Knowledge Tree
executive functioning
Also known as: executive function, executive functioning, executive functions
synthesized from dimensionsExecutive functioning is a complex, latent cognitive construct that encompasses the essential mental processes required for planning, organizing, focusing attention, and executing goal-directed tasks exec func definition. At its core, it represents the brain's "management system," facilitating self-control, cognitive flexibility, and the ability to navigate complex problem-solving scenarios self-control processes. In rigorous empirical research, such as the UK Biobank study, this construct is often operationalized as a latent variable derived from performance on diverse cognitive tasks—including pairs-matching, trail-making, tower rearranging, and symbol-digit substitution—which allows researchers to control for measurement error and isolate the underlying cognitive ability UK Biobank tasks latent variable CFA.
The biological architecture of executive functioning is deeply tied to brain morphology. Research indicates that executive performance can be predicted by the volumes of 56 specific brain regions, most notably the hippocampi and the orbitofrontal cortex brain volume prediction. These structural foundations are not static; they are influenced by a variety of internal and external factors, including developmental stages, environmental stressors, and lifestyle habits. While cerebellar gray matter has been linked to executive function in adolescents, the construct is also subject to significant age-related decline, with age serving as the strongest predictor of performance across adult cohorts age-related decline age strongest predictor.
Sleep is a critical modulator of executive capacity, exhibiting a distinct quadratic relationship with cognitive performance. Empirical evidence suggests that an optimal sleep duration of approximately seven hours is associated with peak executive function scores seven hours optimal 7 hours peak. While there is a consensus that poor sleep quality and chronic sleep deprivation consistently impair attention, memory, and inhibition—often measured via the Stroop Test or the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index—the field contains some nuance regarding the severity of these effects sleep quality impairment sleep deprivation impairs. Some studies report inconclusive findings on the immediate impact of acute sleep deprivation, even as long-term sleep patterns remain strongly correlated with cognitive outcomes poor sleep quality effects.
Beyond biological and physiological factors, executive functioning is malleable through behavioral and environmental interventions. Positive influences such as pretend play and mindfulness training have been shown to enhance problem-solving, goal pursuit, and cognitive flexibility play enhancement mindfulness improves EF. Conversely, the construct is vulnerable to negative external pressures, including early-life adversity, chronic stress, and excessive screen time, which may reduce the stimulation necessary for optimal cognitive development. Ultimately, executive functioning serves as a vital indicator of cognitive health, reflecting a dynamic interplay between structural brain integrity, restorative sleep, and the environmental contexts in which an individual operates.
Model Perspectives (2)
openrouter/x-ai/grok-4.1-fast definitive 88% confidence
Executive functioning encompasses cognitive skills essential for planning, organizing, and completing tasks, as defined by researchers including Tommy Kwan Hin Fong and colleagues from Gavin Publishers exec func definition. It also involves mental processes critical for self-control, focus, and planning, which are bolstered by pretend play according to Longdom Publishing self-control processes. In the UK Biobank cohort analyzed by Tai et al. in Nature's Communications Biology (2022), executive function declines with increasing age via sliding window analysis, with age as the strongest predictor in multiple regression models controlling for factors like vascular comorbidities and socioeconomic status age-related decline. Optimal sleep duration of seven hours associates with peak executive function scores after age-residual adjustments, showing a quadratic relationship evident in sensitivity analyses of tasks like pairs-matching seven hours optimal. Poor sleep quality consistently impairs executive functions, attention, and memory, per Leong and Chee (2023) in Frontiers, with correlations like PSQI scores and Stroop Test performance (r = -0.28) sleep quality impairment. Brain volumes in 56 regions, including hippocampi and orbitofrontal cortex, predict executive function, with 41 overlapping quadratic sleep duration effects, per Tai et al. brain volume prediction. Positive influences include play enhancing problem-solving and goal pursuit (National Institute for Play, PubMed) play enhancement, while risks involve early adversity (Hostinar et al., 2012), chronic stress (Clarity Therapy NYC), and screen time reducing stimulation (Children and Screens). Cerebellar gray matter links to executive function in adolescents with gender differences (Jung et al., Scientific Reports). One study notes inconclusive sleep deprivation effects on executive functioning (Frontiers).
