Knowledge Tree
childhood trauma
Also known as: childhood trauma, childhood abuse
synthesized from dimensionsChildhood trauma is defined as the experience of adverse events during developmental years that overwhelm an individual's capacity to cope. These experiences encompass a broad spectrum of stressors, including physical, emotional, or sexual abuse, neglect, household dysfunction, exposure to community violence, substance abuse, medical trauma, and traumatic grief various definitions from Oaks Integrated Care and Palo Alto University common trauma types listed. These events occur across distinct developmental stages, ranging from early childhood through middle adolescence Palo Alto University.
The physiological and neurological impact of childhood trauma is profound. Exposure to such stressors is known to alter stress responses, dysregulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and disrupt brain development, particularly in areas responsible for executive function and emotion regulation physiological effects on stress Oaks Integrated Care. These biological changes are frequently linked to the development of autoimmune disorders and long-term health declines Palo Alto University serious consequences.
The seminal Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study by Felitti et al. established a critical link between childhood trauma and an increased risk for many of the leading causes of adult mortality ACE Study on mortality ACE mortality link. Broader research consistently associates these early experiences with adult mental health struggles, including depression, anxiety, PTSD, substance abuse, and sleep disturbances Kessler on mental health risks Greenfield U.S. study. Furthermore, some researchers have identified correlations between childhood trauma and adult criminal behavior, often mediated by a fractured sense of identity trauma linked to criminality.
While the majority of literature highlights significant negative outcomes, findings are not uniform. Some studies, such as the 2025 research by Osekita et al. on university students, have reported instances where childhood trauma did not significantly predict overall physical or mental health outcomes in specific samples no mental health impact no wellbeing prediction. These variations are often attributed to individual differences in coping mechanisms and the presence of protective factors, such as resilience, which can buffer against the most severe long-term effects non-uniform impact noted resilience buffers effects.
The transmission of trauma can also be intergenerational, as parental emotional dysregulation and trauma history may impair parenting capacity, leading to cycles of neglect or abuse intergenerational transmission occurs impaired parenting. Mediators such as rumination patterns and core self-evaluation play a significant role in how these experiences manifest in adulthood proactive rumination mediation 2025 Elsevier study.
Addressing childhood trauma requires a multifaceted approach, including trauma-informed care and evidence-based therapeutic interventions such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) Palo Alto University. Strengthening an individual's sense of self and fostering supportive environments are considered essential strategies for mitigating the long-term impact of early adversity proactive rumination mediation resilience builds via support.
Model Perspectives (2)
openrouter/x-ai/grok-4.1-fast definitive 88% confidence
Childhood trauma is consistently defined across sources as adverse experiences during childhood, including physical, emotional, or sexual abuse, neglect, household dysfunction, and exposure to violence or substance abuse, with common types encompassing bullying, community violence, medical trauma, and traumatic grief. various definitions from Oaks Integrated Care and Palo Alto University common trauma types listed. Research by Osekita et al. from RSIS International (2025) on BOUESTI university students shows childhood trauma significantly predicts lower psychological wellbeing (β = -0.22, t = -3.67, p < 0.01), though it does not significantly affect physical wellbeing, overall wellbeing, or mental health in that sample. significant psychological impact in study no physical wellbeing prediction. Broader studies, such as Kessler (2010) and Carlson et al. (2021), link it to adult mental health issues like depression, anxiety, PTSD, and substance abuse, while Dr. Nadine Burke Harris's research indicates increased risk for seven of ten leading causes of death. Kessler on mental health risks Burke Harris on mortality risks. Physiologically, it alters stress responses, dysregulates the HPA axis, and triggers autoimmune disorders per Palo Alto University. physiological effects on stress. Stefan Bogaerts et al. associate it with adult criminal behavior mediated by 'lack of identity.' trauma linked to criminality. Effects are not uniform, varying by individual coping, and high resilience can buffer negatives, as noted in Dove Press studies; intergenerational transmission occurs via parental emotional dysregulation. non-uniform impact noted resilience buffers effects. Mediators include rumination types and core self-evaluation per Downey and Crummy (2025). Interventions like trauma-informed care and strengthening self-sense are suggested. proactive rumination mediation. The seminal ACE Study by Felitti et al. (1998) underscores long-term health links. ACE Study on mortality.
