia and Algeciras, which have become primary stopover points for vessels traveling around the African continent.
The Evolution of Human Nutrition carta.anthropogeny.org Dec 7, 2012 2 facts
claimPre-agriculture human diets were not uniform, and dietary shifts are associated with major evolutionary events in human prehistory, including the appearance of the genus Homo, the appearance of Homo erectus, and the migration of humans out of Africa.
claimBeginning approximately 10,000 to 12,000 years ago, fully modern Homo sapiens began transitioning from foraging to farming, a shift that occurred in at least ten independent centers across Asia, South America, North America, and Africa.
Associations between dietary diversity and self-rated health in a ... link.springer.com Feb 28, 2025 2 facts
Changes in Diet Allegedly Drove Human Evolution answersingenesis.org Jan 12, 2013 2 facts
claimThe article asserts that unique conditions following the global Flood triggered the Ice Age and produced the transformation of some wet areas into deserts, including the 'great drying of Africa'.
quoteClayton Magill stated: "The research points to the importance of water in an arid landscape like Africa. The plants are so intimately tied to the water that if you have water shortages, they usually lead to food insecurity."
Navigating market and political uncertainties in the age of energy ... brookings.edu Mar 11, 2025 2 facts
claimAfrican oil-producing nations will face significant difficulties in adapting to a changing climate, despite possessing fossil fuel resources.
claimWealthier fossil-fuel-producing countries have the financial capacity to create economic transformation plans, such as the Saudi Vision 2030 and National Transformation Plan, while poorer countries, particularly in Africa, face existential threats from the loss of fossil fuel revenue.
Consequences of the Russia-Ukraine War and the Changing Face ... rand.org May 22, 2025 2 facts
claimGlobal South nations, primarily in Africa, Latin America, and Asia, have reacted with ambivalence toward the Russian invasion of Ukraine, with their hesitance to join economic sanctions or restrict trade with Moscow blunting the full force of Western sanctions.
claimGlobal South nations, primarily in Africa, Latin America, and Asia, have reacted with ambivalence toward the Russian invasion of Ukraine.
Twenty questions (and expert answers) about the Iran war atlanticcouncil.org Mar 11, 2026 2 facts
claimIran maintains a network of non-state armed organizations across the Middle East, Africa, and Latin America, including Lebanese Hezbollah, Hamas, Palestinian Islamic Jihad, Shia militias in Iraq and Syria, and the Houthi movement in Yemen.
claimIran has cultivated, armed, trained, and financed a network of non-state armed organizations across the Middle East, with links to Africa and Latin America.
Experts react: How the US war with Iran is playing out around the ... atlanticcouncil.org Mar 1, 2026 2 facts
accountGina Abercrombie-Winstanley is a distinguished fellow at the Scowcroft Middle East Security Initiative and the Atlantic Council’s Scowcroft Center for Strategy and Security, a former US ambassador to Malta, and a former special assistant for the Middle East and Africa to the secretary of state.
claimGina Abercrombie-Winstanley served as the US ambassador to the Republic of Malta and as special assistant for the Middle East and Africa to the secretary of state.
Private Wealth Migration 2025 | Press Release - Henley & Partners henleyglobal.com Jun 24, 2025 2 facts
measurementMonaco is projected to have a net inflow of 200 millionaires in 2025, remaining popular among ultra-high-net-worth individuals from the UK, Africa, and the Middle East.
claimThe United Arab Emirates is the world's most sought-after wealth haven, with a projected net inflow of 9,800 high-net-worth individuals, driven by demand from the UK, India, Russia, Southeast Asia, and Africa, and facilitated by golden visa options.
Section 7: Child Rearing Practices Across Cultures ldaiowa.org 1 fact
claimIn many parts of Asia and Africa, child-rearing philosophies prioritize group harmony, respect for authority figures, family relationships, and community well-being over individual interests.
Medicinal plants: bioactive compounds, biological activities ... frontiersin.org 1 fact
claimCrinum glaucum (seashore lily), native to Africa, demonstrated in vitro anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity against ten human pathogenic bacteria.
Open-source software - Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org 1 fact
claimVarious organizations globally support open-source software, including the Free Software Foundation, Software Freedom Conservancy, the Open Source Initiative, and Software in the Public Interest in the United States; Free Software Foundation Europe, open-source projects EU (OSP), and OpenForum Europe (OFE) in Europe; Linux Australia in Australia; Open source Asia and FOSSAsia in Asia; Free and open source software for Africa (FOSSFA) and OpenAfrica in Africa; and FLISOL and GRUP de usuarios de software libre Peru in Central and South Asia.
Emerging Technology and Irregular Warfare: Launching a New ... irregularwarfare.org Feb 2, 2026 1 fact
accountKristina Kempkey has led and advised major efforts with USAID, the U.S. Department of Defense, and the United Nations, working with military, diplomatic, and civilian partners in Africa, Eastern Europe, and South Asia.
5.1 Physical Health and Growth in Early Childhood - OpenStax openstax.org Oct 16, 2024 1 fact
measurementIn some impoverished regions of Africa and southern Asia, the proportion of children under five who suffer from stunting reaches nearly 50 percent.
