nuts

fruits

Fruits and nuts are both categorized as anti-inflammatory foods that are recommended for a healthy diet to combat chronic inflammation, as evidenced by their frequent co-occurrence in dietary guidelines [1], [2], [3], [4], and [5]. — 35 supporting facts

legumes

Justification not yet generated — showing supporting facts

• The Mediterranean diet, which is associated with beneficial effects on cardiovascular health, comprises fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, and healthy fats such as olive oil and nuts, contrasting with the highly processed foods found in the Western diet.
• The Paleolithic diet typically includes vegetables, fruits, nuts, roots, and meat, while excluding dairy products, grains, sugar, legumes, processed oils, salt, alcohol, and coffee.
• In low-income countries in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, consumption of healthy components such as fruit, non-starchy vegetables, legumes/nuts, seafood omega-3 fat, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) remained far from optimal in 2018.
• There are large global shortfalls in the availability of fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, and seeds, as well as large disparities among regions regarding the use of animal source foods.
• Globally, between 1990 and 2018, AHEI scores increased for non-starchy vegetables (+1.1), legumes/nuts (+1.1), and fruit (+0.1); decreased for red/processed meat (−1.4), sugar-sweetened beverages (−0.6), and sodium (−0.4); and remained stable for whole grains (+0.1), PUFAs (0), and seafood omega-3 (0).
• Globally, more educated individuals had lower AHEI scores (less favorable consumption levels) for red/processed meat (-0.6), sugar-sweetened beverages (-0.6), and nuts and legumes (-0.1).
• Diets globally continue to lack sufficient amounts of fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, and whole grains, while including excessive and sometimes rising amounts of red meat, processed meat, and sugary drinks.
• The Healthy Diet Indicator (HDI) scores dietary intake based on eleven components: fruits and vegetables (≥ 400g), beans and other legumes (> 0g), nuts and seeds (> 0g), whole grains (> 0g), dietary fiber (> 25g), total fat (< 30% total energy), saturated fat (< 10% total energy), dietary sodium (< 2g), free sugars (< 10% total energy), processed meat (0g), and unprocessed red meat (≤ 71g).
• Ancient diets were composed of phytonutrients found in grains, native plants, mushrooms, fruits, legumes, nuts, honey, and seeds.
• Suboptimal diets are characterized by low intake of fibers, fruits, vegetables, legumes, whole grains, nuts, seeds, milk, seafood, calcium, and healthy fats (omega-3 fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids) and high intake of trans-fatty acids, sodium, red or processed meat, and sugar-sweetened beverages, according to Afshin et al. (2019).
• In high-income countries, Central/Eastern Europe, Central Asia, the Middle East, and Northern Africa, improvements in dietary quality driven by increased intake of fruit, non-starchy vegetables, legumes/nuts, and whole grains have been offset by stable or only minor reductions in red/processed meats, sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), and sodium.
• A study on global food systems found substantial but inconsistent progress toward alignment with dietary guidelines, characterized by large global shortfalls in fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, and seeds, alongside large regional disparities in the use of animal source foods.
• The 'paleo diet' recommends consuming meat, fish, fruits, vegetables, eggs, and nuts, while excluding cereal grains, dairy products, legumes, refined sugar, and processed foods.
• The Paleolithic diet includes vegetables (including root vegetables), fruit (including fruit oils like olive, coconut, and palm oil), nuts, fish, meat, and eggs, while excluding dairy, grain-based foods, legumes, extra sugar, and industrial nutritional products like refined fats and carbohydrates.