openrouter/x-ai/grok-4.1-fast 92% confidence
Executive functioning is a latent cognitive construct derived from performance on five tasks in the UK Biobank study: pairs matching (errors), Trail-making (completion time difference), Tower Rearranging (accuracy), Snap variation (reaction time), and Symbol-Digit Substitution (accuracy), estimated via confirmatory factor analysis to control for measurement error UK Biobank tasks latent variable CFA continuous EF latent. According to the Nature study, age is the strongest predictor of executive function by an order of magnitude age strongest predictor. A quadratic relationship exists between sleep duration and executive function, with 6-8 hours (peaking at 7 hours) significantly predicting higher scores after controlling for age, chronotype, insomnia, sleep apnoea traits, comorbidities, smoking, BMI, APOE ε4, and socioeconomic status; this holds across younger (38-59 years) and older (60-73 years) groups, though extremes (2-3 or 11-12 hours) harm younger participants more quadratic sleep-EF 6-8 hours optimal 7 hours peak. Poor sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index) and deprivation impair executive function, attention, memory, and related processes like inhibition (Stroop Test), cognitive flexibility (Wisconsin Card Sorting Test), with consistent effects across cultures (Tokyo vs. London) per Frontiers studies sleep deprivation impairs PSQI and Stroop poor sleep quality effects. Brain volume in 56 regions predicts it, correlating with sleep duration differences (r²=0.32) brain volume predicts EF. Short-term mindfulness improves it (Zeidan et al., 2010, Frontiers in Human Neuroscience), and it links to cognitive flexibility (Ellen Langer) mindfulness improves EF. Daytime sleepiness (sleep apnoea trait) negatively predicts it daytime sleepiness negative.
Facts (113)
Sources
Impact of sleep duration on executive function and brain structure nature.com Mar 3, 2022 46 facts
claimExecutive Function declines with increasing age, as observed in sliding window analysis of the UK Biobank cohort.
procedureThe researchers analyzed data from five tasks related to working memory or speed of processing to index executive function, utilizing the first available timepoint data for each participant.
claimIn adolescents, cerebellar gray matter volume is associated with executive function and insomnia, with observed gender differences, according to a 2019 study in Scientific Reports.
claimAfter controlling for age using a quantile-based, age-residual analysis, seven hours of sleep was associated with the highest Executive Function score in the UK Biobank cohort.
accountThe researchers performed sensitivity analyses on individual cognitive test performance and sleep duration to address potential bias in missing data when comparing against the Executive Function latent variable.
claimA sensitivity analysis of individual cognitive tasks used to create the Executive Function latent variable showed a quadratic relationship between sleep duration and performance in all tasks except one.
claimSmoking status, number of vascular comorbidities (hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, diabetes), APOE ε4 genotype, and socioeconomic status are significant predictors of Executive Function.
referenceThe scientific article titled 'Impact of sleep duration on executive function and brain structure' was authored by X.Y. Tai, C. Chen, S. Manohar, and others, and published in the journal Communications Biology in 2022.
procedureThe researchers deconfounded age from the Executive Function measure by using age residuals within fixed-age quantile bins of 20% (7.1 years).
measurementVolume in 56 brain regions significantly predicted executive function, while volume in 46 brain regions showed a significant quadratic relationship with sleep duration; 41 of these brain regions overlapped, including the hippocampi, thalami, orbitofrontal cortex, right frontal pole, left parahippocampal gyri, and cerebellar regions.
claimA sensitivity analysis of the Executive Function latent variable in the study 'Impact of sleep duration on executive function and brain structure' showed a quadratic relationship between sleep duration and performance across all individual cognitive tasks except for the pairs-matching task, which may be due to a performance ceiling effect.
measurementThe study 'Impact of sleep duration on executive function and brain structure' examined the relationship between sleep duration and Executive Function age-residuals in a younger group (38–59 years, n = 262,409) and an older group (60–73 years, n = 212,006).
measurementThe relationship between sleep duration and the Executive Function latent variable was visualized using a heatmap with a sample size of 479,420 participants.
procedureMultiple regression analysis was used to test the relationship between sleep duration and the Executive Function latent variable while controlling for age, cardiovascular comorbidity, smoking pack years, BMI, genetic risk, and socioeconomic status.
referenceCerebrovascular risk factors negatively impact frontoparietal network integrity and executive function in healthy aging populations, according to a 2020 study published in Nature Communications.
claimIn the multiple regression model used in the study 'Impact of sleep duration on executive function and brain structure', age was the strongest predictor of Executive Function by an order of magnitude compared to other variables.
claimSeven hours of sleep was associated with the highest Executive Function score in the UK Biobank cohort, based on an age-residual analysis that controlled for the confounding effect of age on cognition.
