Knowledge Tree
cognition
synthesized from dimensionsCognition is a multifaceted phenomenon encompassing the mental processes and internal representations through which living organisms acquire, process, store, and utilize information to navigate their environments. At its core, cognition is widely understood as an adaptive mechanism that enables agents to manage environmental complexity Godfrey-Smith on cognition function. While historically viewed through the lens of internal computation and information processing cognition as computation, contemporary discourse increasingly emphasizes its biological, evolutionary, and embodied foundations.
The biological basis of cognition is rooted in brain function, with neuroscience identifying specific neural networks—such as the default mode network default mode network's role in cognition—and dynamic brain states as essential to cognitive performance eLife evidence on brain states. Evolutionary perspectives posit that cognition is a product of natural selection cognition evolved through selection, characterized by domain-specific heuristics rather than purely general-purpose processing Evolutionary heuristics in cognition. This biological grounding is further supported by the observation that cognition is highly sensitive to physiological states; sleep, for instance, is critical for cognitive restoration, with deprivation leading to significant impairments in attention, memory, and synaptic plasticity sleep deprivation impairs cognition.
Philosophically, cognition remains a site of intense debate. Classical definitions, such as Immanuel Kant’s, emphasize the synthesis of representations into a unified whole Immanuel Kant's synthesis in cognition. Modern theoretical frameworks diverge significantly: some scholars advocate for enactive paradigms that ground cognition in the life of the organism Enaction grounds cognition in life, while others explore quantum cognition, which utilizes non-commutative structures to model mental states non-commutative structures characterizing quantum cognition. Furthermore, there is ongoing tension between internalist views of cognition as centralized processing and externalist or embodied critiques that argue against separating the mind from its physical and environmental context against disembodied cognition.
The relationship between cognition and consciousness is a central theme in cognitive science. Theories such as the Global Neuronal Workspace Theory suggest that conscious access is what enables flexible, high-level cognition Global workspace enables cognition. However, the functional description of cognition continues to challenge traditional physicalist definitions Cognition challenges physicalism. This complexity has led to an interdisciplinary approach that integrates neuroscience, psychology, linguistics, and artificial intelligence to map the boundaries of what constitutes a "cognitive" system interdisciplinary study of cognition.
Ultimately, cognition is not defined by a single, monolithic process but by its plasticity and integration. It is modifiable through various interventions, including pharmacological agents like psychedelics that target serotonin receptors to promote neural flexibility psychedelics enhance flexible cognition, and is shaped by long-term developmental and cultural factors universals including cognition. Whether viewed as a computational architecture or an emergent biological property, cognition remains the primary framework through which the relationship between the mind, the brain, and the external world is understood.
Model Perspectives (5)
openrouter/z-ai/glm-5v-turbo 50% confidence
```json
{
"content": "Cognition is analyzed across physiological, philosophical, and computational domains in the provided literature. Functionally, Peter Godfrey-Smith defines cognition as a mechanism enabling agents to navigate environmental complexity Godfrey-Smith on function of cognition, a view supported by the consensus that cognition confers adaptive benefits adaptive benefits of cognition.
From a neuroscientific perspective, cognition is linked to specific biological substrates. It is modulated by seven classes of serotonin receptors (5-HT1 to 5-HT7) which regulate mood and neuroplasticity serotonin receptors and cognition and is supported by time-resolved brain dynamics brain dynamics supporting cognition. The Default Mode Network (DMN) plays a critical topographical role in cognitive processes DMN in cognition. Furthermore, research indicates that psychedelics like psilocybin and LSD can modify or enhance cognition by altering neural signaling and increasing system-level flexibility psychedelic effects on cognition psychedelics modifying brain processes.
Philosophically, cognition is often distinguished from phenomenal consciousness. David Chalmers categorizes the structure and function of cognition as the "easy problems" of consciousness—neurophysiologically explainable aspects like information processing—which stand in contrast to the "hard problem" of subjective experience Chalmers' easy problems. He also notes the "irreducibility" of experience relative to physical accounts of cognition [Chalmers on irreducibility](/fact:d361d3ef-
openrouter/x-ai/grok-4.1-fast definitive 75% confidence
Cognition is investigated by neuroscience as the biological basis of brain function, according to Fiveable neuroscience basis of cognition. The Neuron Doctrine, from arXiv, posits that action potentials alone suffice to explain cognition and consciousness Neuron Doctrine explains cognition. Cognitive science employs an interdisciplinary approach integrating multiple fields to study knowledge and cognition, per Fiveable interdisciplinary study of cognition. It is functionally structured and evolved via natural selection with a genetic foundation, as stated on Wikipedia cognition evolved through selection. Sleep strongly influences cognition: severe deprivation induces synaptic plasticity alterations and learning/memory impairments (BMJ Public Health) sleep deprivation impairs cognition, short sleep duration changes link to lower cognition in Whitehall Study participants by J.E. Ferrie (Aging) short sleep lowers cognition, and hypotheses include sleep facilitating cognition (National Library of Medicine) sleep facilitates cognition. Psychedelics like psilocybin target serotonin 2A receptors to promote flexible associative cognition (Frontiers) psychedelics enhance flexible cognition. The functionalist view in cognitive science sees cognition as information processing and computation (Wikipedia) cognition as computation. Debates include embodied critiques by Ronald Chrisley and Tom Ziemke against centralized processing (Frontiers in Robotics and AI) against disembodied cognition. Cognitive architectures grounded in information theory apply to humans, organisms, and AI (eLife) info theory cognitive architecture.