• Latin America and the Caribbean display lower diet diversity and higher sodium consumption, despite higher intakes of legumes and nuts.
• A healthy diet consists of plenty of fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, seeds, whole grains, and oils high in unsaturated fats, while containing little to no red and processed meat, sugar-sweetened beverages, refined grains, and oils high in saturated fats.
• Average dietary intake across the studied regions was lower than minimum recommendations for whole-grain cereal products, dairy, legumes, fish, cheese, and nuts.
• The planetary health diet prioritizes the consumption of vegetables, fruits, legumes, whole grains, nuts, and fish, while limiting the intake of red meat and tubers, and promoting moderate consumption of eggs, poultry, and dairy products.
• Imbalanced diets low in fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, seeds, and whole grains, and high in red and processed meat are responsible for one of the greatest health burdens globally and in most regions.
• Globally, urban residents had higher AHEI scores for fruit (+0.2) and whole grains (+0.2), but lower scores for sugar-sweetened beverages (-0.5), red/processed meat (-0.4), and legumes/nuts (-0.1).
• The EAT-Lancet Commission on Healthy Diets from Sustainable Food Systems established specific dietary recommendations for minimum intake of health-promoting foods (fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, whole grains) and maximum intake of foods with detrimental health or environmental impacts (red meat, processed meat, dairy, fish).
• Replacing high-fat and sugar products in the Western diet with fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, and whole grains may reduce low-grade inflammation and prevent the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD).
• The Mediterranean-Style Dietary Pattern Score (MSDPS) assigns points based on daily or weekly servings of specific food groups, including whole grains (8 servings/day), fruits (3 servings/day), vegetables (6 servings/day), dairy (2 servings/day), wine (1.5 servings/day for women, 3 servings/day for men), fish/seafood (6 servings/week), poultry (4 servings/week), olives/legumes/nuts (4 servings/week), potatoes/starchy roots (3 servings/week), eggs (3 servings/week), sweets (3 servings/week), and meat (1 serving/week).
• Neanderthals across Eurasia consumed a range of plant foods and fungi, including fruits, nuts, wild grass seeds, legumes, underground storage organs (USOs), and mushrooms, as evidenced by microfossils and eukaryotic aDNA preserved in dental calculus.
• The applicability of the Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS) is not established in regions where distinctive components like olive oil, red wine, nuts, legumes, or fish are unavailable or not part of cultural dietary patterns.
• Plant-based diets are characterized by a high intake of vegetables, fruits, whole grains, legumes, and nuts, while minimizing or excluding animal products like red meat, fish, and dairy. This dietary pattern is high in fiber and nutrients and may support heart health, blood sugar management, and overall well-being.
• The Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS) ranges from 0 (minimal adherence) to 9 (maximal adherence) and is calculated based on nine components: vegetables, legumes, fruits and nuts, cereal, fish, the ratio of monounsaturated to saturated lipids, meat, dairy products, and alcohol.
• In 2018, the highest global AHEI component scores for healthier items were for legumes/nuts (5.0), followed by whole grains (4.7), seafood omega-3 fat (4.2), and non-starchy vegetables (3.9).
• Fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, and seeds have received minimal agricultural research and development funding over the last 50 years.
• The Global Nutrition Report 2021 analysis includes diet-disease associations for low intake of fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts/seeds, and whole grains, as well as for high intake of red meat, processed meat, and sugary drinks.

