Knowledge Tree
Indonesia
synthesized from dimensionsIndonesia is a major archipelagic nation of profound historical, geopolitical, and environmental significance. Situated at the crossroads of global trade and cultural exchange, it is defined by a complex interplay between its deep prehistoric heritage, its modern role as a pivotal emerging economy, and its active, often evolving, participation in international diplomacy and energy transition frameworks.
Archaeologically, Indonesia is a site of global importance for understanding human evolution. Research in regions such as Sulawesi and Flores has yielded critical evidence of early hominin occupation, including the discovery of *Homo floresiensis* at the Liang Bua site hominin discovery and some of the world’s oldest known cave art oldest known cave art. These findings, alongside evidence of long-standing maritime subsistence strategies maritime persistence, establish the archipelago as a foundational landscape in the study of human prehistory.
In the contemporary geopolitical sphere, Indonesia has transitioned from its historical roots as a leader of the Non-Aligned Movement Sukarno leadership to a more integrated player in global trade and security. Recent years have seen a significant shift in its economic policy, characterized by a move away from traditional protectionism protectionist rollback toward comprehensive bilateral trade agreements, particularly with the United States. These agreements include commitments to tariff reductions tariff elimination, the removal of critical mineral export restrictions minerals exports, and substantial purchase commitments for U.S. aircraft, energy, and agricultural goods purchase commitment. While these moves signal deeper economic alignment, the nation remains a complex diplomatic actor, having participated in high-level mediation efforts and joined groups such as BRICS BRICS membership.
Indonesia’s energy profile is defined by the tension between its status as a significant coal producer coal production share and its ambitious, internationally supported transition toward renewables. As a participant in Just Energy Transition Partnerships (JETPs) JETPs implementation, the country is navigating the challenges of decarbonization while managing its role as a major global carbon emitter carbon emissions. This transition involves diverse initiatives, from rural micro-hydropower projects micro-hydropower plant and solar technology integration for farmers solar technology and financial literacy to the repurposing of fossil fuel subsidies for social programs subsidy reform use.
Socially and culturally, Indonesia is characterized by high levels of religiosity religiosity rate, which remains central to family values and parenting structures cultural parenting. Despite its rich biodiversity and ongoing efforts in urban green transformation, the nation faces persistent socio-economic challenges, including youth unemployment and issues regarding domestic violence. Ultimately, Indonesia stands as a nation in flux, balancing its vast natural and archaeological wealth against the demands of rapid modernization and the complexities of 21st-century international relations.
Model Perspectives (3)
openrouter/x-ai/grok-4.1-fast definitive 78% confidence
Indonesia is actively engaged in bilateral trade agreements with the United States, exemplified by the U.S.-Indonesia Agreement on Reciprocal Trade, under which it committed to eliminate 99% of tariff barriers on industrial and agricultural products tariff elimination, purchase U.S. aircraft, energy, and agricultural goods purchase commitments, remove critical minerals export restrictions minerals exports, prohibit forced labor imports forced labor ban, and allow unrestricted U.S. investment in sectors like mining and broadcasting investment openness, according to analyses by the Council on Foreign Relations, Inu Manak, and Allison J. Smith. These pacts also involve commitments to high environmental standards, fisheries subsidies compliance, nuclear damage convention ratification nuclear ratification, and partnerships on rare earths rare earths development and small modular reactors with the U.S. and Japan SMR partnership. In energy transitions, Indonesia participates in Just Energy Transition Partnerships (JETPs) as a coal-intensive recipient JETPs implementation, integrates just transition principles just transition roadmaps, features prominently in global just transition interventions (7 cases) intervention representation, and supports renewable projects via Yayasan Rumah Energi (YRE), a Ford Foundation grantee providing rural loans and green jobs dialogues YRE initiatives. It ranks as the seventh highest global carbon emitter with high youth unemployment carbon emissions and contributes 3% to Asia-Pacific coal use coal consumption, while excluding nuclear from green bonds per Columbia University Center on Global Energy Policy green bond exclusion. Environmentally, it boasts high biodiversity amid expansion pressures biodiversity levels, documented ethnobotany medicinal plants, and urban low-carbon efforts green urban transformation. Archaeologically, sites like Liang Bua on Flores reveal Homo floresiensis hominin discovery and 40,000-year maritime subsistence maritime persistence. Socially, 99.57% declare religion, integral to values and parenting religiosity rate, but faces child violence issues with parents as main perpetrators child violence. Indonesia appears in U.S. Section 301 investigations on trade practices 301 investigations.
