Knowledge Tree
Escherichia coli
synthesized from dimensionsEscherichia coli is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, facultatively anaerobic bacterium that serves as a fundamental member of the microbial community in the lower intestines of warm-blooded mammals Gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium. Colonization typically begins in the neonatal digestive tract immediately after birth neonatal digestive colonization. While many strains exist as commensal organisms, the species is highly diverse, encompassing both beneficial symbionts and significant pathogens.
The pathogenic potential of E. coli is categorized into intestinal and extra-intestinal groups. These strains are responsible for a wide array of clinical conditions, ranging from gastrointestinal distress and sepsis to urinary tract infections intestinal/extra-intestinal pathogens. In veterinary contexts, early pathogenic infections have been shown to impair intestinal barriers, as observed in newborn calves calf infection effects. Furthermore, specific pathobionts within the species have been linked to the development and progression of inflammatory bowel disease E. coli pathobionts in IBD.
A major global health concern involves the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains. These resistant populations present significant therapeutic challenges, particularly in underdeveloped regions MDR challenge in countries, and have been identified as contaminants in various ethnomedical products contamination in products. The mechanisms driving this resistance are multifaceted, involving the acquisition of CTX-M genes, the upregulation of efflux pumps, and the ability of the bacteria to persist in environmental reservoirs such as livestock waste.
To combat these resistant strains, researchers are increasingly investigating plant-derived compounds for their antibacterial properties. Various bioflavonoids have demonstrated the ability to impede bacterial ATPases bioflavonoids impede ATPases, while compounds such as gingerols and shogaols from *Zingiber officinale* have shown efficacy against MDR variants gingerols effective vs MDR. Other agents, such as berberine, exhibit inhibitory activity with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) range of 12.5–469 µg/ml berberine MIC range, and flavonoids like phloretin have been noted for their capacity to inhibit biofilm formation phloretin impedes biofilms.
Model Perspectives (1)
openrouter/x-ai/grok-4.1-fast 85% confidence
Escherichia coli is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, facultatively anaerobic coliform bacterium Gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium frequently found in the lower intestines of warm-blooded mammals, as described in Frontiers in Immunology. It colonizes the neonatal digestive tract immediately after birth neonatal digestive colonization, and specific pathobionts are associated with inflammatory bowel disease according to Mirsepasi-Lauridsen et al. (2019) E. coli pathobionts in IBD. Disease-causing strains are classified into intestinal and extra-intestinal groups responsible for issues like sepsis and bladder infections intestinal/extra-intestinal pathogens. Early pathogenic infections impair intestinal barriers in newborn calves, per He et al. (2022) calf infection effects. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) E. coli poses challenges in underdeveloped countries MDR challenge in countries and contaminates ethnomedical products contamination in products. Numerous plant-derived compounds show antibacterial activity against E. coli, including bioflavonoids impeding ATPases bioflavonoids impede ATPases, gingerols/shogaols from Zingiber officinale gingerols effective vs MDR, berberine (MIC 12.5–469 µg/ml) berberine MIC range, and flavonoids like phloretin inhibiting biofilms phloretin impedes biofilms, primarily reported in Frontiers in Immunology studies. Additional research highlights resistance mechanisms, such as CTX-M genes (Omar et al., 2024, Egyptian Journal of Chemistry), efflux pumps (Li and Ge, 2023, Microbiology Spectrum), and survival in livestock waste (Wang et al., 2023, Environmental Science & Technology).
Facts (118)
Sources
Adaptive laboratory evolution – principles and applications for ... link.springer.com Jul 1, 2013 85 facts
claimGrowth of E. coli on lactate as a carbon source leads to altered phenotypes, specifically decreased acetate overflow, which serves to tune cellular energy metabolism.
referenceGoodarzi H, Bennett B, Amini S, Reaves M, Hottes A, Rabinowitz J, and Tavazoie S (2010) analyzed regulatory and metabolic rewiring during laboratory evolution of ethanol tolerance in Escherichia coli, published in Molecular Systems Biology.
claimIncreased growth in Escherichia coli during osmotic stress is linked to mutations that lead to increased expression of enterobactin biosynthesis genes, including fepA and entD.
claimThe rpoC mutations identified in Escherichia coli during glycerol growth selection led to altered gene expression patterns by globally redistributing transcriptional units from ribosomal RNAs to other units.
