The study by Osekita et al. (2025) found that childhood trauma does not significantly predict physical wellbeing (β = -0.02, t = -0.26, p > 0.05) or overall wellbeing (β = -0.039, p > 0.05).
Female students scored significantly higher on wellbeing (M= 76.04) than male students (M= 70.35) in the study conducted at BOUESTI.
Brindle, R. C., Zhang, W., Gazarian, D., & Klomek, A. B. (2020) published 'The impact of childhood trauma on adult mental health and well-being: Findings from a community sample' in the Journal of Traumatic Stress.
A study of BOUESTI students found that age does not have a statistically significant impact on the mental health and wellbeing of the participants.
Luhmann, M., Lucas, R. E., Eid, M., & Diener, E. (2021) indicated that subjective wellbeing remains relatively stable across different age groups, emphasizing that social relationships and employment status have a more significant impact on wellbeing than age.
The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) questionnaire has gaps in understanding how childhood trauma shapes an individual’s self-perception and overall well-being over time.
Ryff et al. (2020) analyzed sex differences in the association between mental health, well-being, and adverse childhood experiences.
Well-being encompasses physical, emotional, social, and psychological aspects.
The World Health Organization (2014) defines mental health as a state of well-being in which every individual realizes his or her own potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to her or his community.
There is a significant difference in wellbeing between male and female undergraduate students (t(357) = -2.94, p < .01).
Well-being is a sense of health and vitality that arises from thoughts, emotions, actions, and experiences, characterized by feelings of happiness, health, social connection, and purpose.
Diener and Seligman (2002) attributed the higher levels of wellbeing reported in women to better social relationships and a greater tendency to seek and receive social support.
The study by Osekita et al. (2025) found that childhood trauma significantly affects the psychological domain of wellbeing (β = -0.22, t = -3.67, p < 0.01).
Women have higher levels of wellbeing compared to men, which could be linked to the level of social support that women often receive.
A One-Way ANOVA analysis of BOUESTI students showed no significant age difference in mental health (F(3, 255)= 1.504, p>.05) or wellbeing (F(3, 255)= 1.711, p>.05).
Easterlin (2006) showed that an individual’s wellbeing can vary significantly with age due to life events and circumstances, including career progression, family dynamics, and health.
Huppert (2009) reported that women tend to experience higher levels of life satisfaction and wellbeing than men, potentially due to stronger social connections and greater emotional regulation.
The study titled 'The Long-Term Perceived Effect of Childhood Trauma on Youth's Mental Health and Wellbeing' hypothesizes that age significantly affects youth mental health and wellbeing.
The term well-being is used synonymously with self-esteem, self-efficacy, self-determination, resilience, quality of life, mood enhancement, positive mental health, life satisfaction, and worthwhileness.
Ryf, Krueger, Painter, and Nagle (2020) found that women generally report higher levels of wellbeing, attributing this to a greater emphasis on personal relationships and community involvement.
The study by Osekita et al. (2025) reported a significant sex difference in the wellbeing of participants, with females scoring higher (M = 76.04) than males (M = 70.35).
The study's fourth hypothesis, which posited an age difference in mental health and wellbeing, was not supported by the data.
The finding that age does not have a statistically significant impact on mental health and wellbeing is consistent with the study of Ploubidis.
The study titled 'The Long-Term Perceived Effect of Childhood Trauma on Youth's Mental Health and Wellbeing' hypothesizes that childhood trauma has a significant effect on dimensions of wellbeing.
Well-being is linked to positive and negative affect, satisfaction with life, quality of life, happiness, personal growth and flourishing, capability, self-acceptance, positive relationships, and autonomy.
The study titled 'The Long-Term Perceived Effect of Childhood Trauma on Youth's Mental Health and Wellbeing' hypothesizes that there is a significant sex difference in youth mental health and wellbeing.
The study by Osekita et al. (2025) found no significant age difference in mental health (F(3, 255) = 1.504, p > 0.05) or wellbeing (F(3, 255) = 1.711, p > 0.05) among the participants.