openrouter/x-ai/grok-4.1-fast definitive 85% confidence
Childhood trauma involves exposure to events like abuse or serious injury across age-specific stages, including early childhood (0-6 years), early adolescence (10-13), and middle adolescence (14-17), as categorized by Palo Alto University. It disrupts brain development in emotion regulation and executive function areas, per Oaks Integrated Care, and links to long-term issues like sleep problems (Greenfield U.S. study), depression (twice as likely, Dove Press), anxiety, PTSD, and substance abuse (RSIS International). Dove Press highlights broad consequences including impaired brain function, emotional issues, drug abuse, suicidality, criminality, and health decline serious consequences. The ACE Study by Felitti et al. (CDC) connects it to adult mortality causes ACE mortality link. Maternal trauma leads to impaired parenting like neglect and abuse (Dove Press). Mediators include rumination and self-evaluation (2025 Elsevier study). Evidence-based therapies are CBT, DBT, and EMDR (Palo Alto University); resilience builds via support and coping (Oaks Integrated Care). Contrarily, Osekita et al.'s BOUESTI study (RSIS International) found no significant mental health effects no mental health impact or physical wellbeing prediction no wellbeing prediction.
Facts (111)
Sources
The Long-Term Perceived Effect of Childhood Trauma on Youth's ... rsisinternational.org 30 facts
claimThe study concludes that childhood trauma has a significant influence on psychological wellbeing.
claimIn the study of BOUESTI university students, childhood trauma did not appear to significantly influence physical wellbeing or overall wellbeing.
measurementThe study by Osekita et al. (2025) found that childhood trauma does not significantly predict physical wellbeing (β = -0.02, t = -0.26, p > 0.05) or overall wellbeing (β = -0.039, p > 0.05).
referenceKessler (2010) found that individuals who reported experiencing childhood trauma were more likely to suffer from mental health issues, including depression, anxiety disorders, and substance abuse in adulthood.
referenceCarlson, E. A., Hostinar, C. E., Mliner, S. B., & Gunnar, M. R. (2021) identified a strong association between high levels of childhood trauma and an increased risk of developing worse mental health outcomes, including depression, anxiety disorder, PTSD, and substance abuse.
referenceBrindle, R. C., Zhang, W., Gazarian, D., & Klomek, A. B. (2020) published 'The impact of childhood trauma on adult mental health and well-being: Findings from a community sample' in the Journal of Traumatic Stress.
referenceAnda et al. (2006) found that individuals who experienced multiple forms of childhood trauma had higher risks of developing depression and anxiety in adulthood.
claimThe impact of childhood trauma is not uniform, as individuals may cope with traumatic experiences differently, and what is considered traumatic can differ per individual.
claimChildhood trauma does not necessarily affect the mental health of all individuals who have experienced it, especially those without any clinically significant mental health issues.
claimChildhood trauma is defined as a life-threatening and violent event in a child's life, which profoundly influences behavioral and emotional well-being and shapes the ability to establish trust and connections in later life, according to Toof, Skeer, Nargiso, and Tompson (2020).
claimThe Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) questionnaire has gaps in understanding how childhood trauma shapes an individual’s self-perception and overall well-being over time.
referenceSeedat, Stein, and Forde (2009) examined the association between physical partner violence, posttraumatic stress, childhood trauma, and suicide attempts in a community sample of women.
claimChildhood trauma significantly predicts psychological wellbeing (β = -.22, t = -3.67, p < .01), meaning an increase in childhood trauma experiences predicts a decrease in psychological wellbeing later in life.
claimIndividuals who have experienced childhood trauma may face difficulties in forming and maintaining healthy relationships, achieving academic and career success, and maintaining overall life satisfaction.
claimThe study titled 'The Long-Term Perceived Effect of Childhood Trauma on Youth's Mental Health and Wellbeing' hypothesizes that there will be a significant effect of childhood trauma on youth’s mental health.
claimChildhood trauma has no significant effect on the mental health of BOUESTI undergraduate students, as indicated by an independent sample t-test (t(257) = -.031, p > .05).
