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obsessive-compulsive disorder
Also known as: obsessive-compulsive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorders, obsessive compulsive disorder, OCD, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Facts (46)
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Diagnostic criteria for anxiety disorders set out in DSM-IV and ICD ... ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 12 facts
referenceThe ICD-10 diagnostic criteria for Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) require that the disorder does not meet the criteria for panic disorder, phobic anxiety disorders, obsessive–compulsive disorder, or hypochondriacal disorder.
claimIf another Axis I disorder is present, the content of the obsessions or compulsions must not be restricted to that disorder, such as preoccupation with food in an eating disorder, hair pulling in trichotillomania, or guilty ruminations in major depressive disorder.
claimDiagnostic criteria for obsessive–compulsive disorder require that either obsessions or compulsions (or both) be present on most days for a period of at least 2 weeks.
claimObsessions or compulsions must cause marked distress, be time-consuming (taking more than 1 hour a day), or significantly interfere with the person's normal routine, occupational or academic functioning, or social activities and relationships.
claimPanic attacks are excluded from diagnosis if they are better accounted for by another mental disorder, such as social phobia, specific phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), or separation anxiety disorder.
claimThe disturbance caused by obsessions or compulsions must not be caused by the direct physiological effects of a substance, such as a drug of abuse or medication, or a general medical condition.
claimObsessions in obsessive–compulsive disorder are defined as recurrent and persistent thoughts, impulses, or images that are experienced as intrusive and inappropriate, cause marked anxiety or distress, are not simply excessive worries about real-life problems, are attempted to be ignored, suppressed, or neutralized by the person, and are recognized by the person as a product of their own mind.
claimAt some point during the course of obsessive–compulsive disorder, the person must recognize that the obsessions or compulsions are excessive or unreasonable, though this requirement does not apply to children.
referenceThe ICD diagnostic criteria for social phobia include: (A) marked fear of being the focus of attention or fear of behaving in a way that will be embarrassing or humiliating, or marked avoidance of such situations; (B) at least two symptoms of anxiety in the feared situation at some time since the onset of the disorder, plus symptoms of blushing, fear of vomiting, or urgency/fear of micturition or defaecation; (C) significant emotional distress caused by the symptoms or by the avoidance; (D) recognition that the symptoms or the avoidance are excessive or unreasonable; (E) symptoms are restricted to, or predominate in, the feared situation or when thinking about it; (F) criteria A and B are not caused by delusions, hallucinations, or other symptoms of disorders such as organic mental disorders, schizophrenia, affective disorders, or OCD, and are not secondary to cultural beliefs.
claimAccording to ICD-10 diagnostic criteria, Generalized Anxiety Disorder is defined by a period of at least six months of prominent tension, worry, and apprehension about everyday events, combined with at least four symptoms from a list of 22 (including at least one autonomic arousal symptom), provided the disorder does not meet criteria for panic disorder, phobic anxiety disorders, obsessive–compulsive disorder, or hypochondriacal disorder.
claimIn the diagnostic criteria for generalized anxiety disorder, the anxiety or worry must not be about having a panic attack (as in panic disorder), being embarrassed in public (as in social phobia), being contaminated (as in obsessive–compulsive disorder), being away from home or close relatives (as in separation anxiety disorder), gaining weight (as in anorexia nervosa), having multiple physical complaints (as in somatization disorder), or having a serious illness (as in hypochondriasis), and the anxiety and worry must not occur exclusively during post-traumatic stress disorder.
claimCompulsions in obsessive–compulsive disorder consist of repetitive behaviors, such as hand washing, ordering, or checking, or mental acts, such as praying, counting, or repeating words silently, which the person feels driven to perform in response to an obsession or according to rigidly applied rules.