claimIncreased ethanol tolerance in Escherichia coli can be mediated by increased catabolism of ethanol through the TCA cycle.
referenceT. Cooper and R. Lenski published the paper 'Experimental evolution with E. coli in diverse resource environments. I. Fluctuating environments promote divergence of replicate populations' in the journal BMC Evolutionary Biology in 2010 (Volume 10, article 11).
accountExperimental Escherichia coli cultures have demonstrated the ability to evolve novel traits on a laboratory time scale, such as the aerobic utilization of citrate, the ability to use the non-natural carbon source 1,2-propanediol, and the development of compensatory mutations to restore glutathione biosynthesis in a deficient strain.
referenceSleight S, Orlic C, Schneider D, and Lenski R (2008) investigated the genetic basis of evolutionary adaptation by Escherichia coli to stressful cycles of freezing, thawing, and growth, published in Genetics.
referencePelosi et al. (2006) published 'Parallel changes in global protein profiles during long-term experimental evolution in Escherichia coli' in Genetics, volume 173, pages 1851-1869.
claimEscherichia coli populations with an rpoS deletion can develop increased salt tolerance during laboratory evolution by uncoupling the rpoS-dependent expression of the otsBA operon, which is necessary for trehalose synthesis.
referencePhilippe N, Crozat E, Lenski R, and Schneider D studied the evolution of global regulatory networks in Escherichia coli during a long-term experiment, as published in BioEssays in 2007.
referenceCrozat et al. (2010) published 'Parallel genetic and phenotypic evolution of DNA superhelicity in experimental populations of Escherichia coli' in Molecular Biology and Evolution, volume 27, pages 2113-2128.
measurementIn typical E. coli or S. cerevisiae cultures, a fitness increase of 50–100% can be achieved within 100 to 500 generations, which corresponds to approximately 2 months of selection.
claimEscherichia coli populations exposed to prolonged increased temperature show adaptive expression changes in heat-inducible genes, specifically hslT, fkpA, and gapA.
referenceMinty JJ, Lesnefsky AA, Lin F, Chen Y, Zaroff TA, Veloso AB, Xie B, McConnell CA, Ward RJ, and Schwartz DR (2011) combined evolution and genomic study to elucidate the genetic bases of isobutanol tolerance in Escherichia coli, published in Microbial Cell Factories.
measurementIn a study on Escherichia coli batch selection for growth on glycerol, rpoC RNA polymerase mutations were identified as a major source for improved growth, leading to a biomass yield increase of up to 40%, reduced acetate overflow, increased metabolic rate, and a lowered or total loss of motility.
referencePaul Sniegowski, Paul Gerrish, and Richard Lenski demonstrated the evolution of high mutation rates in experimental populations of Escherichia coli in a 1997 study published in Nature.
referenceJeffrey Barrick, D. Yu, S. Yoon, H. Jeong, T. Oh, D. Schneider, Richard Lenski, and J. Kim analyzed genome evolution and adaptation in a long-term experiment with Escherichia coli in a 2009 study published in Nature.
claimAdaptive evolution towards increased iso- and n-butanol stress in Escherichia coli involves mutations in acrAB and marC, as well as changes in carbon and nitrogen metabolism via gatY and tnaA, enterobactin synthesis, and attenuated rpoS activity via hfq mutations.
accountIn a single Escherichia coli population grown under glycerol-limited conditions, one stable mutant showed increased growth in glycerol-sufficient batch cultures, while a second mutant did not; the mutant with increased growth in batch culture also exhibited increased fitness under general nutrient limitation, heat stress, and osmotic stress.
referenceRichard Lenski, J. Mongold, Paul Sniegowski, M. Travisano, F. Vasi, Paul Gerrish, and T. Schmidt investigated the evolution of competitive fitness in experimental populations of Escherichia coli in a 1998 study published in Antonie van Leeuwenhoek.
claimIn the last 25 years, there has been an increasing number of adaptive laboratory evolution experiments, with Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae being the most prominent organisms under investigation.
claimPhosphate limitation experiments caused genotypic and phenotypic divergence in E. coli through mutations in the rpoS, spoT, and hfq genes, which led to the de-regulation of pho genes and increased phosphate transport.
claimThe SPANC balance (self-preservation and nutritional competence) in Escherichia coli is governed by strict control of processes such as stress and stringent responses.