openrouter/x-ai/grok-4.1-fast definitive 50% confidence
{"content":"Cognition is characterized as internal representations of the world and information processing, according to Wikipedia.Cognition as internal processing John Stewart, citing the enactive paradigm, grounds cognition as an essential feature of living organisms, addressing how material states become mental states (Stewart, 2010).Enaction grounds cognition in life From an evolutionary psychology view, cognition employs domain-specific heuristics rather than general-purpose processing.Evolutionary heuristics in cognition Evolutionary epistemology treats cognition as an evolved product shaped by natural selection.Cognition as evolutionary product Virtue epistemology emphasizes cognitive agents' intellectual traits in evaluating cognition.Virtue epistemology on cognition Practitioners integrate empirical findings on cognition via naturalism.Empirical integration in virtue epistemology Sleep provides restorative functions by clearing metabolites, enhancing cognition (BMJ Public Health).Sleep restores cognition Leong and Chee (2023) review sleep as necessary for cognitive improvement.Sleep necessary for cognition Studies link suboptimal sleep durations to poorer cognition, with short sleepers benefiting from extension but long sleepers not from reduction (Hua et al.).Sleep duration affects cognition Quantum cognition research explores non-commutative structures, now collaborative globally.Quantum ideas in cognition Global Workspace Theories focus on conscious access enabling flexible cognition.Global workspace enables cognition David Chalmers notes cognition's functional description challenges physicalism definitions.Cognition challenges physicalism These facts reveal cognition as multifaceted, spanning biological, philosophical, and empirical dimensions, with sleep as a key modulator and diverse theoretical frameworks like enaction, virtue-based, and quantum approaches.",\"confidence\":0.78,\"suggested_concepts\":[\"enactive cognition\",\"virtue epistemology\",\"quantum cognition\",\"global workspace theory\",\"evolutionary epistemology\",\"sleep duration effects\",\"panpsychism\",\"consciousness relation\",\"psychoactive drugs\",\"serotonin receptors\",\"virtue reliabilism\",\"top-down perception\",\"brain networks\"],\"relevant_facts\":[1,2,5,6,7,8,10,12,15,18,20,22,23,24,25,26,30,32,35,36,40,47,51,52,56,58]}
openrouter/x-ai/grok-4.1-fast definitive 78% confidence
Cognition emerges across the facts as a multifaceted concept spanning philosophy, neuroscience, psychology, and biology, often involving the integration of representations, adaptive problem-solving, and brain processes. Immanuel Kant's synthesis in cognition defines it as 'the act of putting different representations together, and grasping what is manifold in them in one cognition,' while he further posits that experience as cognition requires a priori rules of understanding to which objects conform (Kant's a priori cognition). Peter Godfrey-Smith, per Springer, states its function is 'to enable the agent to deal with environmental complexity' (Godfrey-Smith on cognition function), widely believed to confer adaptive benefits (PMC). Neuroscience links include the default mode network's role in cognition (J. Smallwood et al., Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2021), brain dynamics supporting cognition (eLife evidence on brain states), and theories like Global Neuronal Workspace Theory (GNWT), where consciousness involves cognition-related brain areas, contrasting Integrated Information Theory's perceptual focus (Quanta Magazine; Springer). Sleep strongly influences cognition, supporting memory and problem-solving (Sleep Foundation on cognition benefits) but disrupted by short durations or social jet lag, impairing attention and executive function (Dove Press; Nature; Springer). Testosterone drives cognition in men (Guud Woman), psychedelics enhance it via neural flexibility (Frontiers), and methods like Structural Equation Modeling test cognition models accounting for error (Frontiers). Origins debates feature internalist views like Keijzer's (Springer) versus externalist influences in Godfrey-Smith (Springer), with autopoiesis in Varela and Maturana's work (Stanford Encyclopedia). The Global Council on Brain Health focuses on it (UNC Gillings). Overall, facts portray cognition as integrated mental processing shaped by biology, environment, and philosophy, without a singular definition.
openrouter/x-ai/grok-4.1-fast definitive 82% confidence
Cognition emerges from the provided facts as a complex, multifaceted mental process studied across neuroscience, psychology, AI, and philosophy, often intertwined with consciousness, perception, and external influences like sleep and psychedelics. Haim Dubossarsky's research highlights its intersection with natural language processing, linguistics, and neuroscience using computational methods (Skywritings Press). Psychedelics' impacts are examined in works like Sayali and Barrett's analysis of costs and benefits on cognition and mood (Neuron, 2023; Johns Hopkins Center) and a 2024 meta-analysis on long-term serotonergic effects (Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews). Sleep strongly modulates cognition, with Zitser et al. linking duration to gray matter and microstructure over 28 years (Sleep, 2020; Nature) and studies showing disruptions from deprivation impair attention and memory (Brown, 2012). Quantum models feature prominently, as in Conte et al.'s findings on mental states during ambiguous figure perception (Open Systems and Information Dynamics; Stanford Encyclopedia) and non-commutative structures characterizing quantum cognition (Stanford Encyclopedia). Consciousness ties closely, with scholars like Shanahan exploring cognition in possible minds (Embodiment and the Inner Life) and Hameroff advocating a new paradigm via neuronal cytoskeleton (Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience). Computational views, such as the theory of mind positing computational qualia, suggest AI potential (Wikipedia). Cultural and developmental aspects appear in universals including cognition (Wikipedia) and early deprivation effects (Beckett et al., 2006). Overall, facts portray cognition as biologically embedded, modifiable, and theoretically contested.
