Knowledge Tree
nervous system
synthesized from dimensionsThe nervous system is the body’s primary command and control center, responsible for detecting sensory information, processing data, and orchestrating responses to maintain homeostasis and enable complex behavior. It functions as a high-speed communication network that synchronizes the activities of other organ systems, distinguishing itself from the endocrine system through its reliance on rapid electrical and chemical signaling rather than the slower, sustained effects of hormones Institute of Human Anatomy. While the total number of organ systems recognized in human anatomy varies—ranging from seven to eleven depending on the classification framework Institute of Human Anatomy, EBSCO, NCBI, and Kenhub—the nervous system is universally identified as a fundamental component of human physiology.
Morphologically, the system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS), comprising the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which includes the nerves and sensory organs that extend throughout the body Kenhub, Institute of Human Anatomy. At the cellular level, gray matter is responsible for generating instructions, while white matter facilitates the conduction of these signals via axons Institute of Human Anatomy, Kenhub. Functionally, the system is further categorized into the voluntary somatic nervous system and the involuntary autonomic nervous system Kenhub.
The nervous system maintains constant interaction with other physiological systems to regulate vital functions. It coordinates with the musculoskeletal system via motor neurons Institute of Human Anatomy, the circulatory system through baroreceptors to monitor blood pressure Institute of Human Anatomy, [5b1fbccb-0570-4074-81b7-26424664540c], and the endocrine system via the hypothalamus Institute of Human Anatomy. It also regulates respiration by monitoring oxygen, CO2, and hydrogen ion levels via chemoreceptors Institute of Human Anatomy and manages stress responses by triggering the release of hormones like adrenaline and cortisol Institute of Human Anatomy, [de628654-5bd2-4b4c-8c51-db3c02e27803].
Evolutionarily, the nervous system emerged as a solution to the challenges of multicellularity, enabling organisms to coordinate muscle activity near the epithelium and act as a unified entity Keijzer et al. (2013), Keijzer et al. (2013). Beyond its mechanical and regulatory duties, the system is the seat of consciousness, forming the basis for complex cognitive debates regarding the "easy" and "hard" problems of neural mechanisms Wikipedia. Its plasticity allows it to be influenced by external factors, including lifestyle practices like meditation, which can enhance memory networks Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, and yoga, which has been shown to modulate nervous system activity Harvard Health Publishing.
Model Perspectives (2)
openrouter/x-ai/grok-4.1-fast definitive 95% confidence
The nervous system serves as the body's command center, detecting and processing sensory information to activate responses and regulate vital functions across other organ systems, according to sources like the Institute of Human Anatomy and Kenhub. It comprises the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and sensory organs, divided morphologically into the central nervous system (CNS: brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (PNS), as described by Kenhub and the Institute of Human Anatomy. Functionally, it splits into voluntary somatic nervous system and involuntary autonomic nervous system per Kenhub. Gray matter generates instructions while white matter conducts them via axons, noted in cadaver observations by the Institute of Human Anatomy and Kenhub. It coordinates responses like temperature regulation via vessel dilation and sweating Institute of Human Anatomy, stress-induced fight-or-flight with hormone release Institute of Human Anatomy, and interactions with musculoskeletal via motor neurons Institute of Human Anatomy, circulatory via baroreceptors Institute of Human Anatomy, endocrine via hypothalamus Institute of Human Anatomy, and digestive via enteric nervous system Institute of Human Anatomy. Evolutionarily, per Springer publications, it addressed multicellular control problems, enabling unified action as proposed by Keijzer et al. (2013), with integrative actions detailed by Sherrington (1906). It links to consciousness debates, like Chalmers' easy/hard problems involving neural mechanisms Wikipedia.