referenceVaughn Cooper and Richard Lenski studied the population genetics of ecological specialization in evolving Escherichia coli populations in a 2000 paper published in Nature.
claimIn Escherichia coli, increased ethanol tolerance results in decreased resistance to acidic conditions.
claimAdaptive changes towards ethanol tolerance in Escherichia coli are linked to the up-regulation of oxyR and nrdR, which indicates major changes in the cellular respiratory system and amino acid metabolism.
referenceSleight S and Lenski R (2007) examined evolutionary adaptation to freeze-thaw-growth cycles in Escherichia coli, published in Physiological and Biochemical Zoology.
measurementIn a study of Escherichia coli, a mutator phenotype (mutT) was invaded by mutY mutations, where the mutT mutation led to an approximately 150-fold increase in the mutation rate, while the mutY mutations decreased the mutation rate by 40–60% to reduce genetic load.
referenceFeist et al. (2010) performed a model-driven evaluation of the production potential for growth-coupled products of Escherichia coli.
claimAdaptation to extreme temperature in Escherichia coli relies on the constitutive expression of GroEL/ES.
referenceNotley-McRobb and Ferenci (1999) observed the generation of multiple co-existing mal-regulatory mutations through polygenic evolution in glucose-limited populations of Escherichia coli.
claimIn E. coli, lacZ expression levels were evolutionarily fine-tuned depending on the lactose concentration in the environment to balance the cost of lacZ expression and increased fitness.
referenceHughes, Cullum, and Bennett (2007) studied evolutionary adaptation to environmental pH in experimental lineages of Escherichia coli.
referenceChen T, Wang J, Yang R, Li J, Lin M, and Lin Z showed that laboratory-evolved mutants of the exogenous global regulator IrrE from Deinococcus radiodurans enhance the stress tolerances of Escherichia coli in a 2011 study published in PLoS One.
claimIn Escherichia coli, n-butanol tolerance is weakly compatible with oxidative stress and leads to trade-offs in hexane and chloramphenicol resistance.
referenceP. Charusanti, T.M. Conrad, E.M. Knight, K. Venkataraman, N.L. Fong, B. Xie, Y. Gao, and B. Palsson published the paper 'Genetic basis of growth adaptation of Escherichia coli after deletion of pgi, a major metabolic gene' in the journal PLoS Genetics in 2010 (Volume 6, article e1001186).
referenceM. Dragosits, V. Mozhayskiy, S. Quinones-Soto, J. Park, and I. Tagkopoulos published the paper 'Evolutionary potential, cross-stress behavior and the genetic basis of acquired stress resistance in Escherichia coli' in the journal Molecular Systems Biology in 2013 (Volume 9, article 643).
referenceReyes et al. (2012) visualized evolution in real time to determine the molecular mechanisms of n-butanol tolerance in Escherichia coli, published in Metabolic Engineering.
referenceNotley-McRobb L, Pinto R, Seeto S, and Ferenci T published 'Regulation of mutY and nature of mutator mutations in Escherichia coli populations under nutrient limitation' in the Journal of Bacteriology in 2002.
claimMesophilic organisms such as Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae have inherent properties that limit their use in high-temperature processes, necessitating the use of non-conventional microbial species in biotechnology.
claimLong-term batch cultivation of Escherichia coli on glucose leads to a rapid decay of non-used metabolic functions, specifically the ability to grow on D-ribose and L-glutamine.
referenceS. Fong, A. Joyce, and B. Palsson published the paper 'Parallel adaptive evolution cultures of Escherichia coli lead to convergent growth phenotypes with different gene expression states' in the journal Genome Research in 2005 (Volume 15, pages 1365-1372).
accountIn a 1997 study, Escherichia coli was evolved in chemostat cultures to select for improved growth on glycerol, resulting in phenotypic changes including altered colony morphology, increased growth rate, increased biomass yield, and decreased acetate formation.
claimResearchers introduced a heterologous transcriptional regulator from Deinococcus radiodurans into Escherichia coli to select for improved phenotypes, demonstrating that extensive perturbations of regulatory networks can expand possibilities in rapid laboratory evolution towards complex traits.
referenceOrth JD, Conrad TM, Na J, Lerman JA, Nam H, Feist AM, and Palsson B published a comprehensive genome-scale reconstruction of Escherichia coli metabolism in 2011 in Molecular Systems Biology.