claimSmoking status, number of vascular comorbidities (hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, and diabetes), APOE ε4 genotype, and socioeconomic status were significant predictors of Executive Function in the regression model used in the study 'Impact of sleep duration on executive function and brain structure'.
procedureMediation analyses were conducted using the Lavaan software package with nonparametric bootstrapping of 1,000 iterations to estimate the directional influence of brain volume on executive function.
claimThe sliding window approach used to study the relationship between age, Executive Function, and sleep duration does not assume a linear relationship between variables.
measurementThe mediation effect of brain volume on the relationship between sleep duration and executive function resulted in a significant drop in the beta value of a*b = 0.01 (p < 0.001).
procedureStatistical results regarding the association between individual brain region volume and executive function were corrected for multiple comparisons using the Bonferroni method.
claimJung et al. found gender differences in the relationship between cerebellar gray matter volume, executive function, and insomnia in adolescents.
claimForty-one brain regions, including the hippocampi, thalami, orbitofrontal cortex, right frontal pole, left parahippocampal gyri, and cerebellar regions, showed both a significant quadratic relationship with sleep duration and predictive power for executive function.
claimThe multiple regression model examining the relationship between sleep duration and Executive Function controlled for age, sleep characteristics (chronotype, insomnia), obstructive sleep apnoea traits (daytime sleepiness, snoring), vascular co-morbidity, smoking, BMI, APOE ε4 genotype, and socioeconomic status.
claimSliding window analysis of the UK Biobank cohort data showed a decline in Executive Function with increasing age.
procedureIn the regression model, participants were assigned a score of one if their sleep duration was between six and eight hours, and a score of zero otherwise, to reflect the quadratic relationship between sleep duration and Executive Function.
procedureThe researchers applied a mean smoothing factor of one hour for sleep duration and two years for age when visualizing the relationship between sleep duration and Executive Function.
claimA multiple regression analysis with Executive Function as the dependent variable demonstrated a quadratic relationship between sleep duration and Executive Function, comparing six-to-eight hour sleep durations to other reported sleep times.
measurementThe study examined the relationship between sleep duration and Executive Function age-residuals in younger participants (38–59 years, n = 262,409) and older participants (60–73 years, n = 212,006).
procedureThe UK Biobank study analyzed five cognitive tasks to index executive function: a pairs matching task (measuring errors), the Trail-making task (measuring completion time difference between numeric and alphanumeric versions), the Tower Rearranging task (measuring accuracy), a variation of the card game Snap (measuring reaction time), and the Symbol-Digit Substitution task (measuring accuracy).
claimSleeping between six and eight hours is a significant positive predictor of executive function, even after controlling for factors such as obstructive sleep apnoea traits.
claimAge is the strongest predictor of Executive Function by an order of magnitude compared to other predictors in the regression model.
procedureThe researchers used a sliding window approach with an age window of fixed age-quantile widths and a smoothing Gaussian kernel of five to analyze the relationship between age, Executive Function, and sleep duration.
claimA multiple regression model using Executive Function as the dependent variable confirmed a quadratic relationship between sleep duration and cognitive performance, controlling for age, chronotype, insomnia, obstructive sleep apnoea traits, vascular co-morbidity, smoking, BMI, APOE ε4 genotype, and socioeconomic status.
measurementThe effect of sleep on cognition is similar across age groups, but older participants (60–73 years) show a smaller variance and range of Executive Function scores related to sleep duration compared to younger participants (38–59 years), with F (262,409, 212,006) = 1.01, 95% CI [1.0017, 1.0181], p = 0.017.
claimSleeping between six and eight hours is significantly associated with higher executive function, and this relationship is partially mediated by brain volume in sleep-related regions.
procedureThe study estimated a latent variable termed 'Executive Function' from five cognitive tasks using confirmatory factor analysis to control for measurement error.
claimThe negative effects of very short (two to three hours) and long (11 to 12 hours) sleep durations on Executive Function are more apparent in younger participants compared to older participants.
claimDaytime sleepiness, identified as an obstructive sleep apnoea trait, is a significant negative predictor of executive function.
measurementVolume in 56 brain regions significantly predicted executive function, while volume in 46 brain regions showed a significant quadratic relationship with sleep duration.
claimThe sensitivity analysis indicates that the individual cognitive tasks were well represented by the Executive Function latent variable.
procedureExecutive Function was estimated as a continuous cognitive function latent variable using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) based on five cognitive tasks related to working memory or speed of processing.
claimSeven hours of sleep is associated with the highest Executive Function score when controlling for age, a pattern observed in both younger and older participant groups in the study 'Impact of sleep duration on executive function and brain structure'.
measurementThe study analyzed sleep duration and Executive Function in two age subgroups: younger participants (<60 years, N = 264,935) and older participants (>60 years, N = 212,006).
measurementRegional brain volume differences between individuals who slept six-to-eight hours compared to other durations were correlated (r2 = 0.32, p < 0.001) with the strength of regional brain volume predicting executive function.
