Knowledge Tree
Functional MRI
Also known as: Functional MRI, fMRI, functional magnetic resonance imaging, functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, functional MRI
synthesized from dimensionsFunctional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a non-invasive neuroimaging technique used to map brain activity by measuring changes in blood flow. It operates on the principle of the blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal, which serves as an indirect proxy for underlying neuronal activity BOLD signals proxy neuronal activity. By tracking these hemodynamic responses, fMRI provides high spatial resolution, allowing researchers to observe large-scale brain activity patterns large-scale activity monitoring. However, because it relies on blood flow rather than direct electrical signaling, it possesses limited temporal resolution compared to modalities like magnetoencephalography (MEG) or intracranial electrophysiology (iEEG) lower resolution than iEEG.
The standard acquisition of fMRI data typically utilizes 3T Siemens scanners, with studies reporting varying isotropic voxel resolutions, such as 2mm or 3mm 3T Siemens scanning parameters 3T fMRI acquisition parameters. Because raw data are susceptible to noise and artifacts, rigorous preprocessing is essential. Common pipelines, such as fMRIPrep, incorporate susceptibility distortion correction susceptibility distortions correction, linear detrending, band-pass filtering, and anatomical CompCor denoising to regress out motion and physiological components from white matter and cerebrospinal fluid fMRI preprocessing detrending anatomical CompCor denoising robust fMRIPrep preprocessing. Quality control is frequently managed through standardized tools like MRIQC fMRI data QC.
Analytical approaches to fMRI data are diverse, ranging from task-based decoding to resting-state connectivity analysis. Decoding techniques often employ GLM beta-series, searchlight analyses, and cross-validation to identify stimulus-specific information, such as face orientation in posterior regions fMRI decoding GLM posterior face orientation decoding. Connectivity is frequently assessed using methods like generalized psychophysiological interaction (gPPI) gPPI connectivity analysis. While powerful, these methods have limitations; for instance, fast-event designs may underestimate the involvement of specific networks like the salience network design limits in salience network, and Bayesian analyses have sometimes supported null hypotheses for decoding in prefrontal voxels Bayesian null support in prefrontal.
The significance of fMRI in modern neuroscience is profound, particularly in the study of consciousness, psychedelic effects, and brain network architecture. It is a standard tool in large-scale consortia, such as Cogitate, which integrates fMRI with other modalities to investigate neural correlates of experience Cogitate measured neural activity. Research using fMRI has provided critical insights into the default mode network (DMN) as a gateway for cognitive processes and has identified markers of altered states, such as those reversed by thalamic stimulation in anesthesia gateway regions DMN DMN reduced in altered states fMRI anesthesia markers reversal. As a cost-effective and non-invasive modality, fMRI remains a cornerstone for testing theoretical frameworks like Integrated Information Theory (IIT) and for supporting the development of personalized brain models standard in psychedelic trials IIT testing on fMRI voxels.
Model Perspectives (2)
openrouter/x-ai/grok-4.1-fast definitive 88% confidence
Functional MRI (fMRI) is a neuroimaging technique that measures brain activity indirectly via blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signals, tracking blood flow changes with good spatial resolution but limited temporal resolution, making it slower for rapid neuronal dynamics compared to modalities like MEG fMRI tracks blood flow BOLD signals proxy neuronal activity MEG poorer spatial resolution. According to Quanta Magazine and eLife publications, fMRI is widely applied in neuroscience for resting-state connectivity, task-based decoding, and consciousness research, often combined with MEG and iEEG in large consortia like Cogitate, which measured 256 participants across labs Cogitate measured neural activity. Common procedures include susceptibility distortion correction via inverted phase-encoding scans (Nature) susceptibility distortions correction, preprocessing with linear detrending, band-pass filtering (0.008-0.09 Hz), and anatomical CompCor denoising regressing white matter/CSF components and motion (eLife) fMRI preprocessing detrending anatomical CompCor denoising, quality control via MRIQC (Nature) fMRI data QC, and decoding with GLM beta-series, searchlight (4-mm radius), and cross-validation fMRI decoding GLM. Scanning typically uses 3T Siemens scanners, 3mm isotropic voxels, TR=2000ms, TE=30ms (eLife/Nature) 3T Siemens scanning parameters. Analyses reveal network insights, like default mode network as gateway regions (eLife) gateway regions DMN, reduced DMN connectivity in altered states (PMC) DMN reduced in altered states, and global signal relevance for consciousness (eLife) global signal consciousness. fMRI complements PET in psychedelic studies (Nature) and supports personalized brain models (Advanced Science).