vegetables

Vegetables and nuts are frequently categorized together as essential components of healthy, plant-based, and specific dietary patterns such as the Paleolithic and Mediterranean diets, as evidenced by [1], [2], and [3]. They are also commonly grouped in nutritional guidelines and global health reports as foods that are under-consumed in suboptimal diets [4], [5], and [6]. — 30 supporting facts

seeds

Justification not yet generated — showing supporting facts

• The National Indian Council on Aging suggests snacking on whole grains, fruits, vegetables, nuts, and seeds.
• There are large global shortfalls in the availability of fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, and seeds, as well as large disparities among regions regarding the use of animal source foods.
• The National Indian Council on Aging recommends consuming small portions of healthy proteins, including nuts, seeds, eggs, pasture-fed meat, and wild fish.
• The Healthy Diet Indicator (HDI) scores dietary intake based on eleven components: fruits and vegetables (≥ 400g), beans and other legumes (> 0g), nuts and seeds (> 0g), whole grains (> 0g), dietary fiber (> 25g), total fat (< 30% total energy), saturated fat (< 10% total energy), dietary sodium (< 2g), free sugars (< 10% total energy), processed meat (0g), and unprocessed red meat (≤ 71g).
• Ancient diets were composed of phytonutrients found in grains, native plants, mushrooms, fruits, legumes, nuts, honey, and seeds.
• Suboptimal diets are characterized by low intake of fibers, fruits, vegetables, legumes, whole grains, nuts, seeds, milk, seafood, calcium, and healthy fats (omega-3 fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids) and high intake of trans-fatty acids, sodium, red or processed meat, and sugar-sweetened beverages, according to Afshin et al. (2019).
• A study on global food systems found substantial but inconsistent progress toward alignment with dietary guidelines, characterized by large global shortfalls in fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, and seeds, alongside large regional disparities in the use of animal source foods.
• The dietary use of wild fruits, nuts, seeds, and leaves is documented in numerous historical records.
• Minor edible plant parts utilized by the local population include tubers (2.83%), bulbs (1.89%), epicarp (1.89%), additional seeds (1.89%), nuts (0.94%), and roots (0.94%).
• A healthy diet consists of plenty of fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, seeds, whole grains, and oils high in unsaturated fats, while containing little to no red and processed meat, sugar-sweetened beverages, refined grains, and oils high in saturated fats.
• The Mediterranean diet prioritizes whole, unprocessed foods such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, beans, nuts, seeds, fish, and healthy fats like olive oil. This diet provides fiber, healthy fats, and antioxidants, and may support heart health, blood sugar management, and overall wellness.
• Approximately 300 million people globally collect products from forests, including fruits, leafy vegetables, nuts, seeds, and edible oils, as reported by Bharuch and Pretty (2010) and Belcher et al. (2005).
• Pre-contact American Indian and Alaska Native diets included a wide variety of harvested foods such as seeds, nuts, corn, beans, chile, squash, wild fruits, greens, herbs, fish, and game.
• Imbalanced diets low in fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, seeds, and whole grains, and high in red and processed meat are responsible for one of the greatest health burdens globally and in most regions.
• The Fruit and Vegetable Consumption indicator measures the daily intake of fruits, vegetables, pulses, nuts, and seeds in grams per capita per day, serving as a proxy for a healthy diet and specific micronutrient intakes.
• The Paleolithic diet avoids processed foods and emphasizes the consumption of vegetables, fruits, nuts, seeds, eggs, and lean meats.
• A quarter of all deaths among adults globally are attributable to poor diets, defined as diets low in fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, and whole grains, and high in red meat, processed meat, and sugary drinks.
• The Paleo Diet encourages the consumption of healthy fats, primarily from sources such as avocados, nuts, seeds, and olive oil.
• The Western pattern diet is characterized by low intakes of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, fish, nuts, and seeds.
• Fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, and seeds have received minimal agricultural research and development funding over the last 50 years.
• The Global Nutrition Report 2021 analysis includes diet-disease associations for low intake of fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts/seeds, and whole grains, as well as for high intake of red meat, processed meat, and sugary drinks.
• Researchers argue that meat-eating was incorporated into a mixed diet, which potentially allowed for a shift toward the consumption of energy-rich plant resources such as seeds, nuts, and underground storage organs.