Investigating the impact of sleep quality on cognitive functions ... frontiersin.org 25 facts
claimPoor sleep quality impairs attention, memory, executive functions, and overall cognitive performance, as documented by Leong and Chee (2023).
claimThe rigid and structured nature of the Japanese education system, which requires students to be highly adaptable and flexible in their thinking, makes them particularly vulnerable to the negative effects of sleep deprivation on executive functions.
claimStrained cognitive resources due to subpar sleep quality can hinder attention, executive functions, and information processing efficiency, which diminishes academic performance.
claimThe effect of sleep deprivation on executive functioning is inconclusive and premature to conclude as significant based on the study's findings.
claimPoor sleep quality impairs attention, memory, executive functions, and overall cognitive performance, as documented by Leong and Chee (2023).
claimDeficits in sleep quality are consistently linked to impairments in key cognitive domains, including attention, memory, and executive functions.
claimMisalignment of circadian rhythms negatively affects attention, memory, and executive functions, thereby impairing academic performance.
measurementThe correlation between Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scores and Stroop Test performance is -0.28 (p < 0.001), indicating a weak to moderate negative relationship between sleep quality and attention and executive function.
measurementThe Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) score significantly predicts performance on the Stroop Test (β = -0.15, p < 0.001) after controlling for demographic variables, indicating that poor sleep quality has an independent negative influence on attention and executive function.
claimPoor sleep quality correlates negatively with performance on the Stroop Test and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), suggesting that sleep deprivation impairs attention, executive functions, and information processing efficiency.
claimThe Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) evaluates executive functioning by assessing a participant's ability to adapt sorting strategies based on changing rules that must be inferred from feedback, as described by Hartman et al. (2003).
claimThe magnitude of the effect of sleep quality on attention and executive function is similar in both Tokyo and London, suggesting consistent influencing factors across these cultural contexts.
claimThe rigid and structured nature of the Japanese education system may require high levels of cognitive adaptability, potentially making students more vulnerable to the negative effects of sleep deprivation on executive functions.
claimSubpar sleep quality strains cognitive resources, which hinders attention, executive functions, and information processing efficiency, thereby diminishing academic performance according to Chew and Cerbin (2021).
claimThe study investigates the relationship between specific dimensions of sleep quality (duration, consistency, and disturbances) and cognitive performance (memory retention, attention span, problem-solving abilities, and executive functioning) among university students in Tokyo and London.
claimPrior studies have shown that sleep deprivation impairs attention, memory, and executive functions, which leads to reduced academic performance.
claimJapanese university students with poor sleep quality performed significantly worse on cognitive tests measuring attention, memory, and executive functions, according to a 2023 study.
claimSleep deprivation impairs attention, memory, and executive functions, which leads to reduced academic performance.
measurementThe relationship between Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scores and Stroop Test performance does not differ significantly between Tokyo and London (β = −0.10, p = 0.21), suggesting the magnitude of the effect of sleep quality on attention and executive function is consistent across both cultural contexts.
claimStrained cognitive resources resulting from poor sleep quality can hinder attention, executive functions, and information processing efficiency, which ultimately diminishes academic performance.
claimCircadian rhythm misalignment negatively affects attention, memory, and executive functions, which impairs academic performance.
claimPoor sleep quality, as measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), is significantly associated with lower cognitive performance across domains including verbal learning and memory (measured by the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test), attention and executive function (measured by the Stroop Test), non-verbal reasoning (measured by the Raven's Progressive Matrices), and cognitive flexibility (measured by the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test).
measurementStudents in London scored significantly higher on cognitive measures, including verbal learning, memory, attention, executive function, non-verbal reasoning, and cognitive flexibility, compared to students in Tokyo (p < 0.01).
claimSleep deprivation can impair executive functions, making it more difficult to adapt to changing rules, switch between tasks, and inhibit previously learned responses.
claimThe Stroop Test measures attention and executive function by assessing the ability to inhibit interference, relying on the automaticity of reading to make it challenging for participants to suppress the urge to read the word instead of naming the ink color.