openrouter/x-ai/grok-4.1-fast 88% confidence
Functional MRI (fMRI) measures large-scale brain activity patterns in consciousness research, as noted by Yuri Saalmann of the Templeton World Charity Foundation, contrasting with finer-scale approaches large-scale activity monitoring. It assesses connectivity via methods like generalized psychophysiological interaction (gPPI) in SPM, per a Nature study gPPI connectivity analysis, and supports Bayesian analyses showing null hypotheses for decoding in prefrontal voxels Bayesian null support in prefrontal. fMRI enables decoding of stimuli like face orientation in posterior regions (45% accuracy via searchlight) but not prefrontal, according to Nature findings posterior face orientation decoding, and reveals markers reversed by thalamic stimulation in anesthesia, as in eLife fMRI anesthesia markers reversal. Preprocessing involves pipelines like fMRIPrep, used across studies in Nature and eLife robust fMRIPrep preprocessing, with acquisition on 3T scanners yielding 2mm isotropic voxels 3T fMRI acquisition parameters. It is the standard non-invasive, low-cost method in psychedelic trials (Nature) standard in psychedelic trials, tests consciousness theories like IIT via voxel selection (Nature) IIT testing on fMRI voxels, and has lower spatiotemporal resolution than intracranial electrophysiology (PLOS ONE) lower resolution than iEEG. Fast-event designs may underestimate salience network involvement (Nature) design limits in salience network. Applications span empathy meta-analyses (Fan et al., Frontiers), meditation (Panda et al., Frontiers), and projects like Cogitate (PLOS ONE).
Facts (100)
Sources
Adversarial testing of global neuronal workspace and ... - Nature nature.com Apr 30, 2025 38 facts
procedureTo correct for susceptibility distortions in fMRI data, researchers collected additional scans using the same T2*-weighted sequence but with inverted phase-encoding direction (inverted readout/phase-encoding (RO/PE) polarity) while participants were resting at multiple points throughout the experiment.
measurementThe study evaluated predictions of neurobiological theories of consciousness using 256 participants performing the same behavioral task across three neuroimaging modalities: functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI; n = 120), magnetoencephalography (MEG; n = 102), and intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG; n = 34).
procedureThe fMRI decoding methodology involved fitting a GLM per event using the NiBetaSeries (0.6.0) package, including 24 nuisance regressors, and performing decoding via whole-brain searchlight with a 4-mm radius and ROI-based approaches constrained by functional and anatomical ROIs.
measurementThe adversarial study of integrated information theory (IIT) and global neuronal workspace theory (GNWT) involved 256 human participants who viewed suprathreshold stimuli for variable durations while researchers measured neural activity using functional magnetic resonance imaging, magnetoencephalography, and intracranial electroencephalography.
procedureWithin-task category and orientation decoding were performed using a leave-one-run-out cross-validation scheme for fMRI data and a k-fold cross-validation scheme for MEG and iEEG data.
procedureThe Cogitate consortium distributes M-EEG, fMRI, and iEEG datasets through downloadable data bundles and an XNAT instance (https://cogitate-data.ae.mpg.de), with raw and BIDS formats available at https://www.arc-cogitate.com/data-bundles.
procedurefMRI data quality control was performed using MRIQC (0.16.1) and custom scripts for data rejection.
claimFunctional MRI analysis found no selective increase in interareal connectivity between object-selective nodes and the prefrontal cortex or V1/V2, even when separating task conditions.
claimThe 1.2% increase in fMRI decoding accuracy observed when including frontal areas was present only in the combined features analysis and was not observed in the combined models' analysis.