claimChildhood trauma can significantly impact a child’s psychological development, often leading to mental health challenges that persist into adolescence and adulthood.
claimThe study of BOUESTI university students found that childhood trauma significantly predicts psychological wellbeing, where high levels of childhood trauma correlate with low levels of psychological wellbeing.
referenceMerrick, M. T., Ford, D. C., Ports, K. A., & Guinn, A. S. (2017) revealed that childhood trauma is strongly linked to emotional dysregulation, lower self-esteem, and difficulty forming healthy relationships.
measurementThe study by Osekita et al. (2025) found that childhood trauma significantly affects the psychological domain of wellbeing (β = -0.22, t = -3.67, p < 0.01).
referenceAnda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., Bremner, J. D., Walker, J. D., Whitfield, C., Perry, B. D., Dube, S. R., & Giles, W. H. (2006) found that childhood abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction are linked to an increased risk of mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and other mental health issues.
measurementIn a sample of 259 BOUESTI students, the average score for childhood trauma was 3.77 (SD 2.92), psychological wellbeing was 23.73 (SD 5.27), physical wellbeing was 27.19 (SD 6.20), and mental health was 243.04 (SD 47.80).
referenceToof, Skeer, Nargiso, and Tompson (2020) conducted a longitudinal study published in the Journal of Adolescent Health, which examined the impact of childhood trauma on substance use trajectories from adolescence to adulthood.
claimIndividuals who have experienced childhood trauma may be at a heightened risk of developing mental health disorders, including depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and substance abuse.
claimThe study found no statistically significant effect of childhood trauma on the mental health of the participating BOUESTI students, showing no notable difference between those who experienced high levels of childhood trauma and those who experienced low levels.
referenceZarse et al. (2019) suggest that physical wellbeing is either maintained independently of childhood trauma, or the effect of trauma on physical health manifests later in life rather than during youth.
claimChildhood trauma does not significantly predict physical wellbeing (β = -.02, t = -.26, p > .05) or overall wellbeing (β = -.039, p > .05) among BOUESTI undergraduate students.
claimThe study titled 'The Long-Term Perceived Effect of Childhood Trauma on Youth's Mental Health and Wellbeing' hypothesizes that childhood trauma has a significant effect on dimensions of wellbeing.
measurementIn the study by Osekita et al. (2025), childhood trauma was found not to have a statistically significant effect on the mental health of the 259 participants (t(257) = -0.031, P > 0.05).
referenceZarse, Neff, Yoder, Hulvershorn, Chambers, and Chambers (2019) published a study in Cogent Medicine reviewing two decades of research on the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) questionnaire, identifying childhood trauma as a primary cause of adult mental illness, addiction, and medical diseases.
The impact of childhood trauma on children's wellbeing and adult ... ouci.dntb.gov.ua 22 facts
claimProactive rumination has a significant indirect effect between childhood trauma and resilience through core self-evaluation, according to a 2025 study.
perspectiveStefan Bogaerts, Deni Tressová, Esmée Feijen, and Marija Janković suggest that interventions aimed at strengthening an individual's sense of self may help mitigate criminal tendencies in individuals with a history of childhood trauma.
claimBarlow's research in Child Abuse & Neglect (No. 65, p. 37) indicates that trauma appraisals, emotion regulation difficulties, and self-compassion are predictors of posttraumatic stress symptoms following childhood abuse.
claimFathia Ahmed Mersal, Shereen Ahmed Elwasefy, and Amal Ahmed Elbilgahy (2025) observed that participants in helping professions had higher childhood trauma and resilience scores compared to non-helping profession participants, suggesting that childhood distress and current high levels of resilience may have influenced their career choice.
claimStefan Bogaerts, Deni Tressová, Esmée Feijen, and Marija Janković found that childhood trauma is associated with adult criminal behavior.
referenceFathia Ahmed Mersal, Shereen Ahmed Elwasefy, and Amal Ahmed Elbilgahy (2025) investigated how Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms, childhood trauma, and resilience influenced career choice in the helping professions using a sample of 133 university, community, and online participants.
claimIntrusive rumination has a significant indirect effect between childhood trauma and resilience through active rumination, according to a 2025 study.