Efficacy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety-Related Disorders link.springer.com Dec 19, 2022 8 facts
referenceStorch EA, Abramowitz J, and Goodman WK published 'Where does obsessive-compulsive disorder belong in DSM-V?' in Depression and Anxiety in 2008.
referenceCheng B, Huang X, Li S, Hu X, Luo Y, Wang X, et al. published 'Gray matter alterations in post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and social anxiety disorder' in Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience in 2015.
referenceThe American Psychiatric Association published a practice guideline for the treatment of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder in 2013, authored by Koran LM and Simpson HB.
claimIn the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), acute stress disorder (ASD), and posttraumatic disorder (PTSD) are no longer classified as anxiety disorders, though they are highly comorbid with anxiety symptoms like irrational fear, avoidance, and hyperarousal.
claimThe meta-analysis included Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), Acute Stress Disorder (ASD), and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in its scope, despite their reclassification as non-anxiety disorders, to maintain consistency with prior analyses by Hofmann and Smits and Carpenter et al.
measurementIn 2008, Hofmann and Smits compiled data from 27 studies examining anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and PTSD, reporting a large effect size (Hedges’ g = 0.73) for Cognitive Behavioral Therapy compared to placebo.
claimThe majority of the 10 studies included in the meta-analysis 'Efficacy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety-Related Disorders' examined the treatment of PTSD (n = 7 studies), while one study each covered ASD, GAD, and SAD, with no studies covering panic disorder, OCD, or specific phobia.
referenceThe National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) published clinical guideline CG31 regarding the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder and body dysmorphic disorder in 2005.
The Role of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Treating Anxiety thesupportivecare.com Apr 25, 2025 5 facts
measurementA study by Foa et al. (2013) found that combining Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) with an SSRI for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) provided no additional benefit over CBT plus placebo.
measurementCognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) has response rates of 60-80%, with treatments typically requiring 16-20 sessions.
claimFor severe Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), combination treatments (CBT plus medication) sometimes outperform either treatment alone.
claimObsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) involves intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions) performed to reduce anxiety, and is classified separately from anxiety disorders in the DSM-5.
measurementObsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) affects approximately 2.2 million American adults, or 1% of the population.
Anxiety Disorders DSM - 445 Dolley Madison Road crossroadspsychiatric.com 3 facts
referenceThe DSM-IV-TR defines Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (Code 300.3) as a condition characterized by either obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are defined as recurrent, persistent, intrusive, and inappropriate thoughts, impulses, or images that cause marked anxiety or distress, are not excessive worries about real-life problems, are suppressed or neutralized by the person, and are recognized by the person as a product of their own mind. Compulsions are defined as repetitive behaviors (such as hand washing, ordering, or checking) or mental acts (such as praying, counting, or repeating words silently) that the person feels driven to perform in response to an obsession or according to rigid rules, aimed at preventing or reducing distress or a dreaded event, which are either excessive or not realistically connected to the event they are designed to neutralize.
referenceAgoraphobia involves the avoidance of specific situations, enduring them with marked distress, or requiring the presence of a companion, and the condition is not better accounted for by other mental disorders such as Social Phobia, Specific Phobia, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, or Separation Anxiety Disorder.
referenceTo meet the DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, the individual must recognize at some point that the obsessions or compulsions are excessive or unreasonable, and the symptoms must cause marked distress, be time-consuming (taking more than 1 hour a day), or significantly interfere with the person's normal routine, occupational or academic functioning, or social activities and relationships. Additionally, the disturbance must not be due to the direct physiological effects of a substance or a general medical condition.
Diagnosis and Management of Generalized Anxiety Disorder ... - AAFP aafp.org May 1, 2015 2 facts
claimA diagnosis of Generalized Anxiety Disorder requires that the disturbance is not better explained by another mental disorder, such as panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, separation anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, anorexia nervosa, somatic symptom disorder, illness anxiety disorder, or schizophrenia.
claimA diagnosis of an anxiety disorder requires that the disturbance is not better explained by another mental disorder, such as social anxiety disorder, specific phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, or separation anxiety disorder.
Published Studies — Johns Hopkins Center for Psychedelic and ... hopkinspsychedelic.org 2 facts
referenceK. Cheung, C. Propes, E. Jacobs, B. D. Earp, and D. B. Yaden authored a paper titled 'Psychiatric Applications of Psychedelics: Neurobiological Foundations for Treatments of Depression, Anxiety, and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder' published in Advances in Psychiatry and Behavioral Health in 2024.
referenceMeling et al. published a systematic review titled 'Psychedelics, OCD and related disorders: A systematic review' in the Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders in 2024.