referenceSilver and Mateles (1969) studied the control of mixed-substrate utilization in continuous cultures of Escherichia coli in the Journal of Bacteriology.
claimResearchers achieved a drastic increase in n-butanol tolerance in Escherichia coli by combining laboratory evolution with genome shuffling of the evolved clones.
claimIn Escherichia coli, evolutionarily 'old' anticipatory responses can be rapidly decoupled by using increased genotypic diversity leveraged by a transposon library.
referenceWeikert, Sauer, and Bailey (1997) utilized a glycerol-limited, long-term chemostat to isolate Escherichia coli mutants with improved physiological properties.
claimMultiplexed automated genome engineering (MAGE) technology utilizes massively increased genotypic diversity to generate improved phenotypes, such as improved lycopene production in Escherichia coli, and to accelerate evolution.
referenceLederberg (1951) reported on the prevalence of Escherichia coli strains exhibiting genetic recombination in the journal Science.
claimMutations in amino acid catabolic processes and the stress response sigma factor, rpoS, are critical for acquiring a selective advantage in nutrient-starved conditions for Escherichia coli.
claimYeast cells possess an intrinsic sensing mechanism similar to the SPANC balance in Escherichia coli, which allows them to balance growth and stress resistance.
claimIncreased oxidative stress resistance in Escherichia coli may be linked to mutations in the soxR reducing system and increased levels of cellular catalase/peroxidase (katG).
referenceZambrano et al. (1993) identified Escherichia coli mutants that take over stationary phase cultures, demonstrating microbial competition.
claimGeneral evolutionary principles observed in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, such as the tendency toward optimized biomass yield, overflow metabolism, large-scale regulatory changes, and the emergence of mutator strains, also occur in other microbial hosts like Lactococcus lactis.
procedureResearchers applied laboratory evolution to recombinant E. coli through serial transfers to improve anaerobic growth on xylose, aiming to allow homofermentative L-lactic acid production.
referenceT.M. Conrad, M. Frazier, A.R. Joyce, B.K. Cho, E.M. Knight, N.E. Lewis, R. Landick, and B. Palsson published the paper 'RNA polymerase mutants found through adaptive evolution reprogram Escherichia coli for optimal growth in minimal media' in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA in 2010 (Volume 107, pages 20500-20505).
claimGASP (growth advantage in stationary phase) mutants are rapidly fixed in Escherichia coli populations.
referenceQ. Hua, A.R. Joyce, B. Palsson, and S.S. Fong published the paper 'Metabolic characterization of Escherichia coli strains adapted to growth on lactate' in the journal Applied and Environmental Microbiology in 2007 (Volume 73, pages 4639-4647).
referenceRiehle M, Bennett A, Lenski R, and Long A (2003) analyzed evolutionary changes in heat-inducible gene expression in lines of Escherichia coli adapted to high temperature, published in Physiological Genomics.
claimThe occurrence of enterobactin-related mutations in multiple adaptive laboratory evolution studies highlights the importance of tuning the cellular redox machinery during environmental stress exposure in Escherichia coli.
referenceManch, Notley-McRobb, and Ferenci (1999) found that the mutational adaptation of Escherichia coli to glucose limitation involves distinct evolutionary pathways in aerobic versus oxygen-limited environments.
referenceL. Wang, B. Spira, Z. Zhou, L. Feng, R.P. Maharjan, X. Li, F. Li, C. McKenzie, P.R. Reeves, and T. Ferenci observed divergence involving global regulatory gene mutations in an Escherichia coli population evolving under phosphate limitation in a 2010 study published in Genome Biology and Evolution.
measurementApproximately 30% of genes in well-studied organisms such as Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae have unknown functions.
claimMutations in E. coli resulted in a reduced diauxic lag phase and increased maximum growth rates when the bacteria were grown in a lactose growth medium.
referenceRudolph B, Gebendorfer KM, Buchner J, and Winter J (2010) studied the evolution of Escherichia coli for growth at high temperatures, published in the Journal of Biological Chemistry.
referenceAtsumi S, Wu TY, Machado IM, Huang WC, Chen PY, Pellegrini M, and Liao JC (2010) studied the evolution, genomic analysis, and reconstruction of isobutanol tolerance in Escherichia coli, published in Molecular Systems Biology.