Facts (164)
Sources
Sleep Across the Lifespan: A Neurobehavioral Perspective link.springer.com Feb 5, 2025 8 facts
claimWiner JR, Deters KD, Kennedy G, Jin M, Goldstein-Piekarski A, Poston KL, et al. found an association between both short and long sleep duration and Amyloid-β burden and cognition in aging adults, as reported in a 2021 study in JAMA Neurology.
claimThe concurrence of changes in sleep physiology, cortical structure maturation, neurophysiology, hormones, emotion processing, and cognition indicates that sleep plays a crucial mechanistic role in human development.
referenceReynaud E, Vecchierini M, Heude B, Charles M, and Plancoulaine S published 'Sleep and its relation to cognition and behaviour in preschool-aged children of the general population: a systematic review' in the Journal of Sleep Research in 2018 (Volume 27, article e12636).
referenceWiner et al. demonstrate that both short and long sleep durations are associated with negative consequences regarding amyloid-β burden and cognition in older adults.
referenceA comprehensive review of the relationship between sleep and cognition across development is available in reference [112].
perspectiveThe authors of the article 'Sleep Across the Lifespan: A Neurobehavioral Perspective' propose that longitudinal burst-designed studies are necessary to advance the field of sleep research from simple descriptors to mechanistic insights by capturing quantifiers across sleep domains in relation to age, cognition, and health.
perspectiveFuture research on sleep, health, cognition, physiology, and neurobiology can benefit from multi-wave longitudinal, measurement burst designs that capture temporal progression and interplay.
claimGreater social jet lag negatively impacts multiple health domains, including academic performance, cognition, mental health, and emotion regulation.
Complexity and the Evolution of Consciousness | Biological Theory link.springer.com Sep 14, 2022 8 facts
quoteDavid Spurrett proposes a friendly amendment to the environmental complexity thesis, stating: "The function of cognition is to enable the agent to coordinate its (possibly complex) capacities, which can include coordinating those capacities with environmental complexity."
claimDavid Spurrett argues that competing views on cognition can be viewed as two versions of a more general view that differ only in their emphasis.
referencePerry, Barron, and Cheng (2013) relate invertebrate learning and cognition phenomena to their neural substrates.
quoteDavid Spurrett (2020) argues that there is an intermediate position regarding control systems, stating that it is "a useful corrective to the tradition […] that regards almost any convergence in a control system as a symptom of allegiance to muddled models of intelligence and cognition" (p. 11).
perspectiveThe author resists a strongly externalist picture for both cognition and consciousness, arguing that the two are tightly linked.
claimKeijzer’s approach to the origins of cognition is internalist, focusing on the nervous system and research in developmental biology.
quoteGodfrey-Smith stated: "The function of cognition is to enable the agent to deal with environmental complexity."
claimPeter Godfrey-Smith’s account of the origins of cognition is influenced by the externalist strategies of behavioral ecologists and evolutionary biologists, fields which have historically treated the internal processes of organisms as a black box.
Psychedelics, Sociality, and Human Evolution frontiersin.org 8 facts
claimIf psilocybin systematically increased the frequency of laughter, music-making, dancing, ritualization, and prosocial leadership in ancient populations, it could have influenced human evolution by modifying the conditions for selection and favoring genetic variants that enhance sociality, cognition, and communication.
claimPsilocybin and similar psychedelics primarily target the serotonin 2A receptor subtype, which stimulates an active coping strategy response and promotes a flexible, associative mode of cognition.
claimThe emergence of the genus Homo was characterized by an auto-catalytic niche construction process where increasing cognition, dietary quality, and cooperative behavior led to reduced mortality risk and changes in brain size, body composition, and life-history parameters.
claimThe instrumentalization of psilocybin could have enhanced performance in domains such as cognition, sociality, communication, and social learning, potentially increasing the adaptability and fitness of human ancestors.
claimPsychedelic instrumentalization acted as an enabling factor in the development of the human socio-cognitive niche by mediating the expansion of ritual alterations of consciousness, healing, social bonding, and decision-making activities, which accelerated the spread of biological components of sociality, cognition, and communication skills in the human lineage.
claimT. A. Jenkins, J. C. Nguyen, K. E. Polglaze, and P. P. Bertrand reviewed the influence of tryptophan and serotonin on mood and cognition, noting a possible role of the gut-brain axis in a 2016 study.
claimPsychedelics enhance cognition by modifying neural signaling, which increases system-level complexity, flexibility, and the interconnectedness of distinct neural networks.
claimPsychedelics such as psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) modify fundamental brain processes that constrain neural systems central to perception, emotion, cognition, and sense of self.
Impact of sleep duration on executive function and brain structure nature.com Mar 3, 2022 8 facts
referenceZitser, J. et al. conducted a prospective cohort study on sleep duration over 28 years in relation to cognition, gray matter volume, and white matter microstructure, published in Sleep in 2020.
claimPrevious observational studies regarding sleep duration and cognition have been limited by small sample sizes or relatively insensitive cognitive measures.
claimThe association between sleep duration and cognition is stronger in younger individuals but remains present in participants over 60 years old, based on analysis of the UK Biobank cohort.
claimHenry et al. investigated the relationship between sleep duration, cognition, and dementia using a Mendelian randomization study.
claimThe current scientific literature lacks a clear parametric visualization of the relationship between sleep duration and cognition across age in later years.
claimThe block duration approach assumes a linear relationship between cognition and sleep duration relative to a specific cut-off point.
referenceA Mendelian randomization study published in the International Journal of Epidemiology in 2019 examined the relationship between sleep duration, cognition, and dementia.
measurementThe effect of sleep on cognition is similar across age groups, but older participants (60–73 years) show a smaller variance and range of Executive Function scores related to sleep duration compared to younger participants (38–59 years), with F (262,409, 212,006) = 1.01, 95% CI [1.0017, 1.0181], p = 0.017.