We Bombed the Wrong Target Iran's Proxy Network Strategy irregularwarfare.org Mar 10, 2026 1 fact
claimThe Combating Terrorism Center at West Point asserts that the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps-Quds Force (IRGC-QF) maintains directorates across Asia, the Levant, Europe, Africa, and the Americas, and its operational efficacy is not dependent on any single individual, including the late Qasem Soleimani.
Bioelectricity | Cell Signaling, Nerve Impulses & Muscle Contractions britannica.com Mar 10, 2026 1 fact
claimThe electric catfish of Africa, the knife fish of Latin America, and the stargazers likely utilize their bioelectric organs as sense organs to detect other fish.
Medicinal Plants and Traditional Uses and Modern Applications jneonatalsurg.com Mar 17, 2025 1 fact
referenceBoadu and Agyemang (2020) published a review titled 'The pharmacological potential of African medicinal plants: A review' in the book Herbal Medicine: Biomolecular and Clinical Aspects.
Immunity In Depth | Linus Pauling Institute lpi.oregonstate.edu 1 fact
measurementAccording to the World Health Organization, more than one-third of the world’s underprivileged, preschool-age children are affected by protein-energy malnutrition, with 80% living in Asia, 15% in Africa, and 5% in Latin America.
David Ludwig (Wageningen University and Research): Publications ... philpeople.org 1 fact
claimAn externally imposed epistemological paradigm remains dominant in most university educational curricula in Africa, despite the continued existence of Indigenous agricultural knowledge preserved by farmers and elders in rural communities.
The technical, geographical, and economic feasibility for solar ... ideas.repec.org 1 fact
referenceAly Sanoh, Ayse Selin Kocaman, Selcuk Kocal, Shaky Sherpa, and Vijay Modi published 'The economics of clean energy resource development and grid interconnection in Africa' in the journal Renewable Energy in 2014.
Diet composition and staple-food dependence as structural ... researchsquare.com 1 fact
claimIn low-income countries, particularly in Africa and South Asia, animal-source food consumption remains low due to cost, access, and cultural factors, which exacerbates undernutrition and developmental challenges.
A critical review on techno-economic analysis of hybrid renewable ... link.springer.com Dec 6, 2023 1 fact
referenceBaye RS, Olper A, Ahenkan A, Musah-Surugu IJ, Anuga SW, and Darkwah S published a study in 2021 titled 'Flow power consumption in Africa: Evidence from a bias corrected dynamic panel' in the journal Science of the Total Environment.
The Mechanisms of Psychedelic Visionary Experiences - Frontiers frontiersin.org Sep 27, 2017 1 fact
claimFroese, Guzman, and Guzman-Davalos (2016) investigated the origin of the genus Psilocybe and its potential ritual use in ancient Africa and Europe.
Medicinal plants meet modern biodiversity science - OUCI ouci.dntb.gov.ua 1 fact
claimDichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight and Arn. is a medicinal plant of the Mimosaceae family that is widely distributed in Africa, Australia, India, and Southeast Asia and has multiple uses.
Iran Conflict Brief: The High Cost of Attacking Energy Infrastructure energypolicy.columbia.edu Mar 19, 2026 1 fact
claimDue to security risks in the Suez Canal, LNG cargoes from the Arctic LNG 2 facility must utilize the longer shipping route around Africa to reach China or other Asian markets.
Designing Carbon Pricing Policies Across the Globe link.springer.com 1 fact
procedureThe authors rebalance expert recommendations using propensity score matching based on specific characteristics: geographic location (Europe, Oceania, Asia, or Africa & South America), gender, publication and citation counts, whether publications are in economics journals, and expert views on carbon taxes or cap-and-trade.
GovSCH: An Open-Source Schema for Transforming Governance ... newamerica.org Oct 28, 2025 1 fact
claimThe GovSCH report includes international privacy and data protection regulations from the Americas, Europe, Africa, and Asia to ensure the schema reflects a broad range of legal and cultural approaches to governance.
The psychedelic renaissance and the limitations of a White ... akjournals.com 1 fact
claimThe use of psychoactive plants is historically linked to religious rituals in various cultures, including the Bwiti in Africa, indigenous groups in the Amazon, and the Aztec civilization in North America.
Origins and evolution of the Western diet: health implications for the ... scispace.com 1 fact
claimGut microbiota in children from rural Africa coevolved with a polysaccharide-rich diet, which allows them to maximize energy intake from fibers while protecting them from inflammation and noninfectious colonic diseases.
The EU between strategic autonomy and the transatlantic relationship esisc.org 1 fact
claimGermany, Italy, and France prioritize security concerns in the South, with France and Italy specifically focusing on the Sahel region of Africa.
Sustainable Energy Transition for Renewable and Low Carbon Grid ... frontiersin.org Mar 23, 2022 1 fact
referenceS. Karekezi and J. Kimani published a paper titled 'Status of Power Sector Reform in Africa: Impact on the Poor' in the journal Energy Policy in 2002.
