concept

complementarity

Also known as: complementarities

Facts (34)

Sources

Business ecosystems as a way to activate lock-in in business models link.springer.com Springer Mar 28, 2025 21 facts

claimComplementarity is typically achieved more quickly than lock-in, providing a margin for the activation of lock-in mechanisms.

claimOne-way complementarity occurs when component A is necessary for component B, but component B is not necessary for component A; for example, Apple operating systems can function without third-party applications, but those applications cannot function without the operating system.

referenceMilgrom, P., & Roberts, J. (1995) published 'Complementarities and fit: Strategy, structure and Organizational Change in Manufacturing' in the Journal of Accounting and Economics, 19, 179–208.

claimA firm is likely to perform highly if it combines business model novelty with any of the other three business model themes: efficiency, complementarity, or lock-in (Kulins et al., 2016; Leppänen et al., 2023).

claimComplementarity between parts of an aggregate offering is defined by the notion that the value of component A is greater in the presence of component B than in its absence.

claimAmazon's second business model (the digital marketplace) activated novelty, efficiency, and complementarity themes, eventually creating indirect network effects that locked in both third-party sellers and customers.

claimFirms can create self-reinforcing competitive advantages that discourage imitation by implementing complementarity, network effects, and sunk costs within an ecosystem.

claimBusiness model theory identifies four primary themes of value creation and appropriation: novelty, efficiency, complementarity, and lock-in.

claimManagers of pioneer firms must plan for the long-term deployment of their business models, which evolves from novelty and efficiency to the simultaneous activation of lock-in and complementarity.

claimFuture research is needed to understand the interactions between lock-in mechanisms and other business model themes, specifically novelty, efficiency, and complementarity.

claimFirms should leverage business ecosystems to build substantial lock-in effects by establishing unique complementarities, encouraging modular specialization, and developing multi-sided network effects.

claimComplementarity is the economic notion that the value of a product or service A is greater in the presence of product or service B than in its absence, as established by Ennen & Richter (2010) and Milgrom & Roberts (1995).

claimHigh firm performance is achieved through the combination of novelty with lock-in, or efficiency with complementarity and lock-in (Kulins et al., 2016).

claimPioneering firms can defend their market position by transforming their business model architecture to introduce complementarity and initiate lock-in.

referenceEnnen and Richter (2010) reviewed the empirical literature on complementarities in organizations, questioning whether the whole is more than the sum of its parts.

claimThere are four distinct business model themes: novelty, efficiency, complementarity, and lock-in.

claimFirms can optimize lock-in by deliberately designing ecosystems through the alignment of modular components and the orchestration of complementarities.

claimA firm's business model architecture can be configured to provide offerings that complement the business models of other firms, creating a unique form of complementarity that forms a business ecosystem, which activates lock-in for participants and raises entry barriers for imitators.

claimModularization is a requirement for complementarity, involving the arrangement of products, services, activities, or resources into distinct modules with explicitly defined physical or informational interfaces.

claimTwo-way complementarity occurs when component A is necessary for component B and component B is necessary for component A; for example, Apple operating systems require iPhone hardware, and the iPhone hardware requires the operating system.

claimTo drive firm performance, a business model architecture must be configured to activate one or more of the following themes: novelty, efficiency, complementarity, and lock-in.

Quantum Approaches to Consciousness plato.stanford.edu Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Nov 30, 2004 6 facts

claimHans Primas proposed an approach in 2007 that addresses complementarity in psychology and cognitive science using partial Boolean algebras.

claimThe quantum theory concepts of complementarity and entanglement are frequently utilized in discussions regarding the nature of consciousness.

referenceSome approaches to consciousness generalize quantum theory beyond quantum physics to apply concepts like complementarity and entanglement to both mental and material domains, conceiving the relationship between the two as dual aspects of one underlying reality.

referenceHarald Atmanspacher, H. Römer, and H. Walach published 'Weak quantum theory: Complementarity and entanglement in physics and beyond' in the journal Foundations of Physics in 2002.

claimNiels Bohr believed that central conceptual features of quantum theory, such as complementarity, held significance beyond the domain of physics, an idea he encountered through psychologist Edgar Rubin and William James.

claimSome accounts of quantum theory in relation to consciousness use quantum terms like entanglement, superposition, collapse, and complementarity purely as metaphors without precise definitions or specific applications, which the author of the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on Quantum Approaches to Consciousness argues does not represent scientific progress.

Quantum Approaches to Consciousness plato.stanford.edu Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Nov 30, 2004 4 facts

claimNiels Bohr proposed that central conceptual features of quantum theory, specifically complementarity, hold significance outside the domain of physics.

claimSome researchers use quantum theoretical terms such as entanglement, superposition, collapse, and complementarity without providing precise definitions or specific applications for these terms.

claimPrimas (2007, 2017) proposed an approach to mind-matter relations that addresses complementarity using partial Boolean algebras.

claimThere is accumulating evidence that quantum concepts, specifically complementarity, entanglement, dispersive states, and non-Boolean logic, play significant roles in mental processes.

Quantum Approaches to Consciousness plato.stanford.edu Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Nov 30, 2004 3 facts

claimThe concepts of complementarity and entanglement from quantum theory are considered attractive features for discussing issues of consciousness.

claimQuantum concepts such as complementarity, contextuality, entanglement, dispersive states, and non-Boolean logic play significant roles in mental processes and have epistemological consequences, according to research cited by Bruza et al. (2023).

claimPrimas (2007, 2017) addressed complementarity using partial Boolean algebras, while Filk and von Müller (2008) identified links between basic conceptual categories in quantum physics and psychology.