referenceGalletly conducted a 20-year follow-up study published in Schizophrenia Research, which examined psychotic symptoms in young adults who were exposed to childhood trauma.
claimThe mediating effect of intrusive rumination between childhood trauma and resilience is not significant, according to a 2025 study.
claimStefan Bogaerts, Deni Tressová, Esmée Feijen, and Marija Janković found that childhood trauma is positively associated with a 'lack of identity,' but showed no significant effect on consolidated or disturbed identity.
referenceA 2025 study investigated the pathway by which rumination and core self-evaluation affect childhood trauma and psychological resilience.
claimIn a study by Stefan Bogaerts, Deni Tressová, Esmée Feijen, and Marija Janković, 'lack of identity' was identified as the sole mediator between childhood trauma and adult criminal behavior.
claimActive rumination and core self-evaluation have significant mediating effects between childhood trauma and resilience, according to a 2025 study.
claimGreenfield provided evidence from a U.S. national study published in the Annals of Behavioral Medicine that childhood abuse acts as a risk factor for sleep problems in adulthood.
claimEkinci's research in the Nordic Journal of Psychiatry (No. 69, p. 249) explores the relationship between childhood trauma, depression, anxiety, and self-esteem in substance-dependent patients.
claimDye's research in the Journal of Human Behaviour in the Social Environment (No. 28, p. 381) investigates the impact and long-term effects of childhood trauma.
measurementIn the study by Fathia Ahmed Mersal, Shereen Ahmed Elwasefy, and Amal Ahmed Elbilgahy (2025), multiple linear regression analysis showed that career adaptability and decision-making significantly predicted PTSD, childhood trauma, and resilience scores for all 133 participants.
claimIntrusive rumination has a significant indirect effect between childhood trauma and resilience through core self-evaluation, according to a 2025 study.
claimHeim identified a link between childhood trauma and depression, utilizing insights from HPA axis studies in humans, as published in Psychoneuroendocrinology.
referenceThe article titled 'The impact of childhood trauma on children's wellbeing and adult...' was published in the European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation in 2022, volume 1, page 100237, by authors Cheyenne Downey and Aoife Crummy.
claimStrategies aimed at improving psychological resilience and addressing stress and anxiety may help improve sleep quality in adults who experienced childhood trauma.
claimIntrusive rumination has a significant indirect effect between childhood trauma and resilience through proactive rumination, according to a 2025 study.
The Impact of Maternal Childhood Trauma on Children's Problem ... dovepress.com Nov 4, 2024 19 facts
claimParents with childhood trauma often exhibit strong emotional responses such as fear, anger, sadness, and avoidance behaviors, which are observed and learned by young children, affecting their behavioral and emotional development.
measurementOver 50% of severely depressed patients have experienced at least one traumatic event during childhood.
claimHigh resilience can significantly buffer the negative effects of childhood trauma, helping individuals better adapt to challenges.
claimChildhood Trauma is defined as psychological, emotional, or physical harm caused by negative behavior or inaction by parents or other caregivers during childhood, including emotional neglect, physical neglect, emotional abuse, sexual abuse, and physical abuse.
claimChildhood trauma can directly influence children’s problem behaviors and indirectly affect these problems through depression.
claimMothers who experienced trauma during childhood may struggle to regulate their emotional states due to the psychological and physiological impacts of their trauma, leading to increased hostility, helplessness, and feelings of loneliness, which may place their children at higher risk for abusive environments.
claimMindful parenting enhances mothers’ self-regulation and emotional health, reducing the transmission of negative emotions caused by childhood trauma and increasing positive responses, thereby lowering the incidence of children’s problem behaviors.
claimChildhood trauma can affect the health, adaptability, and well-being of future generations through intergenerational transmission.
referenceXie et al. (2018) studied the prevalence of childhood trauma and its correlations with suicidal ideation and social support among patients with depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia in southern China.
claimChildhood trauma is associated with serious consequences for individual development, including impaired brain structure and function, sleep problems, emotional problems, drug abuse, suicidal behavior, criminal behavior, and overall health decline.
claimMothers who have experienced childhood trauma may exhibit impaired parenting skills, including child neglect, lower parenting efficacy, negative self-evaluation, and more frequent use of abusive, punitive, and psychologically aggressive parenting methods.