openrouter/x-ai/grok-4.1-fast definitive 72% confidence
Indonesia features prominently in recent U.S. trade agreements, signing a framework in 2025 as the second country and a full reciprocal trade deal committing to tariff caps at 19%, exemptions for U.S. goods, labor reforms like unannounced inspections in palm oil and minerals, digital trade provisions, and nontariff barrier reductions such as halal exemptions and cabotage policy waivers, according to analyses by the Council on Foreign Relations (Inu Manak, Allison J. Smith). Indonesia pledged $33 billion in U.S. purchases of aircraft, agriculture, and energy purchase commitment, defying its protectionist stance per CFR's Joshua Kurlantzick protectionist rollback. In energy, it invests rapidly in renewables while producing 9% of global coal coal production share, joined Just Energy Transition Partnerships post-COP26 JETP establishment, repurposed fossil subsidy savings for social programs subsidy reform use, and hosts projects like Cinta Mekar micro-hydropower for carbon reduction and livelihoods micro-hydropower plant. Academic studies cover medicinal plants in Kalimantan Kalimantan plants, fintech adoption fintech study, anaemia prevention life course approach, parenting values cultural parenting, and hominin archaeology in Java and Flores hominin evidence. It hosted Biden-Xi meetings on Ukraine and climate Biden-Xi meeting, led Non-Aligned Movement under Sukarno Sukarno leadership, joined BRICS BRICS membership, and its LAPAN deemed crop circles man-made crop circles man-made.
openrouter/x-ai/grok-4.1-fast 65% confidence
The provided facts portray Indonesia primarily through lenses of paleoanthropology, energy transitions, agriculture, historical geopolitics, and diplomacy. Archaeological research highlights Indonesia's significance in human prehistory, including the oldest known cave art in Sulawesi reported by Brumm et al. (2021, Kerns Verlag), earliest hominin occupation of Sulawesi by G. D. van den Bergh et al. (Kerns Verlag), hominin fossils on Flores dated by Brumm et al. (2016, Kerns Verlag), revised stratigraphy for Homo floresiensis at Liang Bua by Sutikna et al. (2016, Kerns Verlag), and Terminal Pleistocene subsistence strategies in Alor by Samper Carro et al. (2016, Kerns Verlag). In energy and climate, Indonesia features in a Just Energy Transition Partnership worth $21.6 billion (Ford Foundation), solar technology and financial literacy for women coffee farmers (Ford Foundation), exclusion of nuclear energy from green finance taxonomies (Columbia University Center on Global Energy Policy), and comparative energy transition studies including rural Indonesia by Sarrica et al. (2018, Springer). Agriculture is addressed via improved coffee management in state forest plantations (Rowe et al., 2022, Springer) and sustainable wild edible fruits in Central Kalimantan by Suwardi et al. (2025, Frontiers). Geopolitically, facts note a failed CIA-backed covert operation exposed in 1958 (Wikipedia) and criticized as a Cold War intelligence failure (Wikipedia), alongside recent commitments like $10 billion outbound investment to the US and pre-shipment inspection reforms (Council on Foreign Relations). Diplomatically, Indonesia offered to mediate the Iran-U.S./Israel conflict, deemed unrealistic by the American Jewish Committee. Cultural insights include paternal self-efficacy in Kupang's patriarchal context by Goa, Rachmawati, and Ungsianik (European Journal of Educational and Cultural Studies). These facts offer a fragmented view emphasizing Indonesia's archipelagic prehistoric sites, modern energy ambitions, and international engagements.
Facts (142)
Sources
Tracking Trump's Trade Deals | Council on Foreign Relations cfr.org Mar 17, 2026 28 facts
measurementSouth Korea agreed to purchase $3.6 billion in Boeing aircraft, similar to agreements made by Indonesia and Japan.
claimJapan agreed to purchase commitments on agricultural goods, aircraft, and defense equipment, similar to an agreement previously made between the United States and Indonesia.
claimIndonesia agreed to remove restrictions on critical minerals exports, collaborate with the United States on supply chain resilience, and participate in the Global Forum on Steel Excess Capacity as part of economic security goals.
measurementIndonesia agreed to eliminate 99 percent of its tariff barriers on industrial and agricultural products under the U.S.-Indonesia Agreement on Reciprocal Trade.
claimIndonesia agreed to prohibit the import of goods produced by forced labor and to maintain high environmental standards, including implementing the WTO Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies and combatting illegal logging.
claimIndonesia agreed to allow foreign investment without ownership restrictions for U.S. investors in sectors including broadcasting, fish processing, mining, and resource efficiency solutions.
measurementOn July 31, 2025, the White House modified Indonesia’s reciprocal tariff rate to 19 percent.
claimEcuador agreed to work with the United States to address nontariff barriers, with the burden of action placed on Ecuador, similar to the arrangements with Argentina, Indonesia, and Vietnam.
claimIndonesia agreed to take steps to ratify the Convention on Supplementary Compensation for Nuclear Damage as part of an economic security agreement with the United States.