claimMutations identified in isobutanol-resistant Escherichia coli strains show a high degree of epistasis.
referenceR.J. Woods, Jeffrey Barrick, T.F. Cooper, U. Shrestha, M.R. Kauth, and Richard Lenski provided evidence for second-order selection for evolvability in a large Escherichia coli population in a 2011 study published in Science.
referenceLee DH, Feist AM, Barrett CL, and Palsson B published 'Cumulative number of cell divisions as a meaningful timescale for adaptive laboratory evolution of Escherichia coli' in the Journal of General Microbiology in 1980.
claimE. coli can evolve different modes of lacZ expression depending on whether the environment contains lactose, glucose, or both as carbon sources, with mutations accumulating predominantly in the lacI and lacO1 regions of the lac operon.
referenceLiu M, Durfee T, Cabrera J, Zhao K, Jin D, and Blattner F revealed a carbon source foraging strategy by Escherichia coli through global transcriptional programs, published in J Biol Chem in 2005.
referenceQuan S, Ray JC, Kwota Z, Duong T, Balázsi G, Cooper TF, and Monds RD (2012) investigated the adaptive evolution of the lactose utilization network in experimentally evolved populations of Escherichia coli, published in PLoS Genetics.
referenceT. Cooper, D. Rozen, and R. Lenski published the paper 'Parallel changes in gene expression after 20,000 generations of evolution in Escherichia coli' in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA in 2003 (Volume 100, pages 1072-1077).
claimIndependent studies have observed changes in enterobactin biosynthetic processes (ent genes) in Escherichia coli during adaptive evolution experiments.
accountProfessor Lenski and his research group at Michigan State University have conducted a long-term adaptive laboratory evolution study using Escherichia coli that has exceeded 50,000 generations.
referenceAlcántara-Díaz D, Breña-Valle M, and Serment-Guerrero J (2004) studied the divergent adaptation of Escherichia coli to cyclic ultraviolet light exposures, published in Mutagenesis.
claimAdaptation to extreme temperature in Escherichia coli can be achieved through mutations in glpF and fabA, which are accompanied by increased membrane fatty acid saturation.
referenceHorinouchi T, Tamaoka K, Furusawa C, Ono N, Suzuki S, Hirasawa T, Yomo T, and Shimizu H (2010) performed a transcriptome analysis of parallel-evolved Escherichia coli strains under ethanol stress, published in BMC Genomics.
referenceStoebel D, Hokamp K, Last M, and Dorman C (2009) studied the compensatory evolution of gene regulation in response to stress by Escherichia coli lacking RpoS, published in PLoS Genetics.
referenceNotley-McRobb L, Seeto S, and Ferenci T published 'Enrichment and elimination of mutY mutators in Escherichia coli populations' in Genetics in 2002.
claimLow-temperature evolved Escherichia coli populations do not universally exhibit trade-offs at high temperatures, as individual lineages may show no trade-offs or even increased fitness.
referenceZachary Blount, C. Borland, and Richard Lenski examined historical contingency and the evolution of a key innovation in an experimental population of Escherichia coli in a 2008 study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).
Medicinal plants: bioactive compounds, biological activities ... frontiersin.org 29 facts
claimBioflavonoids can impede the F1 or membrane-associated F1Fo ATPases of Escherichia coli.
claimEscherichia coli cells colonize the neonatal digestive tract immediately after birth.
claimGingerols and shogaols, bioactive compounds found in Zingiber officinale (ginger), are effective against the MDR microorganism Escherichia coli.
claimMirsepasi-Lauridsen et al. (2019) identified Escherichia coli pathobionts associated with inflammatory bowel disease.
claimHypericum perforatum (St. John’s wort), originating from Europe, Asia, and North Africa, demonstrated in vitro antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus.
referenceOmar et al. (2024) published a study in the Egyptian Journal of Chemistry on the detection of (CTX-M) resistance genes in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia and the antibacterial effect of ethanolic extract of neem plant (Azadirachta indica) against these bacteria.
claimThe alkaloid berberine derived from apple inhibits biofilm formation in multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli by disrupting the synthesis of biofilm-related compounds.
claimPiperine, a bioactive compound found in Piper nigrum (black pepper), is effective against the MDR microorganisms Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.
claimBerberine, a bioactive compound found in Berberis vulgaris (barberry), is effective against the MDR microorganisms Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.