whole grains

Justification not yet generated — showing supporting facts

• The Mediterranean diet, which is associated with beneficial effects on cardiovascular health, comprises fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, and healthy fats such as olive oil and nuts, contrasting with the highly processed foods found in the Western diet.
• The National Indian Council on Aging suggests snacking on whole grains, fruits, vegetables, nuts, and seeds.
• Globally, between 1990 and 2018, AHEI scores increased for non-starchy vegetables (+1.1), legumes/nuts (+1.1), and fruit (+0.1); decreased for red/processed meat (−1.4), sugar-sweetened beverages (−0.6), and sodium (−0.4); and remained stable for whole grains (+0.1), PUFAs (0), and seafood omega-3 (0).
• Diets globally continue to lack sufficient amounts of fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, and whole grains, while including excessive and sometimes rising amounts of red meat, processed meat, and sugary drinks.
• The Healthy Diet Indicator (HDI) scores dietary intake based on eleven components: fruits and vegetables (≥ 400g), beans and other legumes (> 0g), nuts and seeds (> 0g), whole grains (> 0g), dietary fiber (> 25g), total fat (< 30% total energy), saturated fat (< 10% total energy), dietary sodium (< 2g), free sugars (< 10% total energy), processed meat (0g), and unprocessed red meat (≤ 71g).
• Suboptimal diets are characterized by low intake of fibers, fruits, vegetables, legumes, whole grains, nuts, seeds, milk, seafood, calcium, and healthy fats (omega-3 fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids) and high intake of trans-fatty acids, sodium, red or processed meat, and sugar-sweetened beverages, according to Afshin et al. (2019).
• In high-income countries, Central/Eastern Europe, Central Asia, the Middle East, and Northern Africa, improvements in dietary quality driven by increased intake of fruit, non-starchy vegetables, legumes/nuts, and whole grains have been offset by stable or only minor reductions in red/processed meats, sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), and sodium.
• A healthy diet consists of plenty of fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, seeds, whole grains, and oils high in unsaturated fats, while containing little to no red and processed meat, sugar-sweetened beverages, refined grains, and oils high in saturated fats.
• The Mediterranean diet prioritizes whole, unprocessed foods such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, beans, nuts, seeds, fish, and healthy fats like olive oil. This diet provides fiber, healthy fats, and antioxidants, and may support heart health, blood sugar management, and overall wellness.
• The planetary health diet prioritizes the consumption of vegetables, fruits, legumes, whole grains, nuts, and fish, while limiting the intake of red meat and tubers, and promoting moderate consumption of eggs, poultry, and dairy products.
• Imbalanced diets low in fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, seeds, and whole grains, and high in red and processed meat are responsible for one of the greatest health burdens globally and in most regions.
• Globally, urban residents had higher AHEI scores for fruit (+0.2) and whole grains (+0.2), but lower scores for sugar-sweetened beverages (-0.5), red/processed meat (-0.4), and legumes/nuts (-0.1).
• The EAT-Lancet Commission on Healthy Diets from Sustainable Food Systems established specific dietary recommendations for minimum intake of health-promoting foods (fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, whole grains) and maximum intake of foods with detrimental health or environmental impacts (red meat, processed meat, dairy, fish).
• Replacing high-fat and sugar products in the Western diet with fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, and whole grains may reduce low-grade inflammation and prevent the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD).
• The Mediterranean-Style Dietary Pattern Score (MSDPS) assigns points based on daily or weekly servings of specific food groups, including whole grains (8 servings/day), fruits (3 servings/day), vegetables (6 servings/day), dairy (2 servings/day), wine (1.5 servings/day for women, 3 servings/day for men), fish/seafood (6 servings/week), poultry (4 servings/week), olives/legumes/nuts (4 servings/week), potatoes/starchy roots (3 servings/week), eggs (3 servings/week), sweets (3 servings/week), and meat (1 serving/week).
• Plant-based diets are characterized by a high intake of vegetables, fruits, whole grains, legumes, and nuts, while minimizing or excluding animal products like red meat, fish, and dairy. This dietary pattern is high in fiber and nutrients and may support heart health, blood sugar management, and overall well-being.
• A quarter of all deaths among adults globally are attributable to poor diets, defined as diets low in fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, and whole grains, and high in red meat, processed meat, and sugary drinks.
• The Western pattern diet is characterized by low intakes of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, fish, nuts, and seeds.
• In 2018, the highest global AHEI component scores for healthier items were for legumes/nuts (5.0), followed by whole grains (4.7), seafood omega-3 fat (4.2), and non-starchy vegetables (3.9).
• The Global Nutrition Report 2021 analysis includes diet-disease associations for low intake of fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts/seeds, and whole grains, as well as for high intake of red meat, processed meat, and sugary drinks.