Good Old-Fashioned Artificial Consciousness and the Intermediate ... frontiersin.org Apr 17, 2018 7 facts
referenceM. Shanahan explored cognition and consciousness in the space of possible minds in the 2010 book 'Embodiment and the Inner Life'.
perspectiveRonald Chrisley and Tom Ziemke (2006) argue against the traditional notion of cognition as a higher-order process carried out by a central processing unit that is physically separate from the body.
referenceFranklin, Madl, D'Mello, and Snaider published 'LIDA: a systems-level architecture for cognition, emotion, and learning' in IEEE Transactions on Autonomous Mental Development in 2014.
claimScholars working in robot consciousness suggest that an intermediate level of processing—including sensory-motor patterns, information, cognition, and global workspace—serves as a possible explanation for consciousness.
perspectiveThe author argues that theoretical backgrounds for machine consciousness, including functionalism, information, embodiment, enaction, and cognition, exhibit the symptoms of the 'intermediate level fallacy' and are examples of Good Old-Fashioned Artificial Consciousness (GOFAC).
claimMany scholars incorrectly assume that consciousness will emerge automatically once practical issues regarding cognition and intelligence are solved, or that the problem of consciousness is a false problem that will evaporate.
quoteJohn Stewart stated: “How can a material state be a mental state? Hoary it may be, yet the problem is anything but solved. […] The paradigm of enaction solves this problem by grounding all cognition as an essential feature of living organism” (Stewart, 2010, p. 1).
Improvement in sleep duration was associated with higher cognitive ... aging-us.com Oct 20, 2020 7 facts
measurementIn a 2011 study by J.E. Ferrie involving 5,431 British participants aged 45-69 from the Whitehall Study, a change to short sleep duration (SSD) was associated with lower cognition with a beta value of -1.90 to -0.49.
claimTwo studies reported that both increases and decreases in sleep duration were associated with lower cognition.
claimFor short sleepers, a consistent change to moderate sleep duration is correlated with better cognition, while for long sleepers, there is no need to reduce sleep duration; however, excessive changes or deviation from a moderate sleep duration is associated with lower cognition.
claimHua et al. conclude that for short sleepers, improvement in sleep duration correlates with better cognition, while for long sleepers, there is no need to reduce sleep duration, and excessive changes or deviation from moderate sleep duration is associated with lower cognition.
claimSleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is associated with lower cognition.
measurementIn a 2011 study by J.E. Ferrie involving 5,431 British participants aged 45-69 from the Whitehall Study, a change to long sleep duration (LSD) was associated with lower cognition with a beta value of -2.74 to -0.72.
claimFive studies have linked increased sleep duration to lower cognition or a higher risk of dementia.
Evolutionary psychology - Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org 6 facts
claimCultural universals include behaviors related to language, cognition, social roles, gender roles, and technology.
claimCognition is functionally structured and has evolved through natural selection because it has a genetic foundation.
referenceThe journal Biological Theory: Integrating Development, Evolution and Cognition is devoted to theoretical advances in the fields of biology and cognition, with an emphasis on the conceptual integration afforded by evolutionary and developmental approaches.
perspectiveEvolutionary psychologists contrast their approach with the 'standard social science model,' which posits that the human mind is a general-purpose cognition device shaped almost entirely by culture.
claimCognition refers to internal representations of the world and internal information processing.
claimFrom an evolutionary psychology perspective, cognition is not 'general purpose' but uses heuristics or strategies that increase the likelihood of solving problems that the ancestors of present-day humans routinely faced.
Naturalized epistemology and cognitive science | Intro to... - Fiveable fiveable.me 4 facts
claimNeuroscience investigates the biological basis of cognition and brain function.
claimCognitive science adopts an interdisciplinary approach to studying knowledge and cognition by integrating methods and insights from multiple fields to gain a comprehensive understanding.
claimCognitive science raises questions about the nature of consciousness and its role in knowledge and cognition.
claimCognitive science examines how cultural and social factors influence cognition and knowledge acquisition.
Understanding LLM Understanding skywritingspress.ca Jun 14, 2024 4 facts
perspectiveHaim Dubossarsky's research focuses on natural language processing and artificial intelligence, specifically the intersection of linguistics, cognition, and neuroscience using mathematical and computational methods.
referencede la Cruz-Pavía, I., & Gervain, J. (2023). Six-month-old infants’ perception of structural regularities in speech. Cognition, 238, 105526.
referenceJ. Smallwood, B. C. Bernhardt, R. Leech, D. Bzdok, E. Jefferies, and D. S. Margulies published 'The default mode network in cognition: a topographical perspective' in Nature Reviews Neuroscience in 2021.
referenceMichael Levin and colleagues have published research on diverse intelligence, including: Rouleau, N., and Levin, M. (2023), "The Multiple Realizability of Sentience in Living Systems and Beyond"; Clawson, W. P., and Levin, M. (2023), "Endless forms most beautiful 2.0: teleonomy and the bioengineering of chimaeric and synthetic organisms"; Bongard, J., and Levin, M. (2023), "There’s Plenty of Room Right Here: Biological Systems as Evolved, Overloaded, Multi-Scale Machines"; Fields, C., and Levin, M. (2022), "Competency in Navigating Arbitrary Spaces as an Invariant for Analyzing Cognition in Diverse Embodiments"; and Levin, M. (2022), "Technological Approach to Mind Everywhere: an experimentally-grounded framework for understanding diverse bodies and minds."
Published Studies — Johns Hopkins Center for Psychedelic and ... hopkinspsychedelic.org 4 facts
referenceThe article 'The costs and benefits of psychedelics on cognition and mood' by Sayali and Barrett was published in Neuron in 2023.
referenceA 2024 systematic review and meta-analysis published in Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews examined the magnitude of long-term effects of serotonergic psychedelics on cognition, creativity, emotional processing, and personality.
referenceA 2018 study by Barrett, Carbonaro, Hurwitz, Johnson, and Griffiths conducted a double-blind comparison of the hallucinogens psilocybin and dextromethorphan to assess their effects on cognition.
referenceA 2023 scoping review by Bonnieux, VanderZwaag, Garcia-Romeu, and Garcia-Barrera published in the 'Journal of Psychopharmacology' investigated the effects of psilocybin on cognition and creativity.