claimEssential oils (such as linalool), bioactive compounds found in Ocimum basilicum (basil), are effective against the MDR microorganisms Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.
referenceLi and Ge (2023) published a study in Microbiology Spectrum on the role of berberine as a potential efflux pump inhibitor against MdfA from Escherichia coli using in vitro and in silico studies.
claimEscherichia coli is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, facultatively anaerobic coliform bacterium frequently found in the lower intestines of warm-blooded mammals.
claimHe et al. (2022) studied the effect of early pathogenic Escherichia coli infection on the intestinal barrier and immune function in newborn calves.
claimPyrus salicifolia (willow-leaved pear), originating from Asia, demonstrated in vitro antimicrobial activities against Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumalis, Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus.
claimCamptothecin, a bioactive compound found in Camptotheca acuminata (happy tree), is effective against the MDR microorganism Escherichia coli.
claimEscherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus pose a significant challenge in underdeveloped countries due to their ability to acquire drug resistance.
claimOriganum vulgare (oregano), native to the Mediterranean, Europe, and Asia, demonstrated in vitro antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria including Aeromonas hydrophila, Citrobacter sp., Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Flavobacterium sp., Klebsiella spp., Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella spp., Serratia marcescens, and Shigella dysenteriae.
claimMenthol and menthone, bioactive compounds found in Mentha piperita (peppermint), are effective against the MDR microorganisms Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.
claimEscherichia coli disease-causing groups are classified into two categories: those responsible for intestinal problems and those responsible for infections beyond the intestines, such as sepsis and bladder infections.
claimMcMurray et al. (2020) demonstrated that four plant extracts from traditional Chinese medicinal plants possess antibacterial activity against Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella enterica subsp enterica serovar Enteritidis.
claimTribulus terrestris (bull’s head) and Soymida febrifuga (Indian redwood), native to worldwide regions and India respectively, inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella oxytoca, and Staphylococcus aureus in vitro.
claimSpecific bacterial strains, including Staphylococcus aureus, Helicobacter pylori, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus anthracis, can overcome host defenses and induce severe illnesses such as pneumonia, endocarditis, septicemia, and osteomyelitis.
measurementThe minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) range of berberine against diarrhea-associated bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA, Vibrio cholera, Bacillus cereus, and Escherichia coli, is 12.5–469 µg/ml.
claimRosmarinic acid and carnosic acid, bioactive compounds found in Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary), are effective against the MDR microorganism Escherichia coli.
claimZingiber officinale (ginger) and Thymus kotschyanus, native to Southeast Asia and Iran respectively, demonstrated in vitro antimicrobial effects by suppressing the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.
claimThymol and carvacrol, bioactive compounds found in Thymus vulgaris (thyme), are effective against the MDR microorganisms Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.
claimFlavonoids, specifically phloretin, impede biofilm development in Escherichia coli by downregulating curli gene expression, which limits fimbriae formation.
referenceWang et al. published 'Neglected drivers of antibiotic resistance: Survival of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing pathogenic Escherichia coli from livestock waste through dormancy and release of transformable extracellular antibiotic resistance genes under heat treatment' in Environmental Science & Technology in 2023.
claimDioscorea bulbifera (air potato), originating from Tropical Africa and Asia, demonstrated in vitro antimicrobial activities against Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumalis, Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus.
Pharmacological Uses of New Bioactive Compounds from Medicinal ... academia.edu 1 fact
claimThe bioactive compounds curcumin, allicin, and berberine are effective at killing multidrug-resistant bacteria, specifically Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Wild edible plants for food security, dietary diversity, and nutraceuticals frontiersin.org Nov 27, 2025 1 fact
claimEthnomedical products derived from wild edible plants are susceptible to microbial contamination by pathogens including Salmonella, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Clostridium perfringens.
Nanomaterials in the future biotextile industry: A new cosmovision to ... frontiersin.org Dec 1, 2022 1 fact
claimCotton textiles functionalized with silver nanoparticles derived from black rice extract exhibit antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, UV protection, and higher hydrophobic performance.
A critical review of industrial fiber hemp anatomy, agronomic ... bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu 1 fact
claimEdible-coated packaging made of gelatin with hempseed oil applied to golden apples, cheese, and pork demonstrated antibacterial activity against Penicillium expansum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli pathogens.