red meat

Justification not yet generated — showing supporting facts

• Globally, between 1990 and 2018, AHEI scores increased for non-starchy vegetables (+1.1), legumes/nuts (+1.1), and fruit (+0.1); decreased for red/processed meat (−1.4), sugar-sweetened beverages (−0.6), and sodium (−0.4); and remained stable for whole grains (+0.1), PUFAs (0), and seafood omega-3 (0).
• Globally, more educated individuals had lower AHEI scores (less favorable consumption levels) for red/processed meat (-0.6), sugar-sweetened beverages (-0.6), and nuts and legumes (-0.1).
• Diets globally continue to lack sufficient amounts of fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, and whole grains, while including excessive and sometimes rising amounts of red meat, processed meat, and sugary drinks.
• Suboptimal diets are characterized by low intake of fibers, fruits, vegetables, legumes, whole grains, nuts, seeds, milk, seafood, calcium, and healthy fats (omega-3 fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids) and high intake of trans-fatty acids, sodium, red or processed meat, and sugar-sweetened beverages, according to Afshin et al. (2019).
• In high-income countries, Central/Eastern Europe, Central Asia, the Middle East, and Northern Africa, improvements in dietary quality driven by increased intake of fruit, non-starchy vegetables, legumes/nuts, and whole grains have been offset by stable or only minor reductions in red/processed meats, sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), and sodium.
• A healthy diet consists of plenty of fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, seeds, whole grains, and oils high in unsaturated fats, while containing little to no red and processed meat, sugar-sweetened beverages, refined grains, and oils high in saturated fats.
• The planetary health diet prioritizes the consumption of vegetables, fruits, legumes, whole grains, nuts, and fish, while limiting the intake of red meat and tubers, and promoting moderate consumption of eggs, poultry, and dairy products.
• Imbalanced diets low in fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, seeds, and whole grains, and high in red and processed meat are responsible for one of the greatest health burdens globally and in most regions.
• Globally, urban residents had higher AHEI scores for fruit (+0.2) and whole grains (+0.2), but lower scores for sugar-sweetened beverages (-0.5), red/processed meat (-0.4), and legumes/nuts (-0.1).
• The EAT-Lancet Commission on Healthy Diets from Sustainable Food Systems established specific dietary recommendations for minimum intake of health-promoting foods (fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, whole grains) and maximum intake of foods with detrimental health or environmental impacts (red meat, processed meat, dairy, fish).
• Plant-based diets are characterized by a high intake of vegetables, fruits, whole grains, legumes, and nuts, while minimizing or excluding animal products like red meat, fish, and dairy. This dietary pattern is high in fiber and nutrients and may support heart health, blood sugar management, and overall well-being.
• A quarter of all deaths among adults globally are attributable to poor diets, defined as diets low in fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, and whole grains, and high in red meat, processed meat, and sugary drinks.
• The Global Nutrition Report 2021 analysis includes diet-disease associations for low intake of fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts/seeds, and whole grains, as well as for high intake of red meat, processed meat, and sugary drinks.