claimThe trade agreement between the United States and Indonesia is the first deal that includes a commitment for Indonesia to purchase U.S. products, specifically aircraft, energy, and agricultural goods.
claimIndonesia, the United States, and Japan are partnering to deploy small modular reactors, with the initial project located in West Kalimantan.
claimIndonesia agreed to partner with U.S. companies on the development of its rare earth and critical minerals sectors.
claimThe United States provided no additional concessions to Indonesia and did not modify Section 232 sectoral tariffs under the U.S.-Indonesia Agreement on Reciprocal Trade.
perspectiveThe U.S.-Indonesia Agreement on Reciprocal Trade places the burden of adjusting to nontariff barriers on Indonesia, requiring Indonesia to exempt U.S. companies from local content requirements and accept U.S. motor vehicle, emissions, and agricultural standards, which represents an asymmetrical approach to regulatory cooperation not typical of past U.S. trade agreements.
claimIndonesia agreed to implement labor reforms, including issuing specific regulations for its 2023 Job Creation Law to limit labor-only outsourcing and conducting routine, unannounced labor inspections in high-risk sectors such as mineral processing and palm oil.
claimThe U.S.-Thailand framework agreement incorporates elements from previous trade deals with Indonesia and Japan.
measurementIndonesia committed to purchasing $33 billion in U.S. aircraft, parts, agricultural goods, and energy products.
claimIndonesia agreed to eliminate tariffs on 'intangible products' and to suspend requirements for importers to file customs declarations for electronic transmissions as part of a digital trade agreement.
claimIndonesia agreed to allow U.S. investors in Indonesian natural resources to transfer their export proceeds freely without delays.
claimIndonesia committed to reducing nontariff barriers, including providing a broad exemption from halal certification and labeling for U.S. cosmetics, medical devices, and other manufactured goods.
measurementUnder the trade agreement, Indonesia’s reciprocal tariff rate is capped at 19 percent, with exemptions for select agricultural goods (cocoa, coffee, tea, spices, tropical fruits) and industrial goods (aircraft and parts, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, electronics, and natural resources).
accountIndonesia was the second country to sign a framework agreement in 2025, and it signed a full agreement seven months later.
perspectiveJoshua Kurlantzick, CFR senior fellow for Southeast Asia and South Asia, stated: “The Indonesia deal commits Jakarta to roll back a number of significant nontariff barriers in a move that defies its traditionally protectionist approach … while Jakarta, Manila, and Tokyo have taken home what they portray as tariff ‘wins,’ their deals are massively unpopular with their respective publics.”
claimIndonesia agreed to grant exemptions to its cabotage policy for foreign-flagged vessels involved in installing telecommunication cables on or below the sea surface, excluding vessels associated with any country of concern.
claimThe U.S.-Indonesia Agreement on Reciprocal Trade commits Indonesia to support a permanent moratorium on customs duties for electronic transmissions at the WTO and to implement the WTO Agreement on Services Domestic Regulation.
quoteAmerican Soybean Association President Caleb Ragland stated: “We appreciate President Trump and his administration’s efforts in maintaining market access for U.S. soybeans into Indonesia, and the commitment from USTR [the office of the U.S. Trade Representative] to address nontariff barriers in that market.”
measurementIndonesia committed to facilitating at least $10 billion in outbound direct investment into the United States, specifically for construction projects, engineering, and the development of blue ammonia and other energy initiatives.
procedureIndonesia agreed to reform its pre-shipment inspection mechanism to address U.S. exporter concerns and committed to meeting with the U.S. Trade Representative every two weeks to ensure reforms are timely.
The role of Plant Foods in the evolution and Dispersal of early Humans kernsverlag.com Jul 30, 2022 15 facts
measurementHuman maritime subsistence near a changing shoreline on Alor Island, Indonesia, persisted for 40,000 years, according to the 2020 study 'Forty-Thousand Years of Maritime Subsistence Near a Changing Shoreline on Alor Island (Indonesia)' published in Quaternary Science Reviews.
referenceBulbeck, Sumantri, and Hiscock (2004) documented Leang Sakapao 1 as a dated Pleistocene archaeological site in South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
referenceM. W. Morley and colleagues analyzed site formation processes and hominin activities at Liang Bua, Flores (Indonesia), the type locality of Homo floresiensis, using micromorphological results in a 2017 study.
referenceG. D. van den Bergh et al. documented faunal remains from the Liang Bua site on Flores, Indonesia, covering a 95,000-year sequence.
referenceBrown et al. (2004) identified a new small-bodied hominin species from the Late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia.
referenceBrumm et al. (2018) reassessed the early archaeological record at Leang Burung 2, a Late Pleistocene rock-shelter site located on the Indonesian island of Sulawesi.