openrouter/x-ai/grok-4.1-fast 92% confidence
The nervous system is a fundamental organ system in the human body, included in all provided lists of major systems despite variations in total count: seven systems per Institute of Human Anatomy, nine per EBSCO, ten per National Center for Biotechnology Information and others, and 11 per Kenhub. It consists of the brain, spinal cord, sensory organs, and neurons transmitting signals, serving as a primary control center alongside the endocrine system to synchronize other systems via rapid signals, contrasting with the endocrine's longer-lasting hormonal effects Institute of Human Anatomy. Key functions include monitoring blood pressure with circulatory, endocrine, urinary systems, regulating respiration via chemoreceptors for oxygen, CO2, and hydrogen ions Institute of Human Anatomy and EBSCO, detecting stress to trigger adrenaline/cortisol release Institute of Human Anatomy, and controlling processes like stomach acid via nerve pathways observable in cadavers Institute of Human Anatomy. It interacts spatially with digestive and circulatory systems in 3D anatomy Institute of Human Anatomy and coordinates bodily actions like sneezing Kenhub. External influences include meditation enhancing memory networks Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, yoga calming it Harvard Health Publishing, and cocoa extract stimulation Frontiers in Immunology; evolutionarily, it arose to coordinate muscle near epithelium Keijzer et al. via Springer.
Facts (114)
Sources
7 Major Organ Systems: Functions and Connections instituteofhumananatomy.com Nov 23, 2025 23 facts
claimExamining the human body in three dimensions allows students to observe how the nervous, digestive, and circulatory systems interact within an actual anatomical setting.
claimThe human body relies on seven major organ systems to function effectively: the circulatory, nervous, respiratory, digestive, urinary, musculoskeletal, and endocrine systems.
claimThe musculoskeletal system depends on the nervous system for control and coordination, specifically through motor neurons that transmit electrical signals from the brain and spinal cord to muscle fibers to trigger contractions.
claimWhen human body temperature exceeds 98.6°F (37°C), the nervous system coordinates a cooling response by dilating blood vessels near the skin and inducing sweat production.
claimThe nervous system acts as the body's command center, managing responses across every organ and tissue.
claimThe endocrine system and the nervous system interact through the hypothalamus, which signals the release of hormones like cortisol and adrenaline during stress to facilitate both quick nerve-based responses and prolonged hormonal effects.
claimThe human nervous system, when observed in cadavers, displays distinct natural color differences between gray matter (pinkish-gray) and white matter (creamy white).
claimDuring a stress response, the nervous system slows digestion to conserve energy and activates sweat glands to cool the body.
claimThe nervous system regulates the circulatory system by using baroreceptors to detect blood pressure changes and signal the brain to adjust heart rate and blood vessel diameter.
claimRegulating human blood pressure relies on the circulatory system to pump blood, the nervous system to monitor pressure, the endocrine system to release hormones, and the urinary system to adjust fluid levels.
claimThe nervous system coordinates and regulates other body systems through rapid electrical signals and slower hormonal responses to maintain physiological balance.
claimThe nervous system, specifically the enteric nervous system (often referred to as the 'second brain'), regulates digestion by controlling muscle contractions and enzyme release.
claimThe nervous system and endocrine system form the neuroendocrine connection, where the nervous system prompts the adrenal glands to release cortisol and adrenaline during stress.
claimThe nervous system functions as the command center during stress by initiating the fight-or-flight response, which increases heart rate, channels blood to key muscles, and prompts the release of stress hormones like adrenaline.
referenceThe circulatory system delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells, the nervous system controls responses and coordination, the respiratory system ensures gas exchange, the digestive system processes food, the urinary system removes waste, the musculoskeletal system provides movement and support, and the endocrine system regulates processes using hormones.
claimThe nervous system is divided into two main divisions: the central nervous system (comprising the brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (comprising nerves branching throughout the body).
claimThe nervous system communicates with the muscular system via motor neurons, which trigger muscle contractions to produce movement.
claimThe nervous system utilizes both electrical and chemical communication methods to function.
claimThe nervous system regulates the respiratory system by using chemoreceptors to monitor blood oxygen and carbon dioxide levels, prompting the brain to adjust breathing rates.
claimThe nervous system and the endocrine system act as the control centers of the human body by sending signals and releasing hormones to synchronize the activities of all other organ systems.
claimDuring a stress response, the nervous system detects danger and signals the endocrine system to release hormones like adrenaline and cortisol, which travel through the circulatory system to trigger physiological changes.
claimThe endocrine system produces effects that last longer than the nervous system, which sends rapid signals.
claimCadaver-based studies allow for the observation of physiological connections, such as tracing nerve pathways from the brain to organs to see how the nervous system controls stomach acid production.