processed meat

Justification not yet generated — showing supporting facts

• Globally, between 1990 and 2018, AHEI scores increased for non-starchy vegetables (+1.1), legumes/nuts (+1.1), and fruit (+0.1); decreased for red/processed meat (−1.4), sugar-sweetened beverages (−0.6), and sodium (−0.4); and remained stable for whole grains (+0.1), PUFAs (0), and seafood omega-3 (0).
• Globally, more educated individuals had lower AHEI scores (less favorable consumption levels) for red/processed meat (-0.6), sugar-sweetened beverages (-0.6), and nuts and legumes (-0.1).
• Diets globally continue to lack sufficient amounts of fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, and whole grains, while including excessive and sometimes rising amounts of red meat, processed meat, and sugary drinks.
• The Healthy Diet Indicator (HDI) scores dietary intake based on eleven components: fruits and vegetables (≥ 400g), beans and other legumes (> 0g), nuts and seeds (> 0g), whole grains (> 0g), dietary fiber (> 25g), total fat (< 30% total energy), saturated fat (< 10% total energy), dietary sodium (< 2g), free sugars (< 10% total energy), processed meat (0g), and unprocessed red meat (≤ 71g).
• Suboptimal diets are characterized by low intake of fibers, fruits, vegetables, legumes, whole grains, nuts, seeds, milk, seafood, calcium, and healthy fats (omega-3 fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids) and high intake of trans-fatty acids, sodium, red or processed meat, and sugar-sweetened beverages, according to Afshin et al. (2019).
• In high-income countries, Central/Eastern Europe, Central Asia, the Middle East, and Northern Africa, improvements in dietary quality driven by increased intake of fruit, non-starchy vegetables, legumes/nuts, and whole grains have been offset by stable or only minor reductions in red/processed meats, sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), and sodium.
• A healthy diet consists of plenty of fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, seeds, whole grains, and oils high in unsaturated fats, while containing little to no red and processed meat, sugar-sweetened beverages, refined grains, and oils high in saturated fats.
• Imbalanced diets low in fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, seeds, and whole grains, and high in red and processed meat are responsible for one of the greatest health burdens globally and in most regions.
• Globally, urban residents had higher AHEI scores for fruit (+0.2) and whole grains (+0.2), but lower scores for sugar-sweetened beverages (-0.5), red/processed meat (-0.4), and legumes/nuts (-0.1).
• The EAT-Lancet Commission on Healthy Diets from Sustainable Food Systems established specific dietary recommendations for minimum intake of health-promoting foods (fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, whole grains) and maximum intake of foods with detrimental health or environmental impacts (red meat, processed meat, dairy, fish).
• A quarter of all deaths among adults globally are attributable to poor diets, defined as diets low in fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, and whole grains, and high in red meat, processed meat, and sugary drinks.
• The Global Nutrition Report 2021 analysis includes diet-disease associations for low intake of fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts/seeds, and whole grains, as well as for high intake of red meat, processed meat, and sugary drinks.

fish

Justification not yet generated — showing supporting facts

• The 'paleo diet' recommends consuming meat, fish, fruits, vegetables, eggs, and nuts, while excluding cereal grains, dairy products, legumes, refined sugar, and processed foods.
• Average dietary intake across the studied regions was lower than minimum recommendations for whole-grain cereal products, dairy, legumes, fish, cheese, and nuts.
• The Mediterranean diet prioritizes whole, unprocessed foods such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, beans, nuts, seeds, fish, and healthy fats like olive oil. This diet provides fiber, healthy fats, and antioxidants, and may support heart health, blood sugar management, and overall wellness.
• The planetary health diet prioritizes the consumption of vegetables, fruits, legumes, whole grains, nuts, and fish, while limiting the intake of red meat and tubers, and promoting moderate consumption of eggs, poultry, and dairy products.
• Pre-contact American Indian and Alaska Native diets included a wide variety of harvested foods such as seeds, nuts, corn, beans, chile, squash, wild fruits, greens, herbs, fish, and game.
• The EAT-Lancet Commission on Healthy Diets from Sustainable Food Systems established specific dietary recommendations for minimum intake of health-promoting foods (fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, whole grains) and maximum intake of foods with detrimental health or environmental impacts (red meat, processed meat, dairy, fish).
• The Mediterranean-Style Dietary Pattern Score (MSDPS) assigns points based on daily or weekly servings of specific food groups, including whole grains (8 servings/day), fruits (3 servings/day), vegetables (6 servings/day), dairy (2 servings/day), wine (1.5 servings/day for women, 3 servings/day for men), fish/seafood (6 servings/week), poultry (4 servings/week), olives/legumes/nuts (4 servings/week), potatoes/starchy roots (3 servings/week), eggs (3 servings/week), sweets (3 servings/week), and meat (1 serving/week).
• The applicability of the Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS) is not established in regions where distinctive components like olive oil, red wine, nuts, legumes, or fish are unavailable or not part of cultural dietary patterns.
• Plant-based diets are characterized by a high intake of vegetables, fruits, whole grains, legumes, and nuts, while minimizing or excluding animal products like red meat, fish, and dairy. This dietary pattern is high in fiber and nutrients and may support heart health, blood sugar management, and overall well-being.
• The Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS) ranges from 0 (minimal adherence) to 9 (maximal adherence) and is calculated based on nine components: vegetables, legumes, fruits and nuts, cereal, fish, the ratio of monounsaturated to saturated lipids, meat, dairy products, and alcohol.
• The Western pattern diet is characterized by low intakes of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, fish, nuts, and seeds.