referenceG. D. van den Bergh et al. identified Homo floresiensis-like fossils in the Early Middle Pleistocene strata of Flores, Indonesia.
claimAquatic environments were relevant to hominins, as demonstrated by a case study from Trinil, Java, Indonesia, published in the 2009 Journal of Human Evolution.
referenceBrumm et al. (2010) reported evidence of hominin presence on the island of Flores, Indonesia, dating back to one million years ago.
referenceK. Choi and D. Driwantoro provided cut mark evidence of shell tool use by early Homo erectus members at the Sangiran site in Central Java, Indonesia, in a 2007 study published in the Journal of Archaeological Science.
referenceBrumm et al. (2021) reported the discovery of the oldest known cave art in Sulawesi, Indonesia.
referenceSamper Carro et al. (2016) presented evidence regarding human maritime subsistence strategies in the Lesser Sunda Islands during the Terminal Pleistocene and Early Holocene periods, based on findings from Alor, Indonesia.
referenceG. D. van den Bergh et al. established evidence for the earliest hominin occupation of Sulawesi, Indonesia.
referenceSutikna et al. (2016) revised the stratigraphy and chronology for Homo floresiensis at the Liang Bua site in Indonesia.
referenceBrumm et al. (2016) established the age and context of the oldest known hominin fossils discovered on the island of Flores, Indonesia.
Realist Review on Just Transition Towards Low Emission, Climate ... link.springer.com Jan 5, 2026 13 facts
referenceAri K.M. Tarigan and Saut Sagala authored 'The Pursuit of Greenness: Explaining Low-Carbon Urban Transformation in Indonesia', published in International Planning Studies in 2018.
measurementThe countries with the highest representation of just transition interventions in the study are India (14 interventions), South Africa (13), Indonesia (7), China (5), and Ethiopia (5).
accountA pine-coffee agroforestry project in Indonesia was hindered by a lack of understanding of farmer conditions, limited technical expertise among farmers, and high start-up labor costs.
claimJust Energy Transition Partnerships (JETPs) are currently being implemented in South Africa, Indonesia, Vietnam, and Senegal.
referenceAnissa Suharsono and Martha Maulidia authored the 2023 report 'What Can Indonesia Learn from South Africa’s Experience of the Just Energy Transition Process?', published by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD).
claimThe Just Transition Declaration was agreed upon at the Conference of the Parties 26 (COP26), leading to the establishment of Just Energy Transition Partnerships (JETP) in South Africa, Indonesia, Senegal, and Vietnam.
accountIndonesia utilized budgetary savings from fossil fuel subsidy reforms to fund health care, poverty reduction, and infrastructure programs designed to protect low-income communities.
claimThe Cinta Mekar micro-hydropower plant in Indonesia, a flagship of UNESCO’s pro-poor public–private partnership programme, reduces carbon emissions and supports social outcomes by using income from electricity sales to fund local livelihood initiatives and scholarships for under-privileged children.
claimIndonesia’s Sriwijaya University provides graduate and professional education in climate and the environment as part of educational initiatives for socially-positive climate action.
referenceRebecca L. Rowe et al. (2022) published a study in the journal 'Land' titled 'Improved Coffee Management by Farmers in State Forest Plantations in Indonesia: An Experimental Platform,' which details an experimental platform for coffee management.
claimIndonesia and Egypt utilized cash transfers to support fossil fuel subsidy reform.
referenceMauro Sarrica, M. Richter, S. Thomas, I. Graham, and B. M. Mazzara published 'Social Approaches to Energy Transition Cases in Rural Italy, Indonesia and Australia: Iterative Methodologies and Participatory Epistemologies' in the journal Energy Research & Social Science in 2018.
referenceRebecca L. Rowe, Cahyo Prayogo, Simon Oakley, Kurniatun Hairiah, Meine van Noordwijk, Karuniawan Puji Wicaksono, Syahrul Kurniawan, Alice Fitch, Edi Dwi Cahyono, Didik Suprayogo, and Niall P. McNamara authored the article 'Improved Coffee Management by Farmers in State Forest Plantations in Indonesia: An Experimental Platform' in 2022, published in the journal Land.