Self-awareness, self-regulation, and self-transcendence (S-ART) frontiersin.org 4 facts
perspectiveThe authors of the S-ART framework argue that mindfulness should not be reduced to a single unitary dimension of cognition, but rather understood as a complex set of mechanisms that reduce suffering and foster a sustainable healthy mind through self-processing.
referenceBressler and Menon (2010) identified emerging methods and principles regarding large-scale brain networks in cognition.
referenceWells and Matthews (1996) proposed the S-REF model for modelling cognition in emotional disorder, published in Behaviour Research and Therapy.
claimMindfulness is defined in four ways: (1) A temporary state of non-judgmental, non-reactive, present-centered attention and awareness cultivated during meditation; (2) An enduring trait described as a dispositional pattern of cognition, emotion, or behavioral tendency; (3) A meditation practice; (4) An intervention.
Investigating the impact of sleep quality on cognitive functions ... frontiersin.org 4 facts
claimIntense competition, long study hours, and cultural stigma associated with seeking help for mental health issues in Japan may exacerbate the negative effects of stress on sleep and cognition.
claimThe negative impact of poor sleep on memory was found to be more pronounced in Tokyo compared to London, indicating a moderating role of the city in the relationship between sleep and cognition.
claimSleep is necessary to improve cognition, as described by Leong and Chee in a 2023 review.
claimStructural Equation Modeling (SEM) allows researchers to test theoretical models specifying how different constructs relate while accounting for measurement error, which is essential when dealing with psychological constructs like cognition and wellbeing.
Hard problem of consciousness - Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org 4 facts
claimThe functionalist view in cognitive science holds that the mind is an information processing system, and that cognition and consciousness are forms of computation.
claimThe computational theory of mind asserts that both cognition and phenomenal consciousness (qualia) are computational processes realized by neurons, implying that artificial intelligence could theoretically be conscious.
quoteA. C. Elitzur argued: "While [GWT] does not address the 'hard problem', namely, the very nature of consciousness, it constrains any theory that attempts to do so and provides important insights into the relation between consciousness and cognition."
referenceThe article 'Towards a cognitive neuroscience of consciousness: basic evidence and a workspace framework' was published in the journal Cognition, volume 79, issues 1–2, pages 1–37, in 2001.
A Synergistic Workspace for Human Consciousness Revealed by ... elifesciences.org 3 facts
claimThe proposed cognitive architecture is grounded in information theory and network science, allowing it to be applied to study cognition in humans and other organisms, as well as to inspire the development of artificial cognitive systems.
referenceDeco et al. characterized the brain's global workspace using data-driven methods based on regions' involvement across multiple different tasks, focusing on the role of the workspace related to cognition.
claimGrowing evidence indicates that brain dynamics and time-resolved brain states play an important role in supporting cognition and consciousness.
Consciousness and Cognitive Sciences journal-psychoanalysis.eu 3 facts
perspectiveThe author argues that cognitive science fails to account for phenomenological data because of its explanatory perspective (computational or connectionist) or its methodological commitments, leading to the argument that cognitive science does not constitute a full theory of cognition.
claimCognitive science has preferred functionalism over the last 20 years, utilizing a strategy that replaces the link between cognition and consciousness with the link between cognition and its corresponding functional or intentional states.
referenceHumberto Maturana authored the book 'Autopoiesis and Cognition: The realization of the living', published in Boston by D. Reidel in 1980.
Encyclopedia of Philosophy and the Social Sciences sk.sagepub.com 3 facts
claimVirtue epistemologists assert that cognition is normative, meaning that empirical insights from cognitive science regarding how humans perceive, remember, and reason are insufficient to determine how humans ought to cognize.
claimVirtue epistemology is an approach to understanding the evaluative and metaphysical dimensions of cognition that emphasizes the role of cognitive agents and their intellectual traits.
claimVirtue epistemologists analyze cognition by examining how an agent's intellectual powers, habits, and abilities, collectively referred to as dispositions, influence the conduct of inquiry and the formation of belief.
The Hard Problem of Consciousness | Springer Nature Link link.springer.com 3 facts
claimDavid Chalmers defines the physical as the part of reality describable in terms of structure and function, though this definition faces challenges because cognition can be conceptualized in similar terms.
claimDavid Chalmers uses the concept of 'irreducibility' to define the explanatory gap between phenomenal experience (how it feels to be) and physical accounts of neuronal activity, cognition, and behavior.
claimDavid Chalmers defines 'easy problems' of consciousness as questions concerning the structure and function of cognition, or the psychological aspects of consciousness in terms of awareness and information processing, which are neurophysiologically explainable without changing the underlying metaphysical framework.
Short- and long-term health consequences of sleep disruption dovepress.com May 19, 2017 3 facts
claimSleep disruption may directly affect functionality, including cognition and mood, by affecting stress hormones.
claimSleep disruption alters cognition and performance in domains including attention/vigilance, executive function, emotional reactivity, memory formation, decision-making, risk-taking behavior, and judgment.
claimIn otherwise healthy adults, short-term consequences of sleep disruption include increased stress responsivity, somatic pain, reduced quality of life, emotional distress, mood disorders, and deficits in cognition, memory, and performance.