sugar-sweetened beverages

Justification not yet generated — showing supporting facts

• Globally, between 1990 and 2018, AHEI scores increased for non-starchy vegetables (+1.1), legumes/nuts (+1.1), and fruit (+0.1); decreased for red/processed meat (−1.4), sugar-sweetened beverages (−0.6), and sodium (−0.4); and remained stable for whole grains (+0.1), PUFAs (0), and seafood omega-3 (0).
• Globally, more educated individuals had lower AHEI scores (less favorable consumption levels) for red/processed meat (-0.6), sugar-sweetened beverages (-0.6), and nuts and legumes (-0.1).
• Diets globally continue to lack sufficient amounts of fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, and whole grains, while including excessive and sometimes rising amounts of red meat, processed meat, and sugary drinks.
• Suboptimal diets are characterized by low intake of fibers, fruits, vegetables, legumes, whole grains, nuts, seeds, milk, seafood, calcium, and healthy fats (omega-3 fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids) and high intake of trans-fatty acids, sodium, red or processed meat, and sugar-sweetened beverages, according to Afshin et al. (2019).
• In high-income countries, Central/Eastern Europe, Central Asia, the Middle East, and Northern Africa, improvements in dietary quality driven by increased intake of fruit, non-starchy vegetables, legumes/nuts, and whole grains have been offset by stable or only minor reductions in red/processed meats, sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), and sodium.
• A healthy diet consists of plenty of fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, seeds, whole grains, and oils high in unsaturated fats, while containing little to no red and processed meat, sugar-sweetened beverages, refined grains, and oils high in saturated fats.
• Globally, urban residents had higher AHEI scores for fruit (+0.2) and whole grains (+0.2), but lower scores for sugar-sweetened beverages (-0.5), red/processed meat (-0.4), and legumes/nuts (-0.1).
• A quarter of all deaths among adults globally are attributable to poor diets, defined as diets low in fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, and whole grains, and high in red meat, processed meat, and sugary drinks.
• The Global Nutrition Report 2021 analysis includes diet-disease associations for low intake of fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts/seeds, and whole grains, as well as for high intake of red meat, processed meat, and sugary drinks.

Alternative Healthy Eating Index

Justification not yet generated — showing supporting facts

• Globally, between 1990 and 2018, AHEI scores increased for non-starchy vegetables (+1.1), legumes/nuts (+1.1), and fruit (+0.1); decreased for red/processed meat (−1.4), sugar-sweetened beverages (−0.6), and sodium (−0.4); and remained stable for whole grains (+0.1), PUFAs (0), and seafood omega-3 (0).
• Globally, more educated individuals had lower AHEI scores (less favorable consumption levels) for red/processed meat (-0.6), sugar-sweetened beverages (-0.6), and nuts and legumes (-0.1).
• Globally, urban residents had higher AHEI scores for fruit (+0.2) and whole grains (+0.2), but lower scores for sugar-sweetened beverages (-0.5), red/processed meat (-0.4), and legumes/nuts (-0.1).
• In 2018, the highest global AHEI component scores for healthier items were for legumes/nuts (5.0), followed by whole grains (4.7), seafood omega-3 fat (4.2), and non-starchy vegetables (3.9).