Cross-cultural similarities and variations in parent-child value ... nature.com Nov 26, 2025 12 facts
claimThe research study received ethical approval from the Committee on Bioethics at the Global Research Institute Foundation in Kyrgyzstan, the University of Respati Indonesia, the SEGi Research Ethics Committee at SEGi University in Malaysia, the Ministry of Social Affairs in the Republic of Cameroon, the National Health Ethic Committee for the Ministry of Public Health in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the University of Nairobi Faculty of Health Sciences and Kenyatta National Hospital in Kenya, and the National Commission on Research, Science and Technology in Namibia.
claimFaith in Indonesia is integrated into the parent-child relationship, children's education, and other values.
claimReligion plays a major role in value transmission in Indonesia.
measurement99.57% of the Indonesian population declares a religion.
measurementA mixed-methods study explored cross-cultural similarities and variations in values that parents aspire to instill in children across 12 low- and middle-income countries: Afghanistan, Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Malaysia, Namibia, Papua New Guinea, and Uzbekistan.
referenceMunastiwi, Rahmatullah, and Marpuah published a 2021 study on the impact of Islamic religious education on the development of early childhood religious and moral values during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia and Malaysia.
claimThe value of faith did not emerge in the workshops conducted with Indonesian participants in the current study.
referenceAlbert, Trommsdorff, and Wisnubrata (2009) studied the intergenerational transmission of values in Germany and Indonesia, examining how cultural contexts influence these processes.
claimIndonesian parents are concerned about the imposition of outside values onto their children.
claimThe study conducted workshops with parents, child caregivers, and subject matter experts from Afghanistan, Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Malaysia, Namibia, Papua New Guinea, and Uzbekistan.
claimPoliteness is a common shared value across different societies, though it is contextualized differently, such as 'adab' in Iran, 'guan' in China, and 'tata krama' in Indonesia.
claimThe data analysis for Afghanistan and Indonesia was limited because participants in those countries were not explicitly asked about values, as the question agenda varied by country.
Communities Powering a Just Energy Transition - Ford Foundation fordfoundation.org Feb 17, 2026 8 facts
claimYayasan Rumah Energi (YRE) provides loans to farmer cooperatives in rural areas of Indonesia where financial services are limited, allowing these cooperatives to initiate renewable energy projects.
claimSouth Africa, Indonesia, and Colombia are demonstrating that energy transition solutions prioritizing people are viable, with the potential to create quality jobs, expand energy access, and advance sustainable development.
claimYayasan Rumah Energi (YRE), an Indonesia-based nonprofit and Ford Foundation grantee, facilitates dialogues between policymakers, youth leaders, and civil society to grow the green jobs ecosystem in Indonesia.
measurementIndonesia is the seventh highest carbon emitter globally and has one of the highest rates of youth unemployment in Asia.
quote“With Indonesia’s investments in renewable energy growing rapidly, making sure that energy is affordable for the people who need it most is essential.”
accountWomen coffee farmers in Central Lombok, Indonesia, are utilizing solar power to harvest and dry coffee, which has reduced their production costs and increased their household income.
claimAccess to solar technology and financial literacy for women coffee farmers in Indonesia creates opportunity during energy transitions rather than simply shifting burdens.
measurementIndonesia entered into a Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP) worth $21.6 billion to help realize its net-zero emission and renewable energy targets.
History of the Central Intelligence Agency - Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org 5 facts
referenceThe book 'American visions of the Netherlands East Indies/Indonesia: US foreign policy and Indonesian nationalism, 1920–1949', authored by Frances Gouda and Thijs Brocades Zaalberg and published by Amsterdam University Press in 2002, examines US foreign policy and Indonesian nationalism.
claimIn 1957, President Dwight D. Eisenhower authorized the Central Intelligence Agency to conduct covert operations in Indonesia to weaken the government of President Sukarno and support regional rebel groups due to fears of rising communist influence.
accountPresident Sukarno of Indonesia led the Non-Aligned Movement and hosted the 1955 Bandung Conference, which aimed to keep participating countries outside of Cold War power blocs.
accountThe CIA-backed covert operation in Indonesia was exposed in 1958 when American pilot Allen Pope was shot down and captured while conducting air attacks for the rebels.
claimThe failed intervention in Indonesia is widely cited as a Cold War intelligence failure, leading President Dwight D. Eisenhower and internal reviewers to criticize the CIA for poor judgment and flawed intelligence.
Medicinal plants: bioactive compounds, biological activities ... frontiersin.org 3 facts
referenceSilalahi et al. (2015) documented the local knowledge of medicinal plant traders and the diversity of medicinal plants available in the Kabanjahe traditional market in North Sumatra, Indonesia.
referenceSujarwo et al. (2015) conducted an ethnobotanical study of "Loloh," which are traditional herbal drinks from Bali, Indonesia.
accountWomen in Minahasa, North Sulawesi, Indonesia, utilize “Baker,” a traditional herbal steam bath, for thermotherapy, aromatherapy, and postpartum recuperation.
Transitioning Away from Fossil Fuels - CEBRI cebri.org Sep 22, 2025 3 facts
measurementIn 2024, 82% of global coal consumption occurred in the Asia-Pacific region, led by China (56%), India (14%), and Indonesia (3%).
measurementMore than 80% of global coal production is located in the Asia-Pacific region, and 71% of global coal production is concentrated in three countries: China (52%), India (10%), and Indonesia (9%).
claimCountries such as Canada, Brazil, Norway, Russia, Argentina, the UAE, India, and Indonesia face significant challenges in navigating energy and economic transitions due to uneven renewable competitiveness, a secondary role in low-carbon value chains, and weaker macroeconomic conditions, despite having relatively competitive oil and gas production profiles.