Sources of Knowledge: Rationalism, Empiricism, and the Kantian ... press.rebus.community 3 facts
quoteImmanuel Kant defined "synthesis" as "the act of putting different representations [elements of cognition] together, and grasping what is manifold in them in one cognition."
quoteImmanuel Kant stated in his 'Critique of Pure Reason': 'Up to now it has been assumed that all our cognition must conform to the objects; but all attempts to find out something about them a priori through concepts that would extend our cognition have, on this presupposition, come to nothing. Hence let us once try whether we do not get farther with the problems of metaphysics by assuming that the objects must conform to our cognition, which would agree better with the requested possibility of an a priori cognition of them, which is to establish something about objects before they are given to us. This would be just like the first thoughts of Copernicus, who, when he did not make good progress in the explanation of the celestial motions if he assumed that the entire celestial host revolves around the observer, tried to see if he might not have greater success if he made the observer revolve and left the stars at rest. Now in metaphysics we can try in a similar way regarding the intuition of objects. If intuition has to conform to the constitution of the objects, then I do not see how we can know anything of them a priori; but if the object (as an object of the senses) conforms to the constitution of our faculty of intuition, then I can very well represent this possibility to myself. Yet because I cannot stop with these intuitions, if they are to become cognitions, but must refer them as representations to something as their object and determine this object through them, I can assume either that the concepts through which I bring about this determination also conform to the objects, and then I am once again in the same difficulty about how I could know anything about them a priori, or else I assume that the objects, or what is the same thing, the experience in which alone they can be cognized (as given objects) conforms to those concepts, in which case I immediately see an easier way out of the difficulty, since experience itself is a kind of cognition requiring the understanding, whose rule I have to presuppose in myself before any object is given to me, hence a priori, which rule is expressed in concepts a priori, to which all objects of experience must therefore necessarily conform, and with which they must agree.'
claimImmanuel Kant posits that experience is a form of cognition that requires the understanding, and because the rules of understanding are presupposed in the human mind before any object is given, these rules are a priori and all objects of experience must necessarily conform to them.
Consciousness in Artificial Intelligence? A Framework for Classifying ... arxiv.org Nov 20, 2025 2 facts
referenceThe Neuron Doctrine posits that the activity of action potentials is the only aspect of brain activity necessary to explain cognition and consciousness.
claimProponents of the enactive view of consciousness, such as Varela (1991), claim that consciousness and cognition in living beings arise from the capability of enacting the world where environments and organisms are codetermined and cotransformed, rather than from specific informational processes or computational organization.
Sleep duration, chronotype, health and lifestyle factors ... bmjpublichealth.bmj.com 2 facts
Panpsychism - Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org 2 facts
referenceChris Fields, Donald Hoffman, Chetan Prakash, and Manish Singh authored the paper 'Conscious agent networks: Formal analysis and application to cognition'.
perspectiveModern panpsychists distinguish between the ubiquity of experience and the ubiquity of mind and cognition to distance themselves from animism and hylozoism.
(PDF) Neurological and Biological Foundations of Children's Social ... academia.edu 2 facts
referenceBeckett et al. (2006) studied whether the effects of early severe deprivation on cognition persist into early adolescence, based on findings from the English and Romanian adoptees study.
referenceS. P. Walker, S. M. Chang, C. A. Powell, and S. M. Grantham-McGregor published 'Effects of early childhood psychosocial stimulation and nutritional supplementation on cognition and education in growth-retarded Jamaican children: Prospective cohort study' in The Lancet in 2005, volume 366, pages 1804-1807.
Quantum Approaches to Consciousness plato.stanford.edu Nov 30, 2004 2 facts
perspectiveNon-commutative structures in cognition is a more precise characterization of the research area known as quantum cognition.
claimResearch into quantum ideas in cognition has transitioned from solitary actors to collaborative efforts by multiple research groups worldwide, supported by regular international conferences and proceedings for approximately two decades.
Attention - Open Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science - MIT oecs.mit.edu Jul 24, 2024 2 facts
claimAgents pay attention selectively across various modalities of mind, including perception and cognition, which manifests in activities such as visually searching for people, listening to interlocutors, memorizing information, recalling past events, and reasoning through trains of thought.
claimThe top-down and bottom-up distinction in attention assumes a psychological structure with a top-bottom organization, where cognition is positioned at the top and perception at the bottom.
Consciousness (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy/Fall 2025 ... plato.stanford.edu Jun 18, 2004 2 facts
Virtue Epistemology - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy plato.stanford.edu Jul 9, 1999 2 facts
claimPractitioners of virtue epistemology tend to recognize the importance of empirical findings about cognition and inquiry, partly due to a predilection for naturalism and because virtue epistemology is a normative discipline that accepts a version of the "ought implies can" principle.
claimVirtue responsibilists, such as Battaly, Code, Hookway, Montmarquet, and Zagzebski, define intellectual virtues as cultivated character traits like conscientiousness and open-mindedness, aligning their approach with internalist sympathies and the ethical dimensions of cognition.
A Survey of Incorporating Psychological Theories in LLMs - arXiv arxiv.org 2 facts
referenceGregory's theory of top-down and bottom-up perception (1997) frames cognition as an interaction between conceptual frameworks and detailed data.
referenceMatthew Goldrick and Brenda Rapp authored 'Lexical and post-lexical phonological representations in spoken production', published in the journal Cognition in 2007.
Global workspace theory - Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org 2 facts
claimA. C. Elitzur's 1997 paper abstract argued that while the global workspace theory does not address the hard problem of consciousness, it constrains theories that do and provides insights into the relationship between consciousness and cognition.
referenceA.R. Damasio published 'Time-locked multiregional retroactivation: A systems-level proposal for the neural substrates of recall and recognition' in the journal Cognition in 1989.
Fame in the Brain—Global Workspace Theories of Consciousness psychologytoday.com Oct 28, 2023 2 facts
claimGlobal Workspace Theories are primarily focused on the mechanism of 'conscious access,' defined as why certain representations are available to be flexibly used by a wide range of consuming systems and the ability of conscious states to guide behavior and cognition in flexible, context-dependent ways.
quoteDaniel Dennett has referred to the process of information being broadcast to the whole workspace, resulting in conscious perception and cognition, as 'fame in the brain.'
Quantum Approaches to Consciousness plato.stanford.edu Nov 30, 2004 2 facts
claimThe term "quantum cognition" refers to a research area that can be more accurately characterized as the study of non-commutative structures in cognition.
referenceZ. Wang, J. Busemeyer, H. Atmanspacher, and E. Pothos published 'The potential of quantum theory to build models of cognition' in Topics in Cognitive Science in 2013.