accountTwelve participants were excluded from the fMRI dataset: eight due to motion artifacts, two due to insufficient coverage, and two due to incomplete data.
measurementThe study's testing framework involved an initial optimization phase on one-third of the MEG (n = 32) and fMRI (n = 35) datasets to evaluate data quality and optimize analysis pipelines, followed by a preregistered replication phase on novel datasets (MEG n = 65 and fMRI n = 73).
procedureFor the MEG and fMRI datasets, one-third of the data that passed quality tests (the optimization dataset) was used to optimize analysis methods, while the remaining two-thirds (the replication dataset) were used for the reported study results.
procedureThe fMRI decoding strategy utilized a multivariate pattern analysis approach on the pattern of BOLD activity over voxels, similar to the strategy used for iEEG and MEG data.
measurementThe fMRI sample in the study included 108 healthy participants with a mean age of 23.28 ± 3.46 years, consisting of 70 females and 105 right-handed individuals.
referenceIn the study's complementary results for decoding conscious content, fMRI searchlight decoding accuracies for letters versus false fonts were evaluated using pattern classifiers trained on relevant stimuli and tested on irrelevant stimuli, or vice versa, with significance evaluated through a cluster-based permutation test (p < 0.05; two-sided).
procedurefMRI source DICOM data were converted to BIDS format using BIDScoin (v3.6.3), which includes converting DICOM data to NIfTI using dcm2niix and creating event files using custom Python codes.
measurementThe study utilized fMRI with a sample size of 73 participants to analyze cross-task generalization of face–object decoding.
procedureThe study combined iEEG, MEG, and fMRI techniques to mitigate the limitations of using single data modalities, creating a cross-compensating approach for testing consciousness theories.
measurementThe fMRI experimental protocol utilized a mean inter-trial interval of 3 s (range 2.5–10 s) and a trial length of approximately 5.5 s to avoid non-linearities in the BOLD signal that could affect fMRI decoding.
measurementThe fMRI study consisted of 576 total trials, organized into 8 runs with 4 blocks each, containing 17–19 trials per block.
procedureThe MEG and fMRI laboratories used the MEG-compatible and fMRI-compatible EyeLink 1000 Plus Eye-tracker system (SR Research) to collect data at 1,000 Hz.
procedureThe fMRI version of the experiment was conducted on an MSI laptop at Yale and a Dell Desktop PC at DCCN.
procedureIn the fMRI analysis, connectivity was assessed using generalized psychophysiological interaction (gPPI) implemented in SPM119.
measurementfMRI Bayesian analysis showed substantial-to-very-strong support for the null hypothesis of no face orientation decoding in 34–55% of prefrontal voxels (BF01: 3–71.5), with support for the alternative hypothesis in only 1–9% of voxels.
measurementDecoding of face orientation (left, right, or front views) was achieved in posterior but not in prefrontal regions of interest using iEEG (approximately 95% with pseudotrial aggregation) and fMRI searchlight approach (approximately 45%).
procedureThe researchers tested the IIT prediction on fMRI data by selecting the 150 most selective voxels within each of the two regions of interest (300 voxels total) for each participant, using face versus object contrast masking.
procedureThe researchers performed analysis-specific fMRI data preprocessing using FSL 6.0.2, SPM 12, and custom Python scripts (NiBabel 3.2.2 and SciPy 1.8.0). For univariate analyses, functional data were spatially smoothed with a Gaussian kernel (5 mm full-width at half-maximum), grand mean scaled, and temporal high-pass filtered (128 s), while multivariate analyses were performed without spatial smoothing.
procedureFor MEG experiments, eye tracking data were acquired binocularly, while for fMRI experiments, data were acquired monocularly from either the left or the right eye in DCCN and Yale, respectively.
measurementfMRI searchlight decoding of category (faces-objects), collapsed across durations, shows significantly above-chance (50%) decoding in both task-relevant and task-irrelevant conditions, as visualized on inflated cortical surfaces.
measurementIn fMRI decoding of faces versus objects, including frontal areas resulted in a 1.2% increase in classification accuracy compared to excluding frontal areas, an effect observed in 56% of participants.