The influence of psychological factors on investment decision making exsys.iocspublisher.org Jan 18, 2024 3 facts
referenceSinaga, Wu, and Chen (2022) studied the impact of government interventions on the stock market during the COVID-19 pandemic, using Indonesia as a case study.
procedureThe research study on investment decision-making utilized a non-probability sampling method to survey 200 respondents across Indonesia, analyzing the collected data using SPSS software.
referenceYanto et al. (2021) examined the roles of peers and social media in building financial literacy among the millennial generation, specifically among Indonesian economics and business students.
Parenting in Cultural Perspective: A Systematic Review of Paternal ... ejecs.org Jan 26, 2023 3 facts
referenceY. E. Riany, P. Meredith, and M. Cuskelly examined the influence of traditional cultural values on Indonesian parenting practices in their 2017 article 'Understanding the influence of traditional cultural values on Indonesian parenting'.
referenceGupta and Sukamto examined cultural communicative styles in the context of India and Indonesia.
referenceGoa, Rachmawati, and Ungsianik investigated paternal self-efficacy within the patriarchal culture of Kupang city, Indonesia.
A Critical Disconnect: Relying on Nuclear Energy in ... energypolicy.columbia.edu Jul 6, 2023 2 facts
Ethnobotanical study of food plants used in traditional medicine in ... link.springer.com Nov 26, 2025 2 facts
referenceAlbar H, Juhriah, and Santosa S studied the ethnobotany of medicinal plants used by the community in Langgudu Sub-district, Bima district, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, published in 2025.
referenceEthnomedical studies in the Republic of Guinea, Pakistan, Indonesia, Angola, and the Democratic Republic of Congo similarly identify leaves as the primary plant part employed in phytomedical preparations.
Impact of Parenting Style on Early Childhood Learning - Frontiers frontiersin.org Jun 29, 2022 2 facts
claimParental violence against children in Indonesia is often driven by parents feeling they have failed or are incapable of caring for their children, leading them to vent frustration when children make mistakes.
claimThe Indonesian Child Protection Commission reported that violence against children in Indonesia has increased over time, with parents identified as the primary perpetrators.
USTR initiates Section 301 investigations of 60 US trade partners ... jdsupra.com Mar 17, 2026 2 facts
accountIn an Agreement Regarding Trade (ART) signed before the Supreme Court ended the IEEPA tariff program, Indonesia committed to adopt and implement a prohibition on the importation of goods mined, produced, or manufactured wholly or in part by forced or compulsory labor within two years of the agreement's entry into force.
claimOn March 10, 2026, the Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR) announced the initiation of a Section 301 investigation targeting industrial excess capacity in 16 US trade partners: China, the European Union, Singapore, Switzerland, Norway, Indonesia, Malaysia, Cambodia, Thailand, South Korea, Vietnam, Taiwan, Bangladesh, Mexico, Japan, and India.
An ethnobotanical study on wild edible plants in Taishan County ... frontiersin.org Jul 10, 2025 2 facts
claimOverseas Chinese communities from 13 countries, including Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, and Myanmar, established a Southeast Asian-themed park in Haiyan Town, Taishan County, which is nicknamed the 'mini United Nations'.
referenceA 2016 study by Sujarwo and Caneva utilized quantitative indices to evaluate the cultural importance of food and nutraceutical plants on the island of Bali, Indonesia.
World Trade Without the US | Cato Institute cato.org 2 facts
claimThe MERCOSUR trade bloc has resumed negotiations with Canada on a proposed trade agreement, expects to conclude a deal with the United Arab Emirates, and is advancing negotiations with India, Indonesia, Japan, and Vietnam.
claimIndonesia has joined the BRICS group, which includes Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa.
USTR Launches Broad Section 301 Investigations Into Excess ... dwt.com 2 days ago 2 facts
claimThe Section 301 investigation will focus on the following countries: Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Norway, Singapore, South Korea, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam.
claimThe countries targeted for review in the Section 301 investigation are Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Australia, the Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Brazil, Cambodia, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, the EU, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Libya, Malaysia, Mexico, Morocco, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Peru, the Philippines, Qatar, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Türkiye, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, Uruguay, Venezuela, and Vietnam.
Unidentified flying object - Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org 2 facts
claimThe Indonesian government and the National Institute of Aeronautics and Space (LAPAN) described crop circles appearing in Indonesia as man-made.
perspectiveThomas Djamaluddin, a research professor of astronomy and astrophysics at the National Institute of Aeronautics and Space (LAPAN), stated that crop circles in Indonesia were man-made and that scientists have categorized UFOs as pseudoscience.