meat

Justification not yet generated — showing supporting facts

• A diet revolving around meat and dairy will take a greater toll on global resources than a diet revolving around unrefined grains, nuts, fruits, and vegetables, which is a significant concern given the global population is expected to reach nine billion by 2050.
• The 'paleo diet' recommends consuming meat, fish, fruits, vegetables, eggs, and nuts, while excluding cereal grains, dairy products, legumes, refined sugar, and processed foods.
• The Mediterranean-Style Dietary Pattern Score (MSDPS) assigns points based on daily or weekly servings of specific food groups, including whole grains (8 servings/day), fruits (3 servings/day), vegetables (6 servings/day), dairy (2 servings/day), wine (1.5 servings/day for women, 3 servings/day for men), fish/seafood (6 servings/week), poultry (4 servings/week), olives/legumes/nuts (4 servings/week), potatoes/starchy roots (3 servings/week), eggs (3 servings/week), sweets (3 servings/week), and meat (1 serving/week).
• The Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS) ranges from 0 (minimal adherence) to 9 (maximal adherence) and is calculated based on nine components: vegetables, legumes, fruits and nuts, cereal, fish, the ratio of monounsaturated to saturated lipids, meat, dairy products, and alcohol.

fruit

Justification not yet generated — showing supporting facts

• In low-income countries in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, consumption of healthy components such as fruit, non-starchy vegetables, legumes/nuts, seafood omega-3 fat, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) remained far from optimal in 2018.
• Globally, between 1990 and 2018, AHEI scores increased for non-starchy vegetables (+1.1), legumes/nuts (+1.1), and fruit (+0.1); decreased for red/processed meat (−1.4), sugar-sweetened beverages (−0.6), and sodium (−0.4); and remained stable for whole grains (+0.1), PUFAs (0), and seafood omega-3 (0).
• In high-income countries, Central/Eastern Europe, Central Asia, the Middle East, and Northern Africa, improvements in dietary quality driven by increased intake of fruit, non-starchy vegetables, legumes/nuts, and whole grains have been offset by stable or only minor reductions in red/processed meats, sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), and sodium.
• Globally, urban residents had higher AHEI scores for fruit (+0.2) and whole grains (+0.2), but lower scores for sugar-sweetened beverages (-0.5), red/processed meat (-0.4), and legumes/nuts (-0.1).

dairy products

Justification not yet generated — showing supporting facts

• The 'paleo diet' recommends consuming meat, fish, fruits, vegetables, eggs, and nuts, while excluding cereal grains, dairy products, legumes, refined sugar, and processed foods.
• The planetary health diet prioritizes the consumption of vegetables, fruits, legumes, whole grains, nuts, and fish, while limiting the intake of red meat and tubers, and promoting moderate consumption of eggs, poultry, and dairy products.
• The Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS) ranges from 0 (minimal adherence) to 9 (maximal adherence) and is calculated based on nine components: vegetables, legumes, fruits and nuts, cereal, fish, the ratio of monounsaturated to saturated lipids, meat, dairy products, and alcohol.

inflammation

Nuts are recommended as foods that reduce inflammation, including specific examples like almonds and walnuts, as stated in [1] and [2], and as part of meals rich in anti-inflammatory components in [3]. — 3 supporting facts

chronic inflammation

Nuts are identified as a key anti-inflammatory food that helps combat or reduce chronic inflammation [1], [2]. Furthermore, incorporating nuts into one's diet is recommended as a dietary strategy to lower low-grade inflammation and prevent cardiovascular disease [3]. — 3 supporting facts

western diet

The Western diet is defined by its contrast to healthier dietary patterns that include nuts [1], and it is recommended that nuts be used as a replacement for processed items within the Western diet to improve health outcomes [2]. — 2 supporting facts

dietary diversity

The relationship is established because nuts are identified as a specific food group whose intake levels are analyzed in the context of overall dietary diversity in Latin America and the Caribbean, as stated in [1]. — 1 supporting fact

testosterone

'testosterone' and 'nuts' are related through dietary recommendations aimed at reducing chronic inflammation, with [1] specifically listing nuts among anti-inflammatory foods like whole grains, fruits, vegetables, fatty fish, and seeds. — 1 supporting fact