Bowlby's Attachment Theory: 4 Styles & Classroom Impact structural-learning.com Jun 30, 2023 4 facts
claimEarly attachment affects later executive function, as observed in learners at eighteen months regardless of their skills, according to Bernier, Carlson, and Whipple (2010).
claimAttachment security in toddlerhood predicts later executive function, according to research by Sroufe et al. in 2005.
procedureTo build executive function skills in learners with attachment issues, teachers should teach self-regulation, according to Perry (2006).
claimBowlby (1988) found that secure learners exhibit better executive function over time.
Neurodiversity in Practice: a Conceptual Model of Autistic Strengths ... link.springer.com Jul 25, 2023 4 facts
claimIntervention approaches that match autistic strengths—such as attention to detail, analytical/logical reasoning, pattern recognition, and hyper-systematizing—with preferred interests like technology-based vocational training have successfully supported adaptive behaviors, social skills, intrinsic motivation, executive functioning, identity formation, mental wellbeing, and quality of life.
claimIntervention approaches that match autistic strengths—such as attention to detail, analytical/logical reasoning, pattern recognition, and hyper-systematizing—with preferred interests like technology vocational training have successfully supported adaptive behaviors, social skills, intrinsic motivation, executive functioning, identity formation, mental wellbeing, and quality of life, according to Diener et al. (2016), Jones et al. (2018), and Lee et al. (2022).
referenceJones et al. (2018) investigated the association between theory of mind, executive function, and the symptoms of autism spectrum disorder in a study published in 'Autism Research'.
referenceJones et al. (2018) studied the association between theory of mind, executive function, and the symptoms of autism spectrum disorder.
The Power of Play: A Pediatric Role in Enhancing Development in ... pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 3 facts
claimPlay enhances brain structure and function and promotes executive function, defined as the process of learning rather than the content, which allows individuals to pursue goals and ignore distractions.
claimDevelopmentally appropriate play with parents and peers promotes social-emotional, cognitive, language, and self-regulation skills in children, which build executive function and a prosocial brain.
claimToxic stress can disrupt the development of executive function and the learning of prosocial behavior in children when play and safe, stable, nurturing relationships are missing.
The Relationship Between Parenting Style, Child Behaviour and ... gavinpublishers.com 2 facts
claimExecutive function refers to a set of cognitive skills that help individuals plan, organize, and complete tasks.
claimEducational programs focusing on executive function aim to improve children's homework, self-care, and daily routines by addressing the limits and potential of cognitive load and executive functioning.
The Power of Playful Learning in the Early Childhood Setting | NAEYC naeyc.org Feb 23, 2022 2 facts
claimDuncan et al. (2007) assert that early childhood curricula should include reading, STEM experiences, and a focus on executive function skills such as attention, impulse control, and memory.
claimEarly childhood curricula should include reading and STEM experiences, as well as an emphasis on executive function skills such as attention, impulse control, and memory.
Associations Between Sleep Duration and Cognitive Function ... humanfactors.jmir.org 2 facts
claimInsufficient sleep impairs attention, executive function, and emotional stability, and leads to structural damage in the prefrontal cortex and neurotransmitter imbalances, mediated by chronic stress and heightened inflammatory processes.
claimSleep disruptions can lead to impairments in executive function and emotional regulation, which are integral aspects of mental well-being.
Play it Forward: Lasting Effects of Pretend Play in Early ... fau.edu Sep 19, 2024 2 facts
claimPretend play in early childhood is associated with enhanced cognitive abilities, including executive function, language, and perspective-taking, which are important for education.
quote“Pretend play is associated with a host of enhanced cognitive abilities such as executive function, language and perspective taking, which are important to education, making the minimization of pretend play unwise.”
The Importance of Play: A Crucial Element for Human Development healwithcfte.org Feb 5, 2025 2 facts
claimActivities like make-believe or role-playing games provide children with opportunities to practice self-regulation, delay gratification, and improve impulse control, which are integral to developing executive function.
claimExecutive function is a set of cognitive processes critical for managing attention, problem-solving, and emotional regulation.
Self-awareness, self-regulation, and self-transcendence (S-ART) frontiersin.org 2 facts
measurementShort-term mindfulness training, consisting of as few as three 20-minute sessions, has been shown to improve clinical symptoms and executive function, according to Zeidan et al. (2010).
claimEllen Langer attributes mindfulness to cognitive flexibility, which is an executive function that allows for ease in switching sets.
