calcium

iron

Justification not yet generated — showing supporting facts

• Leafy vegetables including Amaranthus graecizans, Portulaca oleracea, and Solanum nigrum are good sources of protein and minerals, specifically calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn).
• Wild edible plants serve as sources of carbohydrates, proteins, and fibers, and are rich in vitamins and minerals including vitamin A, vitamin C, zinc, iron, calcium, iodine, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, and folate.
• The nutritional potential of underutilized plant species was compared against commonly cultivated crops using calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and calorific value as proxies.
• Uddin et al. (2012) reported that mature leaves of Portulaca oleracea contain high amounts of calcium, iron, and zinc. Wenzel et al. (1990) further identified that Portulaca oleracea shoots are abundant in omega-3 fatty acid, α-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, β-carotene, and glutathione, making the plant a source of minerals, vitamins, and antioxidants for functional foods and nutraceutical applications.
• Diets in rural Ethiopia are often deficient in protein and micronutrients such as iron (Fe), calcium (Ca), and vitamin A, according to Sheehy et al. (2019) and Baye et al. (2019).
• Mineral analysis of Bellevalia forniculata, Beta corolliflora, Caltha polypetala, and Primula auriculata showed high amounts of potassium (892.93–2,663.63 mg/100 g), phosphorus (239.57–636.77 mg/100 g), calcium (279.90–341.33 mg/100 g), magnesium (103.43–363.27 mg/100 g), iron (11.06–37.13 mg/100 g), manganese (1.56–5.39 mg/100 g), and zinc (2.28–3.36 mg/100 g).
• Plants serve as sources of essential minerals including calcium, iron, magnesium, and zinc, which are crucial for maintaining human health.
• Onion plants grown under a blue-to-white light ratio of 1:3 show accumulation of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and boron (B).
• Broccoli plants grown under orange light show accumulation of iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), and calcium (Ca).
• Phosphorus in a plant digest is analyzed using the Canada-molybdate yellow color method, Potassium and Calcium are analyzed using a flame photometer, Sulfur is evaluated using a turbidimetric process, and Sodium, Zinc, Copper, Iron, and Manganese are determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
• Amaranthus viridis and Hibiscus sabdariffa are important providers of protein, fatty acids, iron, magnesium, calcium, and zinc.
• Basil plants grown under a red-to-blue light ratio of 3:1 show accumulation of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and iron (Fe).
• Dried Vernonia amygdalina leaves have higher calcium and iron content, while fresh leaves have higher magnesium, copper, and lead content.
• Amaranthus graecizans, Portulaca oleracea, and Dioscorea cayenensis are identified as notable sources of calcium, iron, and zinc, while the fruit Rubus apetalus is a notable source of provitamin A.
• Mustard plants grown under a blue-to-red light ratio of 1:1 show accumulation of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and boron (B).
• Vernonia amygdalina seeds contain vitamin C, vitamins B1 and B2, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, and manganese.
• Rybicka and Gliszczyńska-Świgło analyzed the content of calcium, potassium, magnesium, sodium, copper, iron, manganese, and zinc in grain gluten-free products in a 2017 study.
• Calcium and phytates determine the bioavailability and absorption of iron.
• Mineral analysis of medicinal plants determines the presence of essential elements including sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn).
• Traditional processing methods for bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina), including boiling, squeeze washing, and salting, result in the loss of proximate nutrients, calcium, iron, potassium, and vitamin C.
• Laboratory analysis of 12 underutilized edible plant species from southwestern Ethiopia showed that all species, excluding fruits, contain higher levels of calcium, iron, and zinc compared to regularly cultivated crops.
• Essential minerals such as calcium, magnesium, potassium, and iron are present in the studied medicinal plants and contribute to promoting overall health and vitality.