claimMaternal emotional challenges, such as those stemming from childhood trauma, can reduce the quality of the parenting environment by leading to intrusive parenting, inconsistent discipline, and diminished parental monitoring.
referenceKuzminskaite et al. (2021) conducted an integrated review of psychological and biological mechanisms linking childhood trauma to adult depressive and anxiety disorders within the NESDA cohort.
referenceOrtiz and Sibinga (2017) examined the role of mindfulness in reducing the adverse effects of childhood stress and trauma.
measurementIndividuals who have experienced childhood trauma are twice as likely to suffer from persistent and recurrent depression compared to those who have not.
claimNegative parenting behaviors exhibited by parents who have experienced childhood trauma may lead to problem behavior in the next generation.
claimChildhood trauma is a significant predictor of depression in adulthood.
referenceBrindle RC, Cribbet MR, Samuelsson LB, et al. identified a relationship between childhood trauma and poor sleep health in adulthood in a 2018 study published in Psychosomatic Medicine.
procedureMothers should increase their awareness of the long-term impact of childhood trauma on themselves and their children's development by utilizing books, online resources, or professional lectures to enhance self-reflection.
Childhood Trauma and its effect on Adulthood - Palo Alto University paloaltou.edu 11 facts
claimChildhood trauma negatively affects physiological functions by altering the stress response, triggering autoimmune disorders, dysregulating hormonal pathways, and impacting the HPA axis, the fight-or-flight response, and reward circuits.
claimCommon types of childhood trauma include bullying, community violence, complex or compounded trauma, disasters, intimate partner violence, medical trauma, physical abuse, refugee trauma, sexual abuse and sex trafficking, terrorism and violence, and traumatic grief or bereavement.
claimDr. Nadine Burke Harris, formerly the Surgeon General of California, conducted research indicating that childhood trauma increases the risk for seven out of the ten leading causes of death.
claimChildhood trauma refers to trauma individuals face during their development as a child, with main categories including physical abuse, emotional abuse, sexual abuse, and neglect.
claimOlder children who experience trauma often exhibit behaviors such as physical aches, a lack of trust, or learning disabilities.
claimChildhood trauma is categorized by age ranges, specifically distinguishing between events occurring in early childhood (0-6), early adolescence (10-13), or middle adolescence (14-17).
claimYounger children in early childhood react to traumatic events through nonverbal behaviors, including emotional outbursts, poor verbal skills, and memory problems, because they are less able to process trauma cognitively.
claimChildren who witness or experience traumatic events are at risk for physical and mental illnesses, including substance use and mental health conflicts as they age.
claimThe most researched, evidence-based therapy approaches for childhood trauma are Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT), and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR).
claimIndicators of unresolved childhood trauma in adults include substance misuse or dependency, stress, anxiety, mood or personality disorders, behavioral issues, emotional immaturity, and an inability to deal with confrontation or conflict.
claimNegative health outcomes associated with unresolved childhood trauma include depressive disorder, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, asthma, kidney disease, stroke, coronary heart disease, cancer, diabetes, and obesity.
The impact of childhood trauma on children's wellbeing and adult ... academia.edu 11 facts
referenceDye (2018) examined the impact and long-term effects of childhood trauma.
referenceLotzin et al. (2016) investigated profiles of childhood trauma in patients with alcohol dependence and their association with addiction-related problems, published in Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 40(3), 543-552.
referenceEkinci and Kandemir (2015) investigated childhood trauma in the lives of substance-dependent patients, specifically the relationship between trauma, depression, anxiety, and self-esteem.
referenceBarlow, Goldsmith-Turow, and Gerhart (2017) found that trauma appraisals, emotion regulation difficulties, and self-compassion predict posttraumatic stress symptoms following childhood abuse.
referenceSwanson, Hamilton, and Muzik (2014) published 'The role of childhood trauma and PTSD in postpartum sleep disturbance' in the Journal of Traumatic Stress, 27(6), 689-694, which investigates the relationship between childhood trauma, PTSD, and sleep issues in the postpartum period.
referenceYumbul, Cavusoglu, and Geyimci (2010) published 'The effect of childhood trauma on adult attachment styles, infidelity tendency, romantic jealousy and self-esteem' in Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 1741-1745, which examines how childhood trauma influences adult psychological and relational outcomes.