U.S.-China Relations cfr.org 2 facts
accountDuring their meeting in Indonesia, President Joe Biden and President Xi Jinping discussed Russia's war in Ukraine and expressed opposition to the use of nuclear weapons in the conflict, according to the U.S. readout of the meeting.
accountPresident Joe Biden and President Xi Jinping met in person in Indonesia, marking their first in-person meeting during Biden's presidency, where they agreed to reopen communication channels, including climate talks.
Does the combination of sustainable business model patterns lead ... link.springer.com Feb 20, 2023 1 fact
accountUnilever improved its sustainability by sourcing from small-hold local farmers in Vietnam and Indonesia, which created new jobs and introduced sustainable agricultural techniques.
Actar Publishers actar.com 1 fact
referenceThe publication 'Designing Resilience in Asia' (Volumes 1 and 2), led by the National University of Singapore School of Design and Environment, presents research results from four years of study in China, the Philippines, Indonesia, and Thailand regarding the construction of resilient cities.
Practitioners' perceived risks to biodiversity from renewable energy ... nature.com Feb 27, 2025 1 fact
claimIndonesia, Guatemala, and Sri Lanka are countries with high levels of biodiversity and projected agricultural and urban expansion.
Biases in Behavioral Finance - World Scholars Review worldscholarsreview.org Sep 15, 2024 1 fact
claimArmansyah (2022) found a positive correlation between herding bias and investment decisions in the capital markets of Indonesia.
Rethinking Espionage in the Modern Era cjil.uchicago.edu 1 fact
accountEdward Snowden's 2013 disclosure of the National Security Agency's surveillance program prompted Brazil, the Bahamas, and Indonesia to comment on espionage as a breach of sovereignty or violation of international law.
Navigating Tensions in Just Energy Transitions kleinmanenergy.upenn.edu Aug 20, 2025 1 fact
claimIndia and Indonesia are integrating Just Transition principles into their respective energy transition roadmaps.
Fact Sheet: USTR Initiates 60 Section 301 Investigations Relating to ... ustr.gov 1 fact
claimThe Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR) has initiated Section 301 investigations into 60 specific economies: Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Australia, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Brazil, Cambodia, Canada, Chile, China (People’s Republic of), Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, European Union, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Hong Kong (China), India, Indonesia, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Libya, Malaysia, Mexico, Morocco, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Qatar, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Türkiye, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, Uruguay, Venezuela, and Vietnam.
The Role Of Nutrition In Early Childhood Development And Its ... discovery.researcher.life Oct 30, 2024 1 fact
claimA study of 30 children aged 3-5 years at Al-Ikhsan Islamic Kindergarten and Playgroup in Sidoarjo, Indonesia, found that balanced nutritional intake, particularly diets rich in vegetables, fruits, and proteins, has a significant positive correlation with physical and motor development.
Energy asset stranding in resource-rich developing countries and ... frontiersin.org Jun 10, 2024 1 fact
claimJust Energy Transition Partnerships (JETPs) target coal-intensive energy systems, with South Africa, Indonesia, and Vietnam serving as the first recipient countries.
Global dietary quality in 185 countries from 1990 to 2018 show wide ... nature.com Sep 19, 2022 1 fact
measurementAmong the world’s 25 most populous countries in 2018, the mean AHEI score was highest in Vietnam, Iran, Indonesia, and India (ranging from 54.5 to 48.2) and lowest in Brazil, Mexico, the United States, and Egypt (ranging from 27.1 to 33.5).
The Power of Change: Innovation for Development and Deployment ... nationalacademies.org 1 fact
referenceThe Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN) and the Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations (IDDRI) have conducted an ongoing analysis of deep decarbonization pathways for 15 nations: Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Mexico, Russia, South Africa, South Korea, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
USTR Initiates New Section 301 Trade Investigations Into 60 Partners steptoe.com Mar 17, 2026 1 fact
claimThe Section 301 investigation regarding structural excess capacity and production covers 16 trading partners: Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, the European Union, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, Norway, Singapore, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam.
USTR Initiates 60 Section 301 Investigations Relating to Failures to ... ustr.gov Mar 12, 2026 1 fact
claimThe 60 US trade partners subject to the USTR Section 301 investigations regarding forced labor include Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, the European Union, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Libya, Malaysia, Mexico, Morocco, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Peru, the Philippines, Qatar, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Türkiye, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, Uruguay, Venezuela, and Vietnam.
What does Just Transition mean for Middle Income Countries? un.org 1 fact
claimPopulation aging is expected to increase in large Middle Income Countries (MICs), specifically India, Indonesia, and Nigeria, while the rate of aging slows in Western European countries.