The Energy Homeostasis Principle: A Naturalistic Approach to ... frontiersin.org 13 facts
claimThe self-centered homeostatic dynamics of the nervous system result in the conservation of the adaptation of the rest of the organism because the couplings between the nervous system, other physiological systems, and the environment arise in structural coherence and adaptation.
claimThe nervous system operates at any given instant based on its structure at that moment, which restricts it to specific actions.
claimOrganisms interact with the environment through the nervous system, which is coupled with other physiological systems that operate based on local interactions.
claimYufik's proposal regarding neural networks is conceptually similar to the Energy Homeostasis Principle (EHP) at the neural network level, despite differences in teleological elements and the treatment of the nervous system as an epistemic agent.
claimFrom the perspective of a higher level of homeostasis, the lower level of the nervous system appears to show both adaptive or 'useful' dynamics and 'neutral' or 'useless' ones.
referenceThe nervous system is a homeostatic system that maintains stability and equilibrium in its physical parameters and possesses the capacity to restore them when disturbed within specific ranges, as defined by W. Ross Ashby in 1960.
claimFunctional neural networks activate muscles to produce visible behaviors, such as closing the eyes, which can alter the stimulus and reduce the energetic demand on the nervous system.
claimComplex cognitive phenomena, such as understanding, are hypothesized to emerge from the hierarchical flexibility of the nervous system acting as a homeostatic system that maintains and restores stability.
claimIn the hierarchical organization of the nervous system, higher-level feedback loops constrain but do not eliminate the degrees of freedom of lower-level loops, allowing the lower level to deploy a range of variability that does not disturb the equilibrium of the higher level.
claimThe nervous system treats sensory inputs from both interoceptive receptors and perception organs as physically and chemically identical signals.
claimThe nervous system likely appeared during the Ediacaran period, approximately 635 million years ago.
claimA nervous system with normal development is coupled in a loop with other physiological systems (endocrine, immune, cardiovascular, and digestive) and the external environment through sensory organs and motor structures.
claimFeedback loops established by the nervous system through perceptual and interoceptive structures are hierarchically organized to coordinate their respective dynamics.
Human body systems: Overview, anatomy, functions | Kenhub kenhub.com 13 facts
claimThe nervous system is morphologically and topographically divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
claimAscending, afferent, or sensory nerve fibers are nerves that carry information from peripheral sense organs, such as the eye, tongue, nasal mucosa, ear, and skin, to the central nervous system.
claimThe nervous system initiates and regulates vital body functions, sensation, and body movements.
claimThe nervous system controls how the human body interacts with and responds to the environment by regulating the function of organs in other body systems.
claimThe 11 systems of the human body are the integumentary system, skeletal system, muscular system, endocrine system, cardiovascular (circulatory) system, lymphatic (immune) system, respiratory system, digestive system, urinary system, reproductive system, and nervous system.
claimThe nervous system is functionally divided into the somatic nervous system (SNS), which is voluntary, and the autonomic nervous system (ANS), which is involuntary.
claimThe nervous system controls interactions with the environment and regulates the function of organs in other body systems.
claimThe nervous system is responsible for the initiation and regulation of vital body functions, sensation, and body movements.
claimThe nervous system coordinates body activities and perceives the surrounding environment.
claimWhite matter in the human nervous system consists of axons that form neural pathways, serving as the conduit for instructions traveling from the gray matter toward organs.
claimIn the nervous system, gray matter generates instructions, while white matter serves as the pathway for those instructions to travel toward organs.
claimThe nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, and sensory organs, which are connected by neurons that transmit neural signals.
procedureThe process of sneezing involves four body systems: the nervous system detects irritation in the nasal mucosa and transmits signals via the trigeminal nerve to the brainstem; the brainstem processes the information and signals the respiratory system to open airways and inhale; the muscular system (chest muscles and diaphragm) and skeletal system (rib cage) facilitate breathing; and finally, the muscular system opens the glottis to release an explosive burst of air.
Complexity and the Evolution of Consciousness | Biological Theory link.springer.com Sep 14, 2022 8 facts
claimCharles Sherrington argued in 1906 that organisms require informational bottlenecking, which he termed a 'final common path,' to effectively coordinate competing actions within the nervous system.
referenceSherrington (1906) details the integrative action of the nervous system.
claimThe nervous system evolved to solve a nontrivial control problem at a multicellular level, which required reinvention at that scale of biological organization.
quoteKeijzer et al. (2013) propose that the early function of the nervous system was to enable action “as a single multicellular unit” rather than to process incoming sense-data.
claimFred Keijzer emphasizes that the nervous system and muscles are two important innovations that emerged together in the transition to a distinctive kind of animal agency, allowing for new adaptive capacities.
claimKeijzer’s approach to the origins of cognition is internalist, focusing on the nervous system and research in developmental biology.
claimKeijzer et al. (2013) argue that the nervous system evolved to coordinate the body, a function that developed alongside the evolution of contractile tissue (muscle) near the skin or epithelium of an animal.
referenceD. Arendt, M.A. Tosches, and H. Marlow published a review in 2016 titled 'From nerve net to nerve ring, nerve cord and brain—evolution of the nervous system' in Nature Reviews Neuroscience.
Systems and organs | Anatomy and Physiology | Research Starters ebsco.com 5 facts
claimThe nervous system is composed of the brain and nerves extending to every part of the body.
claimThe human body is organized into nine distinct systems: the nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, renal, endocrine, reproductive, thermoregulatory, and musculoskeletal systems.
claimThe nervous system processes sensory information and coordinates responses.
claimThe nervous system controls the 'fight or flight' response to stress.
claimThe nervous system detects increased hydrogen ion levels and signals the respiratory system to increase breathing rate and depth to expel carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions.
Thinking about the action potential: the nerve signal as a window to ... frontiersin.org 4 facts
claimA mathematical theory of signal processing in individual neurons was developed as a result of research into the generation, propagation, communication, and organization of electrical pulses in the nervous system.
claimA commonly held belief in neuroscience is that electricity is the only medium capable of carrying messages at a sufficient speed to drive, organize, and integrate sensor-motor activity with brain and nervous system activity in humans and other higher animals.
referenceThe Hodgkin-Huxley (HH) theory and model have served for 70 years as a foundation for theoretical and experimental research on the nervous system, framing the brain as a binary electronic information processing device with neuronal networks acting as an electrical wiring grid.
claimThe nervous system and the brain are metaphorically described as operating as a digital counting mechanism, with individual neurons acting as logic devices.
Homeostasis vs. Allostasis: Why Your Body Needs More Than Stability trueself.health Jan 5, 2026 4 facts
claimDiaphragmatic breathing involves deep inhalation that expands the abdomen rather than the chest, which maximizes oxygen exchange and signals safety to the nervous system.
perspectiveRather than reacting to stress after it occurs, individuals should train their nervous system to maintain flexibility and responsiveness.
claimPracticing controlled breathing trains the nervous system to remain flexible and responsive rather than waiting for stress to occur before reacting.
claimThe goal of training the nervous system is to maintain flexibility and responsiveness rather than waiting to react to stress.
The Hard Problem of Consciousness | Springer Nature Link link.springer.com 3 facts
perspectiveIt is difficult to accept that René Descartes's philosophical meditations were merely an illusory and useless exercise of his nervous system, even if human behavior is largely governed by cognitive routines and reflex actions.
claimThere is empirical evidence demonstrating a correlation between subjective human experience and physical processes within the nervous system, including identifying active brain areas during activities like seeing, listening, speaking, thinking, and sleeping.
claimIt has been proposed that consciousness might influence indeterministic quantum events within the nervous system without necessarily involving energy exchange.
Feedback Mechanisms | Overview & Research Examples - Perlego perlego.com 3 facts
claimThe nervous system regulates homeostasis by detecting body changes and sending action potentials to counteract those changes, while the endocrine system regulates homeostasis by secreting hormones.
claimThe nervous and endocrine systems are the two primary systems involved in the maintenance of homeostasis in the human body.
claimThe nervous and endocrine systems, acting together or separately, are the primary regulators of homeostasis.