(PDF) On the function of consciousness - an adaptationist perspective academia.edu 2 facts
referenceA 2007 article in NeuroQuantology examines explanations of consciousness by comparing viewpoints from psychology (cognition) and physics (quantum mechanics), suggesting that these approaches share methodological and theoretical similarities and should benefit from mutual consideration.
claimA phenomenological model attempts to extend and connect explanations of conscious behavior from quantum mechanics and cognition.
The New Field of Network Physiology: Building the Human ... frontiersin.org 2 facts
claimHaving structurally intact and functioning systems is insufficient to maintain health; coordinated network interactions among systems and sub-systems are required to generate distinct physiologic states and behaviors at the organism level, such as wake, sleep and sleep stages, rest and exercise, stress and anxiety, cognition, consciousness, and unconsciousness.
claimThe Human Physiolome maps are associated with basic physiological states including wake and sleep, sleep stages, rest and exercise, stress and anxiety, and cognition.
Physiology, Sleep Stages - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf - NIH ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 1 fact
claimCurrent scientific hypotheses regarding the function of sleep include neural maturation, facilitation of learning or memory, targeted erasure of synapses to forget unimportant information, cognition, clearance of metabolic waste products generated by neural activity, and conservation of metabolic energy.
Quantum Theory of Consciousness - Scirp.org. scirp.org 1 fact
referenceFries, P. (2015) published 'Rhythms for Cognition: Communication through Coherence' in the journal Neuron, volume 88, pages 220-235.
Quantum Approaches to Consciousness plato.stanford.edu Nov 30, 2004 1 fact
referenceConte et al. (2009) report that mental states follow quantum mechanics during the perception and cognition of ambiguous figures in their paper 'Mental states follow quantum mechanics during perception and cognition of ambiguous figures' published in Open Systems and Information Dynamics.
The Profound Interplay Between Sleep and Cognitive Function creyos.com Aug 14, 2025 1 fact
claimMike Battista, the Director of Science & Research at Creyos, specializes in brain health, cognition, and neuropsychological testing.
“Plants of the Gods” and their hallucinogenic powers in ... surgicalneurologyint.com Jul 19, 2021 1 fact
claimTHC alters mood and cognition by binding to cannabinoid receptors in the brain and potentially through the indirect release of dopamine.
Associations Between Total Sleep Duration and Cognitive Function ... dovepress.com Feb 10, 2022 1 fact
referenceLi et al. (2017) investigated the relationship between afternoon napping and cognition in Chinese older adults using baseline assessment data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, as published in the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.
Panpsychism - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy plato.stanford.edu Jul 18, 2017 1 fact
claimIn contemporary analytic philosophy, panpsychism is generally equated with panexperientialism, which posits that fundamental entities possess some form of experience rather than complex cognition.
John Bowlby and Attachment Theory: Stages and Working Model attachmentproject.com 1 fact
claimJohn Bowlby expanded his concept of attachment by incorporating scientific contributions from developmental psychology, cognition, and evolutionary psychology.
The development of consciousness from an evolutionary perspective academia.edu 1 fact
referenceTheories of consciousness proposed by Edelman, Baars, Rosenfield, Dennett, and Varela share the common idea that a biological and psychological approach to consciousness is necessary to understand cognition.
4.2 Sleep & Why We Sleep – Introductory Psychology opentext.wsu.edu 1 fact
claimSleep deprivation results in disruptions in cognition and memory deficits, including impairments in the ability to maintain attention, make decisions, and recall long-term memories, according to Brown (2012).
[PDF] Facing Up to the Problem of Consciousness - David Chalmers consc.net 1 fact
claimHuman thinking and perceiving involves a whir of information-processing.
Thinking about the action potential: the nerve signal as a window to ... frontiersin.org 1 fact
perspectiveHameroff, S. (2022) argued in 'Consciousness, cognition and the neuronal cytoskeleton-a new paradigm needed in neuroscience' (Front. Mol. Neurosci.) that a new paradigm is required in neuroscience to account for consciousness and cognition in relation to the neuronal cytoskeleton.
Memory and Sleep: How Are They Connected? ncoa.org Jun 4, 2025 1 fact
claimSleep deprivation negatively impacts memory and cognition.
How Much Sleep Do You Need? - Sleep Foundation sleepfoundation.org Jul 11, 2025 1 fact
referenceVan Someren et al. (2015) published research titled 'Disrupted sleep: From molecules to cognition'.
Critique of Panpsychism: Philosophical Coherence and Scientific ... thequran.love May 7, 2025 1 fact
claimPanpsychism does not explain how brain activity yields cognition and specific experiences, other than asserting that brain activities are constituted by micro-experiences.
Virtue epistemology - Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org 1 fact
claimThe source text defines virtue reliabilism as a theory that locates virtue in an agent's stable and reliable dispositions to generate successful cognition, rather than focusing on memorial or sensory experience.
Psychedelics and Consciousness: Distinctions, Demarcations, and ... ouci.dntb.gov.ua 1 fact
claimDespite distinct classes of psychoactive drugs producing putatively unique states of consciousness, there is surprising overlap in their effects on episodic memory and cognition.
U shaped association between sleep duration and long ... nature.com by F Feng · 2025 1 fact
referenceDevore, E. E. et al. authored the study 'Sleep duration in midlife and later life in relation to cognition', published in the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society in 2014.
Dualism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy/Winter 2016 Edition) plato.stanford.edu Aug 19, 2003 1 fact
claimWilliam James proposed that each present moment contains a 'pulse of thought' (or 'the Thought'), which serves as the vehicle for judgment of identity, choice, and cognition.
Epistemology - Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org 1 fact
claimEvolutionary epistemology is a naturalistic approach that understands cognition as a product of evolution, examining knowledge and the cognitive faculties responsible for it through the lens of natural selection.