Diagnosis of Anxiety - News-Medical.Net news-medical.net 2 facts
referenceThe DSM-IV-TR criteria for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) define compulsions as repeated behaviors and mental actions that the patient is driven to follow according to self-set rigid rules to ease anxiety and reduce distress; these actions are not realistic, are clearly excessive, may be recognized as excessive by the patient, and may take over one hour a day.
referenceThe DSM-IV-TR criteria for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) define obsessions as recurrent and intrusive thoughts, impulses, or ideas, where the patient attempts to ignore or suppress the thoughts and recognizes them as a product of their own mind, typically without excessive worry about real-life problems.
Evidence-Based Treatments for Anxiety, Depression, and Behavior ... advancedtherapeuticsolutions.org 1 fact
claimExposure and Response Prevention (ERP) is an evidence-based treatment used to address Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD).
Mind and Body Approaches for Stress and Anxiety frontlineerdallas.com 1 fact
measurementA 2018 meta-analysis of 50 studies involving 2,801 participants found that relaxation therapy was less effective than cognitive behavioral therapy for PTSD and obsessive-compulsive disorder, though no difference was found between the two therapies for other anxiety disorders like generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and specific phobias.
Table 3.15, DSM-IV to DSM-5 Generalized Anxiety Disorder ... - NCBI ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 1 fact
claimThe DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for Generalized Anxiety Disorder state that the disturbance is not better explained by another mental disorder, such as panic attacks in panic disorder, negative evaluation in social anxiety disorder, contamination or other obsessions in obsessive-compulsive disorder, separation from attachment figures in separation anxiety disorder, reminders of traumatic events in posttraumatic stress disorder, gaining weight in anorexia nervosa, physical complaints in somatic symptom disorder, perceived appearance flaws in body dysmorphic disorder, having a serious illness in illness anxiety disorder, or the content of delusional beliefs in schizophrenia or delusional disorder.
Treatment, Therapy and Stress Management Techniques to Help ... counseling.online.wfu.edu Jul 17, 2020 1 fact
claimAnxiety disorders include generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
Altered States of Consciousness, Psychedelics - Academia.edu academia.edu 1 fact
claimRecent studies have assessed the therapeutic potential of psilocybin for conditions including end-of-life anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Attention - Open Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science - MIT oecs.mit.edu Jul 24, 2024 1 fact
claimDisorders such as attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder, autism, obsessive compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, and various substance addictions are associated with changes in attention.
Neuroimaging in psychedelic drug development: past, present, and ... nature.com Sep 27, 2023 1 fact
claimClinical trials are currently evaluating the therapeutic potential of psychedelics for psychiatric disorders including anorexia nervosa, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), chronic pain, and addiction.
Stress: Its Negative Impact on Your Mental & Physical Health cwcare.net Jun 7, 2023 1 fact
claimWomen are more likely than men to be diagnosed with anxiety disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), panic disorder, or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
The Montreal model: an integrative biomedical-psychedelic ... frontiersin.org 1 fact
referenceThe paper 'Canadian clinical practice guidelines for the management of anxiety, posttraumatic stress and obsessive-compulsive disorders' by Katzman et al. was published in BMC Psychiatry in 2014.
CBT for Anxiety: Evidence-Based Techniques for Lasting Relief revivespokane.com Oct 22, 2025 1 fact
referenceAnxiety disorders include generalized anxiety disorder (persistent and excessive worry), social anxiety disorder (fear of social situations and negative judgment), panic disorder (recurring panic attacks), obsessive-compulsive disorder (unwanted thoughts and repetitive behaviors), post-traumatic stress disorder (developing after traumatic events), and specific phobias (extreme fear of particular objects or situations).
CBT For Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) cogbtherapy.com 1 fact
claimCognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is considered the most effective treatment for mental health disorders including substance use disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), depression, and other psychological difficulties.
Attachment Theory - Seattle Anxiety Specialists seattleanxiety.com 1 fact
claimChildren with dysfunctional attachment are prone to suffering from ADHD, Asperger's Syndrome, Conduct Disorder, and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD).