Justification not yet generated — showing supporting facts

• All matter in the universe is composed of unique pure substances called elements, such as hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, calcium, and iron.
• The 1941 National Nutrition Conference on Defence announced the first recommended dietary allowances (RDAs), which provided guidelines for total calories and specific nutrients including protein, calcium, phosphorus, iron, and vitamins.
• The EAT-Lancet Index (ELI), which uses semi-quantitative scores, shows positive associations with polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamins D and E, but negative associations with protein, B-complex vitamins, phosphorus, calcium, and iron.
• Leafy vegetables including Amaranthus graecizans, Portulaca oleracea, and Solanum nigrum are good sources of protein and minerals, specifically calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn).
• Wild edible plants serve as sources of carbohydrates, proteins, and fibers, and are rich in vitamins and minerals including vitamin A, vitamin C, zinc, iron, calcium, iodine, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, and folate.
• A healthy and balanced diet for pregnant and new mothers should include carbohydrates, protein, calcium, iron, and vitamins A, C, and D.
• The nutritional potential of underutilized plant species was compared against commonly cultivated crops using calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and calorific value as proxies.
• Uddin et al. (2012) reported that mature leaves of Portulaca oleracea contain high amounts of calcium, iron, and zinc. Wenzel et al. (1990) further identified that Portulaca oleracea shoots are abundant in omega-3 fatty acid, α-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, β-carotene, and glutathione, making the plant a source of minerals, vitamins, and antioxidants for functional foods and nutraceutical applications.
• Diets in rural Ethiopia are often deficient in protein and micronutrients such as iron (Fe), calcium (Ca), and vitamin A, according to Sheehy et al. (2019) and Baye et al. (2019).
• Mineral analysis of Bellevalia forniculata, Beta corolliflora, Caltha polypetala, and Primula auriculata showed high amounts of potassium (892.93–2,663.63 mg/100 g), phosphorus (239.57–636.77 mg/100 g), calcium (279.90–341.33 mg/100 g), magnesium (103.43–363.27 mg/100 g), iron (11.06–37.13 mg/100 g), manganese (1.56–5.39 mg/100 g), and zinc (2.28–3.36 mg/100 g).
• Plants serve as sources of essential minerals including calcium, iron, magnesium, and zinc, which are crucial for maintaining human health.
• Onion plants grown under a blue-to-white light ratio of 1:3 show accumulation of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and boron (B).
• The HSDI and ELDS indices, which are based on binary scoring, correlated inversely with several nutrients including protein, DHA, EPA+DHA, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12, vitamin D, iodine, phosphorus, zinc, calcium, and iron.
• Broccoli plants grown under orange light show accumulation of iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), and calcium (Ca).
• Phosphorus in a plant digest is analyzed using the Canada-molybdate yellow color method, Potassium and Calcium are analyzed using a flame photometer, Sulfur is evaluated using a turbidimetric process, and Sodium, Zinc, Copper, Iron, and Manganese are determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
• Amaranthus viridis and Hibiscus sabdariffa are important providers of protein, fatty acids, iron, magnesium, calcium, and zinc.
• Basil plants grown under a red-to-blue light ratio of 3:1 show accumulation of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and iron (Fe).
• The human body contains inorganic minerals, including calcium, phosphorus, sodium, magnesium, and iron.
• Dried Vernonia amygdalina leaves have higher calcium and iron content, while fresh leaves have higher magnesium, copper, and lead content.
• Amaranthus graecizans, Portulaca oleracea, and Dioscorea cayenensis are identified as notable sources of calcium, iron, and zinc, while the fruit Rubus apetalus is a notable source of provitamin A.
• Mustard plants grown under a blue-to-red light ratio of 1:1 show accumulation of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and boron (B).
• Vernonia amygdalina seeds contain vitamin C, vitamins B1 and B2, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, and manganese.
• Rybicka and Gliszczyńska-Świgło analyzed the content of calcium, potassium, magnesium, sodium, copper, iron, manganese, and zinc in grain gluten-free products in a 2017 study.
• Calcium and phytates determine the bioavailability and absorption of iron.
• Mineral analysis of medicinal plants determines the presence of essential elements including sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn).
• Traditional processing methods for bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina), including boiling, squeeze washing, and salting, result in the loss of proximate nutrients, calcium, iron, potassium, and vitamin C.
• Laboratory analysis of 12 underutilized edible plant species from southwestern Ethiopia showed that all species, excluding fruits, contain higher levels of calcium, iron, and zinc compared to regularly cultivated crops.
• Essential minerals such as calcium, magnesium, potassium, and iron are present in the studied medicinal plants and contribute to promoting overall health and vitality.