Benefits of Sleep: Improved Energy, Mood, and Brain Health sleepfoundation.org Jul 22, 2025 1 fact
claimSleep plays a role in memory, focus, and other aspects of thinking and cognition.
Hallucinogen - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics sciencedirect.com 1 fact
claimHallucinogens have played a critical role in neuroscience by elucidating the molecular and neural mechanisms underlying perception, cognition, and consciousness.
GWT: A Leading Consciousness Theory Depends on Information ... mindmatters.ai Oct 15, 2021 1 fact
quoteMorten L. Kringelbach and Gustavo Deco state: 'The information flow within this hierarchy is highly dynamic; not just bottom-up but also top-down. In fact, recurrent interactions shape the functional processing underlying cognition and behaviour. Much of this information flow follows the underlying anatomy in the structural connections between brain regions but, equally, the information flow is largely unconstrained by this anatomical wiring.'
How Men's Hormones Change with Age - London Andrology londonandrology.com 1 fact
claimExcessive levels of glucocorticoids can negatively impact memory, cognition, sleep cycles, and a man's ability to recover from stressful events.
Associations Between Sleep Duration and Cognitive Function ... humanfactors.jmir.org 1 fact
referenceThe study 'High-intensity physical activity is not associated with better cognition in the elder: evidence from the China health and retirement longitudinal study' was posted as a preprint on Research Square on August 18, 2021.
David Chalmers - Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org 1 fact
claimDavid Chalmers proposes that computers are forming a form of "exo-cortex," where a part of human cognition is outsourced to corporations such as Apple and Google.
Quantum Models of Consciousness from a Quantum Information ... arxiv.org Dec 20, 2024 1 fact
referenceR. Swenson authored the paper 'A grand unified theory for the unification of physics, life, information and cognition (mind),' published in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, volume 381, in 2023.
Not Minds, but Signs: Reframing LLMs through Semiotics - arXiv arxiv.org Jul 1, 2025 1 fact
referenceLake et al.'s 2017 paper 'Building machines that learn and think like people' discusses the development of AI systems that mimic human learning and cognition.
Coma and Altered States of Consciousness - YouTube youtube.com Jun 19, 2015 1 fact
claimPatients are considered to have impaired consciousness when they experience an impairment of either cognition or arousal.
How Lack of Sleep Impacts Cognitive Performance and Focus brain.health Mar 13, 2023 1 fact
claimPulling an all-nighter causes short-term detriments to brain function and cognition.
Effects of psychedelics on neurogenesis and broader neuroplasticity link.springer.com Dec 19, 2024 1 fact
claimThere are seven main classes of serotonin receptors (5-HT1 to 5-HT7), each containing multiple subtypes, which are involved in physiological functions such as mood regulation, cognition, neuroplasticity, and responses to stress and anxiety.
A harder problem of consciousness: reflections on a 50-year quest ... frontiersin.org 1 fact
claimThe qualitative aspect of cognition is inaccessible to others, and it is unattainable for someone blind from birth, even if they possess a complete theoretical understanding of color perception.
The Mechanisms of Psychedelic Visionary Experiences - Frontiers frontiersin.org Sep 27, 2017 1 fact
claimThe keywords associated with the article 'The Mechanisms of Psychedelic Visionary Experiences: Hypotheses from Evolutionary Psychology' are psychedelic, cognition, mysticism, shaman, consciousness, neurophenomenology, and mirror neuron system.
All about the male hormone cycle | Guud Woman guudwoman.com 1 fact
claimTestosterone in men is responsible for vitality, assertiveness, well-being, motivation, self-confidence, libido, muscle mass, strength, cognition, and memory.
The evolutionary puzzle of cognition: challenges and insights from ... pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Jun 26, 2025 1 fact
claimCognition is widely believed to confer adaptive benefits.
What a Contest of Consciousness Theories Really Proved quantamagazine.org Aug 24, 2023 1 fact
claimGlobal Neuronal Workspace Theory (GNWT) posits that consciousness requires the participation of brain areas involved in cognition ("thinking"), whereas Integrated Information Theory (IIT) posits that consciousness depends on brain areas involved in perception ("sensing").
The cross-cultural study of mind and behaviour: a word of caution link.springer.com Apr 8, 2022 1 fact
perspectiveThe author contends that cross-cultural research on human behavior and cognition may not always be relevant to a genuinely global science of the human.
How Lack of Sleep Impacts Cognitive Performance and Focus sleepfoundation.org Jul 29, 2025 1 fact
claimSleep supports various aspects of cognition, including memory, problem-solving, creativity, emotional processing, and judgment.
Experts recommend 7-8 hours of sleep for better brain health sph.unc.edu Jan 31, 2017 1 fact
claimThe Global Council on Brain Health (GCBH) was established in 2015 as an independent, international collaborative of scientists, health professionals, scholars, and policy experts focused on human cognition and brain health.
(PDF) Unifying Theories of Consciousness, Attention, and ... academia.edu 1 fact
referenceDehaene, S., & Naccache, L. (2001) propose a workspace framework for the cognitive neuroscience of consciousness in their paper 'Towards a cognitive neuroscience of consciousness: Basic evidence and a workspace framework' published in Cognition.
Virtue Epistemology - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy plato.stanford.edu Jul 9, 1999 1 fact
referenceLauren Olin and John M. Doris examined the intersection of virtue epistemology, cognition, and skepticism in their 2014 paper 'Vicious minds: Virtue epistemology, cognition, and skepticism'.
A Comprehensive Benchmark and Evaluation Framework for Multi ... arxiv.org Jan 6, 2026 1 fact
measurementThe 'Guidance Injection Loop' configuration for patient agents achieves a hallucination score of 0.049, a relevance score of 0.992, and perfect scores of 1.000 across all Anthropomorphism dimensions (Linguistics, Cognition, and Behavior).