claimThe researchers acknowledge that their fast-event-related fMRI design might be suboptimal for detecting activity changes in the salience network, potentially leading to an underestimation of regions involved in conscious processing.
measurementfMRI data were acquired using a 3 T Prisma scanner with a 32-channel head coil, including high-resolution anatomical T1-weighted MPRAGE images (GRAPPA acceleration factor = 2, TR/TE = 2,300/3.03 ms, 8° flip angle, 1-mm isotropic voxels) and a whole-brain T2*-weighted multiband-4 sequence (TR/TE = 1,500/39.6 ms, 75° flip angle, 2 mm isotropic voxels).
referencefMRIPrep is a robust preprocessing pipeline designed for functional MRI data.
referenceThe paper 'The pulse: transient fMRI signal increases in subcortical arousal systems during transitions in attention' by Li, R. et al. was published in NeuroImage, volume 232, 117873, in 2021.
procedureStatistical significance for ROI-based fMRI decoding was determined using a one-sample permutation test with FDR correction for multiple comparisons, while whole-brain decoding significance was evaluated using a cluster-based permutation test (P < 0.05) complemented by Bayesian analysis.
procedureThe researchers performed a series of conjunction analyses on fMRI data to identify three categories of brain areas: those responsive to task goals, those responsive to task relevance, and those putatively involved in the neural correlates of consciousness (NCC).
measurementIn the study, fMRI orientation decoding involved 64 front and 32 left and right trials per category.
procedureAll fMRI data were preprocessed using fMRIPrep (20.2.3), which is based on Nipype (1.6.1).
A Synergistic Workspace for Human Consciousness Revealed by ... elifesciences.org 17 facts
claimFunctional MRI analysis reveals that gateway regions of the synergistic global workspace correspond to the brain’s default mode network, while broadcaster regions coincide with the executive control network.
claimThe authors of the study adopt the MMI-PID decomposition for functional MRI timeseries analysis because linear-Gaussian models are sufficient descriptors of these timeseries.
measurementFunctional MRI scanning was performed using a 3-Tesla Siemens Tim Trio scanner with a 32-channel coil, collecting 256 functional volumes (echo-planar images) with the following parameters: 33 slices, 25% inter-slice gap, 3mm isotropic resolution, TR = 2000ms, TE = 30ms, flip angle = 75 degrees, and a 64x64 matrix size.
claimResearch across species and states of consciousness indicates that the global signal in fMRI data contains information relevant for consciousness.
procedureFunctional MRI preprocessing includes linear detrending and band-pass filtering of the subject-specific denoised BOLD signal timeseries to retain temporal frequencies between 0.008 and 0.09 Hz, eliminating low-frequency drift and high-frequency noise.
claimApplying an information-resolved framework to functional MRI recordings of the human brain revealed that different regions of the human brain predominantly rely on different kinds of information for their interactions with other regions.
procedureThe anatomical CompCor method for denoising functional MRI data involves regressing out the following confounding effects: the first five principal components of white matter signal, the first five principal components of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) signal, six subject-specific realignment parameters (three translations and three rotations) plus their first-order temporal derivatives, artifacts identified by the 'art' software, and the main effect of the scanning condition.
measurementFunctional MRI images were acquired using an echo planar sequence with 32 slices, 3 x 3 x 3.75mm resolution, a repetition time (TR) of 2000ms, an echo time (TE) of 30ms, and a flip angle (FA) of 78 degrees.
claimGlobal signal regression (GSR) in fMRI analysis mathematically mandates that approximately 50% of correlations between brain regions will be negative, which removes potentially meaningful differences in the proportion of anticorrelations.
procedureThe researchers quantified synergistic and redundant interactions between 454 cortical and subcortical brain regions using resting-state functional MRI data from 100 subjects of the Human Connectome Project.
claimFunctional MRI (fMRI) BOLD signals serve as an indirect proxy for underlying neuronal activity but possess limited temporal resolution.
claimElectrical stimulation of the central thalamus in non-human primates can reliably induce awakening from anaesthesia, which is accompanied by the reversal of electrophysiological and fMRI markers of anaesthesia.