Climate Shocks Are Redefining Energy Security energypolicy.columbia.edu Jul 15, 2025 1 fact
claimThe United States military and intelligence community, including combatant commands in the Pacific and Africa, have increasingly viewed climate change as a central factor in their work, specifically regarding how it fuels regional instability and impacts defense installations on islands and seacoasts.
Personal Financial Management | What It Is and The Core ... robertconsulting.uk 8 days ago 1 fact
claimThe social pressure to support extended family members, often referred to as 'Black Tax,' is a significant challenge to achieving financial independence in Africa.
Medical Hallucination in Foundation Models and Their Impact on ... medrxiv.org Nov 2, 2025 1 fact
measurementIn a study of 70 respondents regarding AI/LLM tool usage in healthcare and research, the geographic representation was: Asia (n=27), North America (n=22), South America (n=9), Europe (n=8), and Africa (n=4).
Investigation Utilization of Medicinal Plants: From Historical ... sciltp.com 1 fact
referenceC. Njume and N.I. Goduka published an overview in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health in 2012 regarding measures to maximize the medicinal potential of indigenous plants for treating diarrhea in rural African communities.
The United States and China's complex cooperation and rivalry ... eastasiaforum.org Feb 1, 2024 1 fact
claimTo mitigate economic friction with the United States and support exports, Chinese policymakers are strategizing to strengthen commercial ties in Southeast Asia, the Middle East, Latin America, and Africa, including countries involved in the Belt and Road Initiative.
Medical Hallucination in Foundation Models and Their ... medrxiv.org Mar 3, 2025 1 fact
measurementThe geographic distribution of survey participants included 27 from Asia, 22 from North America, 9 from South America, 8 from Europe, and 4 from Africa.
https://api.drum.lib.umd.edu/server/api/core/bitst... api.drum.lib.umd.edu 1 fact
measurementAccording to Lansford (2021), 11% of cultural research studies are from Europe, while 2% are from Africa, Latin America, and the Middle East.
World Trade Without the US | Cato Institute cato.org 1 fact
claimForty-seven countries in Africa are implementing the African Continental Free Trade Area.
The Evolutionary Impact of Dietary Shifts on Physical and Cognitive ... ouci.dntb.gov.ua 1 fact
referencePodgorná's research in BMC Evol. Biol. (Vol 15, p. 263) associates variation in NAT2 acetylation phenotypes with differences in food-producing subsistence modes and ecoregions in Africa.
Ancient Roots of Today's Emerging Renaissance in ... link.springer.com 1 fact
claimRitual use of psychoactive drugs has been documented in hunter-gatherer cultures across the Americas, Eurasia, Australia, and Africa.
Electroreception and electrogenesis - Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org 1 fact
claimElephantfish (Mormyridae) from Africa possess specific tuberous electroreceptors in their skin known as Knollenorgans and Mormyromasts.
A Status Quo Power in a Changing Region: Iran's Regionalism in ... cambridge.org Dec 1, 2025 1 fact
claimIran's geographical position at the confluence of five regional subsystems offers the potential to act as a strategic bridge connecting Asia with Europe and Africa.
Causes of Inflammation and How It Affects Health chanzuckerberg.com Oct 13, 2022 1 fact
accountAhmed Mahfouz, Moustapha Mbow, and Maria Yazdanbakhsh studied the impact of urbanization on the immune systems of populations living in rural, semi-urban, and urban areas of Africa.
(PDF) Cultural influences on parenting - Academia.edu academia.edu 1 fact
referenceLeVine, R. A., LeVine, S., Dixon, S., Richman, A., Liederman, P. H., Keefer, C. H., & Brazelton, T. B. (1994) authored 'Child care and culture: Lessons from Africa', published by Cambridge University Press in Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Transitioning to renewable energy: Challenges and opportunities iee.psu.edu Jun 11, 2024 1 fact
perspectiveMany countries in Africa argue that prioritizing a transition to renewable energy over fossil fuels may stall their economic development and efforts to rise out of poverty.
Ethnobotanical Study of Wild Edible Plants and Their Indigenous ... scirp.org 1 fact
claimIndigenous people in the rain forests of Africa and South America utilize wild edible plants as a food source, consuming them as snacks and during times of food scarcity as an integral part of their culture.
Indigenous Foods: A Heritage of Nutrition and Sustainability interesjournals.org Nov 30, 2024 1 fact
claimIndigenous diets in Africa often include grains such as millet, sorghum, and teff, which are noted for being highly nutritious and drought-resistant, making them significant in regions prone to climate variability.
History of the Central Intelligence Agency - Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org 1 fact
accountThe Central Intelligence Agency hired 2,000 new employees during a period of funding increases, but these recruits lacked the experience of the World War II veterans they replaced, who had lived in the theaters of war in Europe, Africa, the Middle East, and Asia.
The Western Diet and Its Impact on Modern Health: What Patients ... diagnosticdetectives.com 1 fact
accountPhysicians working in eastern and central Africa, Australia, New Zealand, the southern Pacific, and other isolated regions reported few or no instances of dental caries, cancer, heart disease, appendicitis, diverticulitis, diabetes, and infectious disease among indigenous populations.