magnesium

Justification not yet generated — showing supporting facts

• Hemp grains, which are edible seeds harvested for human or animal consumption, contain approximately 5.6% minerals (calcium, magnesium, potassium, and phosphorus), 25% protein, 28% total dietary fiber, and more than 30% oil.
• Mineral analysis of Bellevalia forniculata, Beta corolliflora, Caltha polypetala, and Primula auriculata showed high amounts of potassium (892.93–2,663.63 mg/100 g), phosphorus (239.57–636.77 mg/100 g), calcium (279.90–341.33 mg/100 g), magnesium (103.43–363.27 mg/100 g), iron (11.06–37.13 mg/100 g), manganese (1.56–5.39 mg/100 g), and zinc (2.28–3.36 mg/100 g).
• Plants serve as sources of essential minerals including calcium, iron, magnesium, and zinc, which are crucial for maintaining human health.
• Onion plants grown under a blue-to-white light ratio of 1:3 show accumulation of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and boron (B).
• Broccoli plants grown under orange light show accumulation of iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), and calcium (Ca).
• Amaranthus viridis and Hibiscus sabdariffa are important providers of protein, fatty acids, iron, magnesium, calcium, and zinc.
• Basil plants grown under a red-to-blue light ratio of 3:1 show accumulation of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and iron (Fe).
• Dried Vernonia amygdalina leaves have higher calcium and iron content, while fresh leaves have higher magnesium, copper, and lead content.
• Mustard plants grown under a blue-to-red light ratio of 1:1 show accumulation of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and boron (B).
• Vernonia amygdalina seeds contain vitamin C, vitamins B1 and B2, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, and manganese.
• Secondary macronutrients and micronutrients such as magnesium and calcium have slight effects on industrial hemp plant growth but no direct effect on grain and bast fiber yield, with the exception of boron and copper.
• Rybicka and Gliszczyńska-Świgło analyzed the content of calcium, potassium, magnesium, sodium, copper, iron, manganese, and zinc in grain gluten-free products in a 2017 study.
• Mineral analysis of medicinal plants determines the presence of essential elements including sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn).
• Essential minerals such as calcium, magnesium, potassium, and iron are present in the studied medicinal plants and contribute to promoting overall health and vitality.

zinc

Justification not yet generated — showing supporting facts

• Leafy vegetables including Amaranthus graecizans, Portulaca oleracea, and Solanum nigrum are good sources of protein and minerals, specifically calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn).
• Wild edible plants serve as sources of carbohydrates, proteins, and fibers, and are rich in vitamins and minerals including vitamin A, vitamin C, zinc, iron, calcium, iodine, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, and folate.
• The nutritional potential of underutilized plant species was compared against commonly cultivated crops using calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and calorific value as proxies.
• Uddin et al. (2012) reported that mature leaves of Portulaca oleracea contain high amounts of calcium, iron, and zinc. Wenzel et al. (1990) further identified that Portulaca oleracea shoots are abundant in omega-3 fatty acid, α-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, β-carotene, and glutathione, making the plant a source of minerals, vitamins, and antioxidants for functional foods and nutraceutical applications.
• Mineral analysis of Bellevalia forniculata, Beta corolliflora, Caltha polypetala, and Primula auriculata showed high amounts of potassium (892.93–2,663.63 mg/100 g), phosphorus (239.57–636.77 mg/100 g), calcium (279.90–341.33 mg/100 g), magnesium (103.43–363.27 mg/100 g), iron (11.06–37.13 mg/100 g), manganese (1.56–5.39 mg/100 g), and zinc (2.28–3.36 mg/100 g).
• Bhandari and Kawabata (2004) assessed the antinutritional factors and the bioavailability of calcium and zinc in wild yam (Dioscorea spp.) tubers found in Nepal.
• Plants serve as sources of essential minerals including calcium, iron, magnesium, and zinc, which are crucial for maintaining human health.
• Onion plants grown under a blue-to-white light ratio of 1:3 show accumulation of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and boron (B).
• Phosphorus in a plant digest is analyzed using the Canada-molybdate yellow color method, Potassium and Calcium are analyzed using a flame photometer, Sulfur is evaluated using a turbidimetric process, and Sodium, Zinc, Copper, Iron, and Manganese are determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
• Amaranthus viridis and Hibiscus sabdariffa are important providers of protein, fatty acids, iron, magnesium, calcium, and zinc.
• Amaranthus graecizans, Portulaca oleracea, and Dioscorea cayenensis are identified as notable sources of calcium, iron, and zinc, while the fruit Rubus apetalus is a notable source of provitamin A.
• Mustard plants grown under a blue-to-red light ratio of 1:1 show accumulation of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and boron (B).
• Vernonia amygdalina seeds contain vitamin C, vitamins B1 and B2, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, and manganese.
• Dill plants grown under red light show accumulation of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and zinc (Zn).
• Rybicka and Gliszczyńska-Świgło analyzed the content of calcium, potassium, magnesium, sodium, copper, iron, manganese, and zinc in grain gluten-free products in a 2017 study.
• Mineral analysis of medicinal plants determines the presence of essential elements including sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn).
• Laboratory analysis of 12 underutilized edible plant species from southwestern Ethiopia showed that all species, excluding fruits, contain higher levels of calcium, iron, and zinc compared to regularly cultivated crops.

potassium

Justification not yet generated — showing supporting facts

• The procedure for mineral digestion involves digesting leaf samples in a 20 mL diacid mixture of HCl and HClO4 in a 4:1 volumetric ratio, bringing the final volume to 100 mL, and using the resulting extract to analyze Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca), and Sulfur (S).
• Hemp grains, which are edible seeds harvested for human or animal consumption, contain approximately 5.6% minerals (calcium, magnesium, potassium, and phosphorus), 25% protein, 28% total dietary fiber, and more than 30% oil.
• Mineral analysis of Bellevalia forniculata, Beta corolliflora, Caltha polypetala, and Primula auriculata showed high amounts of potassium (892.93–2,663.63 mg/100 g), phosphorus (239.57–636.77 mg/100 g), calcium (279.90–341.33 mg/100 g), magnesium (103.43–363.27 mg/100 g), iron (11.06–37.13 mg/100 g), manganese (1.56–5.39 mg/100 g), and zinc (2.28–3.36 mg/100 g).
• Phosphorus in a plant digest is analyzed using the Canada-molybdate yellow color method, Potassium and Calcium are analyzed using a flame photometer, Sulfur is evaluated using a turbidimetric process, and Sodium, Zinc, Copper, Iron, and Manganese are determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
• Basil plants grown under a red-to-blue light ratio of 3:1 show accumulation of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and iron (Fe).
• Common minerals analyzed in medicinal plants include calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, and nitrogen, which contribute to bone health, immune function, enzyme activation, and antioxidant defense mechanisms.
• Mustard plants grown under a blue-to-red light ratio of 1:1 show accumulation of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and boron (B).
• Vernonia amygdalina seeds contain vitamin C, vitamins B1 and B2, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, and manganese.
• Dill plants grown under red light show accumulation of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and zinc (Zn).
• Rybicka and Gliszczyńska-Świgło analyzed the content of calcium, potassium, magnesium, sodium, copper, iron, manganese, and zinc in grain gluten-free products in a 2017 study.
• Mineral analysis of medicinal plants determines the presence of essential elements including sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn).
• Traditional processing methods for bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina), including boiling, squeeze washing, and salting, result in the loss of proximate nutrients, calcium, iron, potassium, and vitamin C.
• Essential minerals such as calcium, magnesium, potassium, and iron are present in the studied medicinal plants and contribute to promoting overall health and vitality.

phosphorus

Justification not yet generated — showing supporting facts

• The procedure for mineral digestion involves digesting leaf samples in a 20 mL diacid mixture of HCl and HClO4 in a 4:1 volumetric ratio, bringing the final volume to 100 mL, and using the resulting extract to analyze Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca), and Sulfur (S).
• Hemp grains, which are edible seeds harvested for human or animal consumption, contain approximately 5.6% minerals (calcium, magnesium, potassium, and phosphorus), 25% protein, 28% total dietary fiber, and more than 30% oil.
• The fruit pulp of Ziziphus lotus contains significantly higher levels of sugar (35.25 to 48.87%), phosphorus (63.114 to 155.269 mg 100−1g), sodium (34.8 to 56.91 ppm), calcium (91.78 to 382.69 ppm), β-carotene (36.4 to 46 μg g−1), lycopene (59.15 to 100.25 μg g−1), and chlorophyll a (3.6 to 7.2 μg g−1) compared to the seeds.
• Mineral analysis of Bellevalia forniculata, Beta corolliflora, Caltha polypetala, and Primula auriculata showed high amounts of potassium (892.93–2,663.63 mg/100 g), phosphorus (239.57–636.77 mg/100 g), calcium (279.90–341.33 mg/100 g), magnesium (103.43–363.27 mg/100 g), iron (11.06–37.13 mg/100 g), manganese (1.56–5.39 mg/100 g), and zinc (2.28–3.36 mg/100 g).
• Phosphorus in a plant digest is analyzed using the Canada-molybdate yellow color method, Potassium and Calcium are analyzed using a flame photometer, Sulfur is evaluated using a turbidimetric process, and Sodium, Zinc, Copper, Iron, and Manganese are determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
• Basil plants grown under a red-to-blue light ratio of 3:1 show accumulation of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and iron (Fe).
• Common minerals analyzed in medicinal plants include calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, and nitrogen, which contribute to bone health, immune function, enzyme activation, and antioxidant defense mechanisms.
• Mustard plants grown under a blue-to-red light ratio of 1:1 show accumulation of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and boron (B).
• Dill plants grown under red light show accumulation of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and zinc (Zn).

sodium

Justification not yet generated — showing supporting facts

• The fruit pulp of Ziziphus lotus contains significantly higher levels of sugar (35.25 to 48.87%), phosphorus (63.114 to 155.269 mg 100−1g), sodium (34.8 to 56.91 ppm), calcium (91.78 to 382.69 ppm), β-carotene (36.4 to 46 μg g−1), lycopene (59.15 to 100.25 μg g−1), and chlorophyll a (3.6 to 7.2 μg g−1) compared to the seeds.
• Onion plants grown under a blue-to-white light ratio of 1:3 show accumulation of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and boron (B).
• Phosphorus in a plant digest is analyzed using the Canada-molybdate yellow color method, Potassium and Calcium are analyzed using a flame photometer, Sulfur is evaluated using a turbidimetric process, and Sodium, Zinc, Copper, Iron, and Manganese are determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
• Vernonia amygdalina seeds contain vitamin C, vitamins B1 and B2, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, and manganese.
• Rybicka and Gliszczyńska-Świgło analyzed the content of calcium, potassium, magnesium, sodium, copper, iron, manganese, and zinc in grain gluten-free products in a 2017 study.
• Mineral analysis of medicinal plants determines the presence of essential elements including sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn).

minerals

Justification not yet generated — showing supporting facts

• Leafy vegetables including Amaranthus graecizans, Portulaca oleracea, and Solanum nigrum are good sources of protein and minerals, specifically calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn).
• Wild edible plants serve as sources of carbohydrates, proteins, and fibers, and are rich in vitamins and minerals including vitamin A, vitamin C, zinc, iron, calcium, iodine, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, and folate.
• Hemp grains, which are edible seeds harvested for human or animal consumption, contain approximately 5.6% minerals (calcium, magnesium, potassium, and phosphorus), 25% protein, 28% total dietary fiber, and more than 30% oil.
• Uddin et al. (2012) reported that mature leaves of Portulaca oleracea contain high amounts of calcium, iron, and zinc. Wenzel et al. (1990) further identified that Portulaca oleracea shoots are abundant in omega-3 fatty acid, α-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, β-carotene, and glutathione, making the plant a source of minerals, vitamins, and antioxidants for functional foods and nutraceutical applications.
• Plants serve as sources of essential minerals including calcium, iron, magnesium, and zinc, which are crucial for maintaining human health.
• Common minerals analyzed in medicinal plants include calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, and nitrogen, which contribute to bone health, immune function, enzyme activation, and antioxidant defense mechanisms.
• Essential minerals such as calcium, magnesium, potassium, and iron are present in the studied medicinal plants and contribute to promoting overall health and vitality.

protein

Justification not yet generated — showing supporting facts

• Leafy vegetables including Amaranthus graecizans, Portulaca oleracea, and Solanum nigrum are good sources of protein and minerals, specifically calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn).
• Hemp grains, which are edible seeds harvested for human or animal consumption, contain approximately 5.6% minerals (calcium, magnesium, potassium, and phosphorus), 25% protein, 28% total dietary fiber, and more than 30% oil.
• Diets in rural Ethiopia are often deficient in protein and micronutrients such as iron (Fe), calcium (Ca), and vitamin A, according to Sheehy et al. (2019) and Baye et al. (2019).
• Amaranthus viridis and Hibiscus sabdariffa are important providers of protein, fatty acids, iron, magnesium, calcium, and zinc.

vitamins

Justification not yet generated — showing supporting facts

• Wild edible plants serve as sources of carbohydrates, proteins, and fibers, and are rich in vitamins and minerals including vitamin A, vitamin C, zinc, iron, calcium, iodine, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, and folate.
• Uddin et al. (2012) reported that mature leaves of Portulaca oleracea contain high amounts of calcium, iron, and zinc. Wenzel et al. (1990) further identified that Portulaca oleracea shoots are abundant in omega-3 fatty acid, α-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, β-carotene, and glutathione, making the plant a source of minerals, vitamins, and antioxidants for functional foods and nutraceutical applications.

medicinal plants

Calcium is identified as an essential mineral component found within medicinal plants through mineral analysis [1], and it is recognized for its role in contributing to health benefits such as bone health and immune function [2], [3]. — 3 supporting facts

Portulaca oleracea

Justification not yet generated — showing supporting facts

• Leafy vegetables including Amaranthus graecizans, Portulaca oleracea, and Solanum nigrum are good sources of protein and minerals, specifically calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn).
• Uddin et al. (2012) reported that mature leaves of Portulaca oleracea contain high amounts of calcium, iron, and zinc. Wenzel et al. (1990) further identified that Portulaca oleracea shoots are abundant in omega-3 fatty acid, α-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, β-carotene, and glutathione, making the plant a source of minerals, vitamins, and antioxidants for functional foods and nutraceutical applications.
• Amaranthus graecizans, Portulaca oleracea, and Dioscorea cayenensis are identified as notable sources of calcium, iron, and zinc, while the fruit Rubus apetalus is a notable source of provitamin A.

Vernonia amygdalina

Vernonia amygdalina is related to calcium because the plant's seeds are a source of the mineral [1], its nutrient profile is significantly affected by traditional processing methods [2], and its concentration varies between dried and fresh leaf states [3]. — 3 supporting facts

blood

Calcium is a vital component of blood, where its levels are strictly regulated by hormones like calcitonin and parathyroid hormone as described in [1] and [2]. Furthermore, calcium exists as an ion within human blood, establishing its direct presence in the circulatory system as noted in [3]. — 3 supporting facts

oxygen

Both oxygen and calcium are classified as chemical elements that constitute matter [1], and they are both physiological variables regulated by negative feedback loops within the human body [2] [3]. — 3 supporting facts

fruits

Both fruits and calcium are identified as essential components of a healthy diet, with their low intake being a defining characteristic of suboptimal diets as stated in [1]. — 1 supporting fact

industrial hemp

The relationship is established because [1] identifies calcium as a nutrient that influences the growth of the industrial hemp plant. — 1 supporting fact

wild edible plants

Wild edible plants are related to calcium because they are identified as a dietary source that is rich in various minerals, specifically including calcium as noted in [1]. — 1 supporting fact