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• The Institute of Medicine of the National Academies published dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein, and amino acids in 2002.
• Cordain asserts that late Paleolithic hunter-gatherer diets differed from the modern Western diet by having a lower glycemic load, a net base yielding to the kidney, higher potassium and lower sodium levels, higher fiber levels, more protein, fewer carbohydrates, and higher levels of vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals.
• The Food and Nutrition Board of the United States Institute of Medicine identifies Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR) for adults as 45–65% carbohydrate, 10–35% protein, and 20–35% fat as a percentage of total energy, which are associated with reduced risk of chronic diseases while providing adequate nutrients.
• In 2006, the typical American diet consisted of approximately 2,200 kilocalories (9,200 kJ) per day, with 50% of calories from carbohydrates, 15% from protein, and 35% from fat.
• Carbohydrates spare protein more efficiently than fat under conditions of marginal calorie, protein, or glucose intake, making plant foods a more efficient substitute for fatty animals despite the higher processing requirements (Speth and Spielmann 1983).
• Nutrients are categorized into macronutrients (carbohydrates, protein, and fats), which are needed in large amounts for energy, and micronutrients (vitamins and minerals), which are needed in smaller amounts to govern metabolism.
• Wolfe BM and Piche LA demonstrated that replacing carbohydrate with protein in a conventional-fat diet reduces cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in healthy normolipidemic subjects, as published in Clinical and Investigative Medicine in 1999.
• Skov AR, Toubro S, Ronn B, Holm L, and Astrup A conducted a randomized trial comparing protein versus carbohydrate in an ad libitum fat-reduced diet for the treatment of obesity, as published in the International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders in 1999.
• The nutritive content per 100g fresh weight of Ocimum basilicum Linn. includes 28.84g carbohydrate, 0.64g fat, 3.15g protein, and 92.06g water.
• The macronutrient ratio of the traditional Inuit diet was approximately 56% protein, 43% fat, and 1% carbohydrate, indicating that pre-contact Inuit people were in ketosis due to very low carbohydrate intake.
• Wolfe BM and Giovannetti PM found that substituting protein for carbohydrate in the diets of moderately hypercholesterolemic human subjects had short-term effects, as published in the Journal of the American Dietetic Association in 1989.
• The leaves of Vernonia amygdalina contain varying concentrations of protein, moisture, carbohydrates, ash, fat, minerals, oils, and vitamins.
• Across ELD-I quintiles, protein, LA, vitamin B-12, carbohydrates, and sodium showed negative trends of small magnitude, while zinc showed a negative trend with a moderate effect size; iron and proteins showed no significant trends.
• The transition to agriculture led to an increased exploitation of plants and cereals, resulting in a notable reduction in protein and an increase in carbohydrates in human diets since the Paleolithic era.
• Milton (1999) asserts that the metabolic cost of converting protein into energy for brain function and physical demands like endurance running exceeds the metabolic cost of converting carbohydrates.