The Psychological Drivers of Financial Decision-Making - ijsrm ijsrm.net 2 facts
referenceDrever et al. (2015) argue that executive function, financial socialization, and experience-based learning are foundational to financial well-being in childhood and youth.
claimDrever et al. (2015) identify executive function, financial socialization, and experience-based learning as foundational elements of financial well-being in childhood and youth.
Sleep Across the Lifespan: A Neurobehavioral Perspective link.springer.com Feb 5, 2025 1 fact
claimA meta-analysis found that spindle properties, specifically sigma power, in youth aged 8–22 are positively related to fluid IQ, measures of working memory, executive functions, and motor speed, but not to overall IQ.
The Profound Interplay Between Sleep and Cognitive Function creyos.com Aug 14, 2025 1 fact
referenceSleep deprivation significantly impacts executive functions such as planning, judgment, and impulse control, which can lead to risky decision-making and impaired problem-solving abilities, according to Salfi et al. (2020) and Wild et al. (2018).
(PDF) Neurological and Biological Foundations of Children's Social ... academia.edu 1 fact
claimHostinar et al. (2012) identified associations between early life adversity and executive function in children adopted internationally from orphanages.
Types of Parenting Styles and Effects on Children - StatPearls - NCBI ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Sep 18, 2022 1 fact
claimCulture, defined as a shared pattern of social norms, values, language, and behavior, significantly influences parenting approaches to self-regulation, including attention, compliance, delayed gratification, executive function, and effortful control.
The Importance of Play for Children - National Institute for Play nifplay.org 1 fact
claimPlay enhances cognitive abilities, including experimentation, creativity, and critical thinking, while strengthening problem-solving skills and executive function.
Therapy for Stress Management: Top 5 Powerful Benefits claritytherapynyc.com 1 fact
claimChronic stress impairs executive function, which makes strategic thinking and sound judgment more difficult for individuals.
The Effects of Attachment and Trauma on Parenting and Children's ... rsisinternational.org Aug 16, 2025 1 fact
claimMindfulness enhances connections between the prefrontal cortex and the limbic system, which suggests an improvement in executive functioning and emotion regulation.
Psychology and Cognitive Science on Consciousness klinikong.com 1 fact
claimCognitive models propose that consciousness arises from complex cognitive processes that involve attention, working memory, and executive functions.
The Role of Play in Cognitive and Emotional Development longdom.org 1 fact
claimExecutive functions are mental processes critical for self-control, focus, and planning, which are strengthened by pretend play.
The Children and Screens Guide for Child Development and Media ... childrenandscreens.org 1 fact
claimScreen time is associated with less stimulation of executive functions, reduced reliance on imagination and visualization, increased interruptions, and a greater attention load.
The impact of childhood trauma on children's wellbeing and adult ... ouci.dntb.gov.ua 1 fact
measurementButler's research in Hormones and Behavior (No. 95, p. 13) found that an elevated cortisol awakening response is associated with early life stress and impaired executive function in healthy adult males.
Implications for Mental Health and Coping Strategies | OxJournal oxjournal.org Aug 12, 2024 1 fact
claimToxic stress impairs the functioning of the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus, which are regions of the brain responsible for memory, learning, and executive functioning.
Early Digital Engagement Among Younger Children and the ... pediatrics.jmir.org Jul 3, 2025 1 fact
referenceLillard and Peterson (2011) investigated the immediate impact of different types of television content on the executive function of young children.
The impact of childhood trauma on children's wellbeing and adult ... academia.edu 1 fact
referenceButler, Klaus, Edwards, and Pennington (2017) found that an elevated cortisol awakening response is associated with early life stress and impaired executive function in healthy adult males.
Short- and long-term health consequences of sleep disruption dovepress.com May 19, 2017 1 fact
claimSleep disruption alters cognition and performance in domains including attention/vigilance, executive function, emotional reactivity, memory formation, decision-making, risk-taking behavior, and judgment.
The Role of Play Based Learning in Early Childhood ... scieclouds.com 1 fact
referenceVidal Carulla, Christodoulakis, and Adbo (2021) studied the development of preschool children’s executive functions through a play-based learning approach that embeds science concepts in their article 'Development of preschool children’s executive functions throughout a play-based learning approach that embeds science concepts'.
Extent and Health Consequences of Chronic Sleep Loss and ... - NCBI ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 1 fact
claimIndividuals with insomnias associated with depression exhibit abnormal activity in neocortical structures responsible for controlling executive function and modulating behavior related to basic arousal and emotions, according to Nofzinger et al. (2004a, 2005).