procedureThe researchers parcellated resting-state fMRI data into 400 cortical regions using the Schaefer atlas and 54 subcortical brain regions using the Tian atlas.
procedureThe researchers tested hypotheses regarding consciousness using resting-state fMRI data from 15 healthy volunteers scanned before, during, and after propofol anesthesia, and 22 patients with chronic disorders of consciousness.
measurementA synergy-based measure of emergent dynamics in functional MRI recordings is disrupted in patients suffering from chronic disorders of consciousness.
procedureThe authors of 'A Synergistic Workspace for Human Consciousness Revealed by...' addressed potential confounds in their fMRI data by deconvolving the hemodynamic response function using a dedicated toolbox.
claimInformation decomposition can be applied to neural data across different scales, ranging from electrophysiology to functional MRI, regardless of whether behavioral data is included.
Neuroimaging in psychedelic drug development: past, present, and ... nature.com Sep 27, 2023 11 facts
claimAn open-label study of patients with major depressive disorder found that psilocybin treatment led to increased cognitive flexibility (measured by perseverative errors on a set-shifting task) and neural flexibility (measured by functional connectivity via fMRI) that persisted for up to four weeks post-treatment.
referenceDemetriou L, Kowalczyk OS, Tyson G, Bello T, Newbould RD, and Wall MB published 'A comprehensive evaluation of increasing temporal resolution with multiband-accelerated sequences and their effects on statistical outcome measures in fMRI' in NeuroImage in 2018.
claimNeuroscience studies on psychedelic drugs have primarily utilized functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), with ancillary research employing Magnetoencephalography (MEG) or Electroencephalography (EEG).
procedureTo assess pharmacologic activity for novel neurologically-active compounds, researchers measure putative biomarkers of psychedelic response, such as brain network segregation or modularity using fMRI and/or PET neuroplasticity changes.
claimMRI-based techniques used to complement PET methods for assessing neuroplasticity include diffusion tensor imaging (for structural connectivity and microstructural tissue properties), magnetic resonance spectroscopy (for quantifying metabolite levels), and functional MRI (using task and resting-state paradigms).
referenceCarhart-Harris et al. (2017) used fMRI to measure brain mechanisms associated with the use of psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression.
referenceR.L. Carhart-Harris, D. Erritzoe, T. Williams, J.M. Stone, L.J. Reed, A. Colasanti, et al. published 'Neural correlates of the psychedelic state as determined by fMRI studies with psilocybin' in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA in 2012.
claimTesting the relationship between network-disintegration observed in acute fMRI studies and longer-term measures of neuroplasticity, emotional function, or other post-dosing changes is considered a crucial test of current theories regarding psychedelic effects.
referenceEsteban O, Markiewicz C, Blair RW, Moodie C, Isik AI, Aliaga AE, et al. published 'FMRIPrep: a robust preprocessing pipeline for functional MRI' in bioRxiv in 2018.
claimFunctional MRI (fMRI) is the standard method used in clinical trials involving psychedelics due to its relatively low cost and non-invasive nature.
referenceBorsook D, Becerra L, and Hargreaves R published 'A role for fMRI in optimizing CNS drug development' in Nature Reviews Drug Discovery in 2006.
Self-awareness, self-regulation, and self-transcendence (S-ART) frontiersin.org 4 facts
referenceE. Baron Short, S. Kose, Q. Mu, J. Borckardt, A. Newberg, and M. S. George published the article 'Regional brain activation during meditation shows time and practice effects: an exploratory FMRI study' in the journal Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine in 2010.
referenceV. L. Ives-Deliperi, M. Solms, and E. M. Meintjes published a 2011 fMRI investigation in Social Neuroscience regarding the neural substrates of mindfulness.
referenceFan et al. (2011) conducted an fMRI-based quantitative meta-analysis to determine if there is a core neural network in empathy, published in Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews.
referenceDeshpande, Santhanam, and Hu (2011) derived instantaneous and causal connectivity in resting state brain networks from functional MRI data in a study published in NeuroImage.