referenceGreenfield et al. (2011) identified childhood abuse as a risk factor for sleep problems in adulthood based on a U.S. national study.
referenceHammersley et al. (2016) investigated the childhood trauma histories of individuals who have injected drugs.
referenceNader (2011) assessed associated features important to understanding childhood trauma, published in the Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 4(4), 259-273.
referenceGalletly, Van Hoof, and McFarlane (2011) conducted a 20-year follow-up study finding that childhood trauma is associated with the development of psychotic symptoms in young adults.
referenceGrabbe, Ball, and Hall (2016) examined the experiences of women who are childhood trauma survivors and are currently in treatment for addiction, specifically focusing on the 'girlhood betrayals' they experienced.
The Long-Term Impact of Childhood Trauma on Mental Health oaksintcare.org Apr 22, 2024 6 facts
claimChildhood trauma is defined as a range of adverse experiences, including physical, emotional, or sexual abuse, neglect, household dysfunction, and exposure to violence or substance abuse.
claimChildhood trauma significantly increases the risk of developing mental health disorders later in life, including depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and substance abuse.
perspectiveAddressing the long-term impact of childhood trauma requires a multifaceted approach including early intervention, trauma-informed care, and systemic changes to support survivors.
claimChildhood trauma can dysregulate the body's stress response system, leading to chronic hyperarousal and increased vulnerability to stress-related disorders.
claimChildhood trauma can disrupt brain development, specifically in areas responsible for emotion regulation and executive functioning.
claimResilience in survivors of childhood trauma can be promoted and the long-term effects mitigated through access to supportive relationships, therapeutic interventions, and coping strategies.
The Effects of Attachment and Trauma on Parenting and Children's ... rsisinternational.org Aug 16, 2025 2 facts
Psychosocial Pathways - CDC cdc.gov Sep 1, 2023 2 facts
referenceFelitti VJ, Anda RF, Nordenberg D, Williamson DF, Spitz AM, Edwards V, et al. published 'Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study' in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine in 1998, which investigates the connection between childhood abuse, household dysfunction, and adult mortality.
referenceFelitti VJ, Anda RF, Nordenberg D, Williamson DF, Spitz AM, Edwards V, et al. published 'Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study' in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine in 1998, which establishes the connection between childhood abuse, household dysfunction, and leading causes of adult mortality.
Anneke Lucas: I Was a Sex Slave to Europe's Elite at Age 6 globalcitizen.org Dec 19, 2016 2 facts
claimAnneke Lucas claims that power addicts, world leaders, and corrupt politicians who abuse children are driven by a desire to avoid the humiliation of their own childhood abuse, leading them to recycle that abuse.
claimAnneke Lucas remained silent about her childhood abuse for 40 years following the events of her youth.
189: Anneke Lucas: Sold Into A Pedophile Network By Her Mother podcasts.apple.com Jun 20, 2023 2 facts
Childhood Trauma & Its Lifelong Impact: 12 Resources positivepsychology.com Apr 29, 2024 1 fact
claimChildhood trauma encompasses a range of adverse experiences, including physical, emotional, or sexual abuse, neglect, household dysfunction, and exposure to violence or substance abuse.
PBD Podcast - "Trained As A Spy At 10” - Sex Trafficking Survivor ... podscripts.co Nov 25, 2024 1 fact
accountAnneke Lucas recounts that upon experiencing her first flashback of childhood trauma, she initially rejected the memory, felt suicidal, and struggled with the cognitive dissonance of the memory conflicting with her self-identity.
Attachment Theory - Seattle Anxiety Specialists seattleanxiety.com 1 fact
referenceLyons-Ruth K. and Block D. published research in 1996 on the relations among childhood trauma, maternal caregiving, and infant affect and attachment.
Stress, Lifestyle, and Health – Introduction to Psychology open.maricopa.edu 1 fact
claimTraumatic events are stressors involving exposure to actual or threatened death or serious injury, including military combat, physical assaults (such as physical attacks, sexual assault, robbery, or childhood abuse), terrorist attacks, natural disasters (such as earthquakes, floods, or hurricanes), and automobile accidents.