The evolution of human-type consciousness – a by-product of ... frontiersin.org 3 facts
referenceBernard J. Baars published 'How does a serial, integrated and very limited stream of consciousness emerge from a nervous system that is mostly unconscious, distributed, parallel and of enormous capacity?' in Ciba Foundation Symposium, volume 174, pages 282–290.
referenceLower levels of the nervous system, likely located in the brainstem or spinal cord, coordinate the details of actions, while upper control levels only pass down general commands, as evidenced by experiments with decorticated animals.
referenceFaisal, Selen, and Wolpert (2008) analyze the role and impact of noise in the nervous system.
Homeostatic medicine: a strategy for exploring health and disease link.springer.com Sep 26, 2022 2 facts
claimNitric oxide (NO) functions as an important signaling molecule in mammals, playing physiological roles in the nervous, digestive, urinary, reproductive, immune, and cardiovascular systems.
claimAging causes a decline in the reserve capacity of body tissues and organs, including the functional decline of the immune, muscular, and nervous systems, which leads to decreased ability to respond to external stimuli, increased susceptibility to infection, and longer recovery times from diseases.
Action potential initiation and propagation: upstream influences on ... pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 2 facts
Human body | Organs, Systems, Structure, Diagram, & Facts britannica.com 8 days ago 2 facts
claimNerve tissues conduct electrical impulses and constitute the nervous system of the human body.
claimThe human nervous system is composed of the sensory organs, brain, spinal cord, and nerves; it functions to transmit, integrate, and analyze sensory information and carry impulses to effect appropriate muscular or glandular responses.
What is Inflammation? Causes, Effects, Treatment - Harvard Health health.harvard.edu Mar 27, 2023 2 facts
Global Versus Local Theories of Consciousness and the ... link.springer.com 2 facts
claimWhen using the perturbational complexity index (PCI), a local perturbation in the nervous system leads to massive and unpredictable changes in the system if it is integrated, which is interpreted as a sign of consciousness; if the system is modular, the perturbation leads to only small changes in the global activity pattern.
claimThe neurocentric view of consciousness posits that the nervous system plays a fundamental role in the emergence of consciousness.
Understanding Allostasis: Stability Through Change - Cannelevate cannelevate.com.au Jan 2, 2026 2 facts
claimThe brain's predictive capacity allows the nervous system to anticipate stressors before they fully manifest through classical conditioning and learning, such as elevating heart rate before public speaking or increasing cortisol levels on Monday mornings.
claimThe nervous system uses classical conditioning and learning to anticipate stressors before they fully manifest, such as elevating heart rate before public speaking or increasing cortisol levels on Monday mornings before work.
The function(s) of consciousness: an evolutionary perspective frontiersin.org Nov 25, 2024 1 fact
referenceMorsella et al. (2016) present an action-based synthesis for understanding consciousness in the nervous system in Behavioral and Brain Sciences.
List of systems of the human body - Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org 1 fact
referenceThe nervous system senses and processes information and controls body activities, utilizing the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory organs.
Cellular senescence: from homeostasis to pathological implications ... frontiersin.org 1 fact
referenceLangley, B., Sauve, A. (2013) identified sirtuin deacetylases as therapeutic targets in the nervous system, published in Neurotherapeutics: Journal of the American Society for Experimental Neurotherapeutics.
Chapter 1. Body Structure – Human Anatomy and Physiology I louis.pressbooks.pub 1 fact
imageThe Nervous System detects and processes sensory information and activates bodily responses; it consists of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.
Hard problem of consciousness - Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org 1 fact
claimDavid Chalmers defines the 'easy problems' of consciousness as mechanistic explanations involving the activity of the nervous system and brain in relation to the environment, while defining the 'hard problem' as the question of why those physical mechanisms are accompanied by subjective feelings, such as the feeling of pain.
Physiology, Homeostasis - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf ncbi.nlm.nih.gov May 1, 2023 1 fact
claimRegulation of body temperature requires the cooperation of the integumentary system, nervous system, musculoskeletal system, and cardiovascular system.
Extent and Health Consequences of Chronic Sleep Loss and ... - NCBI ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 1 fact
claimSleep loss, defined as less than 7 hours per night, may have wide-ranging adverse effects on the cardiovascular, endocrine, immune, and nervous systems, including obesity, diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, anxiety symptoms, depressed mood, and alcohol use.
The Role of Nutrition in Child Development inspirechildren.com Jul 8, 2024 1 fact
claimOmega-3 fatty acids, found in fish, flaxseeds, and walnuts, are critical for brain structure and function, contributing to the formation of cell membranes and the development of the nervous system.
Neuroanatomy, Neuron Action Potential - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 1 fact
claimTo maximize propagation velocity without increasing axon size, the nervous system utilizes glial cells, specifically oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells, to wrap around axons and create myelin sheaths.
New research reveals a hidden source of cellular bioelectricity news-medical.net Dec 19, 2025 1 fact
claimIn the nervous system, the rapid, one-directional transport of electrically charged molecules drives the propagation of electrical signals between nerves.
Human Anatomy & Physiology I Specialization - Coursera coursera.org 1 fact
claimThe Human Anatomy & Physiology I Specialization on Coursera covers the structure (anatomy) and function (physiology) of five major human body systems: the integumentary (skin), skeletal, muscular, nervous, and endocrine (hormone) systems.
Peer-Reviewed Papers - The Levin Lab drmichaellevin.org 1 fact
referenceBalasubramanian, S., Weston, D., Levin, M., and Davidian, D. C. C. published 'Electroceuticals: emerging applications beyond the nervous system and excitable tissues' in Trends in Pharmacological Sciences in 2024.
Self-awareness, self-regulation, and self-transcendence (S-ART) frontiersin.org 1 fact
claimMeditation training is suggested to increase the efficiency of memory networks related to the nervous system, which may provide increased control over the expression of those networks.
Which hormones are present in men + women? - MITOcare mitocare.de 1 fact
claimHormones influence the development of the nervous system and the growth of children.
How to reduce inflammation in the body - MD Anderson Cancer Center mdanderson.org Mar 20, 2026 1 fact
claimGeneral signs of inflammation, which can impact the nervous system and brain, include feeling pained, stiff, tired, foggy, or unwell.
All about the male hormone cycle | Guud Woman guudwoman.com 1 fact
claimVitamin B6 contributes to the regulation of hormonal activity, a normal energy-yielding metabolism, the normal functioning of the immune system, a normal psychological function, the reduction of tiredness and fatigue, and the normal functioning of the nervous system.
Medicinal plants: bioactive compounds, biological activities ... frontiersin.org 1 fact
claimThe methanol extract from cocoa seeds lowers blood pressure, heals damaged skin, and stimulates the nervous system.
Theories and Methods of Consciousness biomedres.us Jan 29, 2024 1 fact
claimGiulio Tononi, Olaf Sporns, and Gerald M. Edelman developed a measure for brain complexity that relates functional segregation and integration in the nervous system.
The Basics of Anatomy and Physiology: A Beginner's Guide ausoma.org 1 fact
claimThe human body includes the digestive system, nervous system, skeletal system, cardiovascular system, and respiratory system, which work in harmony to facilitate movement and function.
the consumption of psychoactive plants in ancient global and ... academia.edu 1 fact
referenceH.U. Sayin published the article "Does the nervous system have an intrinsic archaic language? : Entoptic images and phosphenes: The impact of innate neuro-optic language of H-ASC on ancient religions" in the journal NeuroQuantology in 2014, volume 12, issue 3.
Organs in the Body: Definition & Anatomy - Cleveland Clinic my.clevelandclinic.org Dec 9, 2024 1 fact
referenceThe nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord as main organs, all nerves in the body, and sensory organs such as the eyes, ears, and nose.
Chapter 2 Medical Language Related to the Whole Body - NCBI ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 1 fact
claimThe human body contains ten major organ systems: the integumentary, musculoskeletal, nervous, endocrine, lymphatic, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems.
Integrating allostasis and emerging technologies to study complex ... nature.com Nov 5, 2025 1 fact
claimHuman iPSC models are increasingly utilized to study stress-induced neurological diseases because they are more accessible than primary cells and provide tools for studying allostatic changes in the nervous system in response to prolonged stressor exposure.