What a Contest of Consciousness Theories Really Proved quantamagazine.org Aug 24, 2023 3 facts
referenceMagnetoencephalography (MEG) tracks brain chatter but has poorer spatial resolution compared to functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
referenceFunctional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) tracks blood flow in the brain and offers good spatial resolution, but it is too slow to capture rapid neuronal activity.
measurementThe adversarial collaboration experiment comparing Global Neuronal Workspace Theory and Integrated Information Theory involved six theory-neutral labs, 250 test subjects, and utilized fMRI, MEG, and intracranial electroencephalography.
Adversarial testing of global neuronal workspace and integrated ... research.birmingham.ac.uk Jun 5, 2025 2 facts
measurementThe study involved 256 human participants who viewed suprathreshold stimuli for variable durations while their neural activity was measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), magnetoencephalography (MEG), and intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG).
measurementThe adversarial study on consciousness theories involved 256 human participants who viewed suprathreshold stimuli for variable durations while their neural activity was recorded using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), magnetoencephalography (MEG), and intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG).
Protocol for testing global neuronal workspace and integrated ... journals.plos.org 2 facts
claimIntracranial electrophysiology provides higher spatiotemporal resolution for measuring neuronal population spiking activity compared to fMRI, EEG, or ECoG.
procedureThe Cogitate research project tested predictions regarding consciousness theories in 250 subjects using fMRI, EEG, MEG, and implanted ECoG electrodes, employing several decoding analyses.
A virtual clinical trial of psychedelics to treat patients with disorders ... eurekalert.org Nov 24, 2025 1 fact
referenceAlnagger et al. published a study in the journal Advanced Science that utilized personalized computational models of patients' brains, constructed from individual functional MRI and diffusion-weighted imaging scans, to virtually simulate the effects of LSD and psilocybin on patients with disorders of consciousness.
An adversarial collaboration to critically evaluate theories of ... biorxiv.org Jun 26, 2023 1 fact
measurementThe adversarial collaboration study on consciousness involved 256 human subjects who viewed suprathreshold stimuli for variable durations while neural activity was measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), magnetoencephalography (MEG), and electrocorticography (ECoG).
Adversarial testing of global neuronal workspace and integrated ... pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 1 fact
procedureThe adversarial collaboration involved 256 human participants who viewed suprathreshold stimuli for variable durations while neural activity was recorded using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), magnetoencephalography (MEG), and intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG).
Adversarial testing of global neuronal workspace and integrated ... comdig.unam.mx May 5, 2025 1 fact
measurementThe Cogitate Consortium measured neural activity in 256 human participants using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), magnetoencephalography (MEG), and intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) while participants viewed suprathreshold stimuli for variable durations.
Consciousness, Attention, and Conscious Attention psychologytoday.com Jun 9, 2015 1 fact
claimAdvancements in cognitive neuroscience and visualization techniques, such as fMRI and EEG, have enabled the empirical study of brain mechanisms directly related to conscious awareness.
(PDF) Unifying Theories of Consciousness, Attention, and ... academia.edu 1 fact
claimNeuroimaging studies using EEG, MEG, and fMRI are uncovering distinct neuronal correlates of selective attention and consciousness in dissociative paradigms, suggesting a functional dissociation where attention acts as an analyzer and consciousness acts as a synthesizer.
How sleep affects mental health (and vice versa) - Stanford Medicine med.stanford.edu Aug 11, 2025 1 fact
claimAndrea Goldstein-Piekarski uses functional MRI (fMRI) to assess how sleep changes biological function in the regions of the brain that process emotions.
Resting State Networks and Consciousness - PMC - NIH pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 1 fact
claimFunctional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) resting state studies demonstrate that Default Mode Network (DMN) connectivity is reduced during altered states of consciousness, including sleep, sedation, anesthesia, and hypnotic states.
Altered State of Consciousness | Springer Nature Link link.springer.com Sep 17, 2025 1 fact
claimKorsnes et al. (2010) conducted an fMRI study of auditory hallucinations in patients with epilepsy.
Psychedelics Assessed In New Virtual Clinical Trial - EMJ emjreviews.com Nov 27, 2025 1 fact
procedureThe research team constructed personalised computational models for each patient using MRI-based data, specifically functional MRI and diffusion-weighted imaging, to simulate drug administration and analyze virtual brain network reactions to artificial perturbations.
Global Versus Local Theories of Consciousness and the ... link.springer.com 1 fact
claimFunctional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) tools, which are used in reverse inference research to study the consciousness of unresponsive patients, were designed for full-scale animal brains rather than non-vascularized tissue in a dish.
Exploring “lucid sleep” and altered states of consciousness using ... philosophymindscience.org Jan 7, 2025 1 fact
referenceA. M. Smith and C. Messier published 'Voluntary out-of-body experience: An fMRI study' in Frontiers in Human Neuroscience in 2014.
4.2 Sleep & Why We Sleep – Introductory Psychology opentext.wsu.edu 1 fact
procedureResearchers can utilize brain imaging techniques, such as fMRI or CT scans, to determine how the deactivation or activation of specific brain regions affects behavior.
Published Studies — Johns Hopkins Center for Psychedelic and ... hopkinspsychedelic.org 1 fact
referenceSafron, A, Klimaj, V, Hipólito, I. published 'Human Cortical Serotonin 2A Receptor Occupancy by Psilocybin Measured Using [11C]MDL 100,907 Dynamic PET and a Resting-State fMRI-Based Brain Parcellation' in 'Frontiers in Neuroergonomics' in 2022.
Non-physicalist Theories of Consciousness cambridge.org Dec 20, 2023 1 fact
claimBrain scanning techniques such as PET and fMRI have revealed detailed correlations between specific conscious states and brain states, such as the correlation between seeing red and activity in the visual cortex, or anxiety and an overactive amygdala.
Rethinking Consciousness: When Science Puts Itself to the Test maxplanckneuroscience.org May 14, 2025 1 fact
measurementThe Cogitate Consortium study involved 256 participants across seven laboratories worldwide, utilizing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), magnetoencephalography (MEG), and intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG).
Global Workspace vs. Integrated Information: Testing… templetonworldcharity.org 1 fact
quoteYuri Saalmann states that the key goal of the project is to obtain data that informs theories of consciousness at a small scale, noting that previous human consciousness research using functional MRI or EEG techniques only monitored large-scale brain activity patterns.
Study Challenges Leading Theories On Consciousness Origins neurosciencenews.com May 2, 2025 1 fact
procedureResearchers measured neural activity in participants using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), magnetoencephalography (MEG), and intracranial electroencephalography.
The Mechanisms of Psychedelic Visionary Experiences - Frontiers frontiersin.org Sep 27, 2017 1 fact
referenceA 2016 study by Panda et al. using EEG and fMRI compared 20 Raja Yoga expert meditators to a control group and found that meditators had significant reductions in activity and connectivity of the posterior cingulate hub of the Default Mode Network.
Consciousness and AI - Open Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science oecs.mit.edu Feb 5, 2026 1 fact
claimMethods to test for consciousness in nonhuman animals and patients with brain damage typically rely on behavior or brain recordings, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) or electroencephalogram (EEG), according to Tim Bayne et al. (2024).
The Profound Interplay Between Sleep and Cognitive Function creyos.com Aug 14, 2025 1 fact
referenceFunctional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have found increased activity in specific brain regions during slow-wave sleep, which correlates with the reactivation of learning experiences from the preceding day, according to Brodt et al. (2023).
Altered states of consciousness – Knowledge and References taylorandfrancis.com 1 fact
referenceIn a 2016 study, Jiang et al. used functional MRI (fMRI) to examine brain activity and functional connectivity in 57 individuals grouped by high versus low hypnotizability using the Harvard Group Scale for Hypnotic Susceptibility, with participants undergoing scanning in four states: resting, memory retrieval, and two different hypnotic experiences.
Neuro-Symbolic AI: Explainability, Challenges, and Future Trends arxiv.org Nov 7, 2024 1 fact
referenceBelekou et al. (2022) published the paper 'Paradoxical Reasoning: An fMRI Study' in Frontiers in Psychology, Vol. 13, 850491.