Parenting Styles and Their Effect on Child Development and Outcome academia.edu 1 fact
referenceThe study 'Parenting Style, Child Emotion Regulation and Behavioral Problems: The Moderating Role of Cultural Values in Australia and Indonesia' published in Marriage and Family Review (2020) examines how cultural values moderate the relationship between parenting styles and child outcomes.
Medicinal plants meet modern biodiversity science - OUCI ouci.dntb.gov.ua 1 fact
referenceCaniago et al. study the ecology, knowledge, and conservation of medicinal plants in Kalimantan, Indonesia, in the article 'Medicinal plant ecology, knowledge and conservation in Kalimantan, Indonesia'.
Analysing the behavioural, psychological, and demographic ... - OUCI ouci.dntb.gov.ua 1 fact
referenceSetiawan's study, 'User innovativeness and fintech adoption in Indonesia', explores the relationship between user innovativeness and the adoption of financial technology.
Dietary diversity insufficiently explains differences in prevalence of ... journals.plos.org 1 fact
referenceSungkar et al. (2022) proposed a life course approach to the prevention of iron deficiency anaemia in Indonesia.
Energy Transition Literature - PSU Center for Energy Law and Policy celp.psu.edu May 20, 2024 1 fact
referenceSetyowati (2021) analyzes Indonesia's efforts to mobilize private finance for renewable rural electrification to advance energy justice and align with Sustainable Development Goal 7.
East and West parenting values are migrating and shaping each other childandfamilyblog.com 1 fact
claimTraditionally, in China and Indonesia, shy children were viewed as well-behaved, competent, and successful at school, and they did not display the loneliness or depression associated with shy children in Western countries.
History of tariffs in the United States - Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org 1 fact
claimBy July 31, 2025, President Donald Trump had announced trade deals with eight trading partners: the UK, Vietnam, the Philippines, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, the EU, and a truce expiring August 12 with China.
Free Trade Protectionism: U.S. Tariffs Are Creating a New Trade ... itif.org Jul 7, 2025 1 fact
claimGermany is pressing the European Union to finalize the long-stalled agreement between the EU and Mercosur and to ease requirements in trade negotiations with India and Indonesia.
United States Foreign Intelligence Relationships everycrsreport.com May 15, 2019 1 fact
claimCounterterrorist Intelligence Centers (CTICs) were first reported in a Washington Post article by Dana Priest, with locations including Indonesia, Uzbekistan, and France.
Examining Behavioural Aspects of Financial Decision Making - OUCI ouci.dntb.gov.ua 1 fact
referenceThe study by Y. K. Arumsari et al. (2024) in 'Finance: Theory and Practice' examines the relationship between fluid intelligence (FI) and financial literacy (FL) on the financial decision-making (FDM) of female lecturers in the Dpk LLDikti Region VII, Indonesia.
The geopolitics of energy transition, part 1: Six challenges for the ... ine.org.pl Oct 4, 2021 1 fact
claimCountries such as China, Indonesia, and Germany are simultaneously increasing investment in green energy transition while adding hundreds of gigawatts of coal power to their electrical grids annually.
Global perspectives on energy technology assessment and ... link.springer.com Oct 30, 2025 1 fact
referenceSupriyanto E., Sentanuhady J., Hasan W.H., Nugraha A.D., and Muflikhun M.A. (2022) compared policy and strategies of tariff incentives for renewable energy between Indonesia and other developing and developed countries.
Carbon Pricing as a Climate Policy Instrument: Global Lessons ... journal.idscipub.com Jul 31, 2025 1 fact
referenceThamrin, Nasution, and Nuryadin (2025) examined the role of carbon tax policy in helping Indonesia achieve its nationally determined contribution (NDC) target for the year 2030.
Iran War: A Defining Moment for the Middle East—Global Analysis ... ajc.org 1 fact
claimIndonesia offered to mediate the conflict between Iran and the U.S./Israel, though the offer is viewed as unrealistic due to Indonesia's lack of key relationships and direct stakes in the conflict.
A critical review on techno-economic analysis of hybrid renewable ... link.springer.com Dec 6, 2023 1 fact
referenceThe review paper examines power system combinations in various locations, including Bangladesh, Canada, the Republic of Djibouti, China, Indonesia, Sierra Leone, rural sites in India, and other developing countries.
Scientific consensus on climate change - Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org 1 fact
accountIn 2001, science academies from 17 countries (Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Malaysia, New Zealand, Sweden, Trinidad, Turkey, and the United Kingdom) issued a joint statement endorsing the work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
Wild edible plants for food security, dietary diversity, and nutraceuticals frontiersin.org Nov 27, 2025 1 fact
referenceSuwardi et al. (2025) studied the diversity, utilization, and sustainable management of wild edible fruit plants within agroforestry systems in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia.