cellulose

lignin

Justification not yet generated — showing supporting facts

• Farias et al. demonstrated that plasma therapy using air or pure oxygen removes the amorphous lignin layer on the surface of coir fibers. This process decreases the lignin-to-cellulose ratio, resulting in improved mechanical strength of the fibers.
• Hemicellulose functions in plant cell walls by binding cellulose with lignin to provide structural rigidity, while also imparting flexibility and porosity.
• Lignin and cellulose possess UV-blocking capacity, which is useful in light management due to their ability to scatter and absorb light (ref. 256).
• The study 'Recent breakthroughs in the valorization of lignocellulosic biomass' examines environmental crises in construction, advocates for sustainable material alternatives like cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, silica, bamboo, and cork, and details technologies for valorizing lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) through extraction and purification.
• Hemp hurds contain 18% to 27% hemicellulose and pectin, 21% to 28% lignin, 40% to 48% cellulose, 2.2% extractives, and 1.4% ash content, making them a viable option for use as a polymer reinforcement agent.
• Lignocellulosic biomass contains several key components, including cellulose, silica, lignin, and hemicellulose.
• Natural fibers are composed of either polysaccharides, such as cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, or proteins, such as fibroin and collagen.
• Mazumder and Zhang (2023) investigate the interaction between cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in the secondary cell wall of coconut endocarp in the journal Biomimetics.
• Cellulose and silica are the most frequently observed materials used for thermal insulation, with additional research available on the use of hemicellulose and lignin.
• Guo, Shen, Xiao, and Zhao (2011) conducted an experimental study on biomass pyrolysis focusing on the three major components: hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin.
• Bio-coatings and adhesives are typically hydrophobic materials that utilize lignin more extensively than cellulose.
• Lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose are components of food fibers that absorb water and bind harmful substances for elimination through feces.
• Hemp bast fibers are composed of 70% to 75% cellulose, 15% to 20% hemicellulose, 3% to 5% lignin, 0.8% pectin, 2% to 6% extractives, and 1% to 2% ash content, as reported by Manaia et al. (2019), Möller and Popescu (2009), and Zheljazkov et al. (2023).
• V. M. Serrano-Martínez, H. Pérez-Aguilar, M. P. Carbonell-Blasco, F. Arán-Ais, and E. Orgilés-Calpena developed a steam explosion-based method for extracting cellulose and lignin from rice straw waste, as published in Applied Sciences in 2024.
• The annual dry biomass production and composition of various crops are as follows: Rice (905 million tons, 37.0% cellulose, 16.5% hemicellulose, 13.6% lignin, 19.8% ash), Wheat (62 million tons, 40.2% cellulose, 38.8% hemicellulose, 17.0% lignin, 2.3% ash), Maize (2724 million tons, 42.7% cellulose, 23.2% hemicellulose, 17.5% lignin, 6.8% ash), Sugarcane (1048 million tons, 41.1% cellulose, 22.7% hemicellulose, 31.4% lignin, 2.4% ash), Barley (23.46 million tons, 37.5% cellulose, 37.1% hemicellulose, 15.8% lignin, 4.2% ash), and Soybeans (60.28 million tons, 36.4% cellulose, 14.3% hemicellulose, 18.2% lignin, 4.2% ash).
• The cellulose concentration of hemp bast fibers is higher at the center of the stalk than at the top or bottom, while lignin concentration decreases from the bottom to the top of the stalk, and hemicellulose content increases from the bottom to the top, according to Li et al. (2013).
• Future research on lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) should focus on the total utilization of biomass, including hemicellulose, bio-based silica, and pectin, rather than focusing primarily on cellulose and lignin.
• Figure 2 in the source text provides an illustrative discussion regarding the structure, properties, and applications of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and silica.
• Various sustainable insulating materials have been documented with specific thermal conductivities and features: Aerogel (Cellulose, Mg(OH)2) has a conductivity of 56–81 mW m−1 K−1 and is flame retardant; Aerogel (Cellulose) has a conductivity of 25.5 mW m−1 K−1 and is low density/high strength; High porosity wood (Cellulose) has a conductivity of 38 mW m−1 K−1 and is lightweight/noise reducing; Bamboo particle boards (Lignin, glue) have a conductivity of 101–201 mW m−1 K−1 and hygrothermal properties; Aerogel (Silica, lignin, ethylene glycol polymer) has a conductivity of 40 mW m−1 K−1 and is fire resistant/superhydrophobic; Aerogel (Silica) has a conductivity of 19–23 mW m−1 K−1 and is acoustic insulating; Aerogel (Konjac glucomannan, silica) has a conductivity of 21 mW m−1 K−1 and is ultralight/high strength/hydrophobic; Aerogel (Cellulose nanowhisker) has a conductivity of 45 mW m−1 K−1 and is flexible/flame retardant/high strength; Aerogel (Cellulose, PVA) has a conductivity of 31–42 mW m−1 K−1 and is ultralow density/high porosity/superhydrophobic; Aerogel (Cellulose, graphene confined-zirconium phosphate nanosheets) has a conductivity of 18 mW m−1 K−1 and is high strength/flame retardant; Aerogel (Bacterial cellulose) has a conductivity of 13 mW m−1 K−1 and is flexible; Foam (Wood fiber, phytic acid, polyethyleneimine) has a conductivity of 33.6–40 mW m−1 K−1 and is tough/flame retardant/self-extinguishing.

hemicellulose

Justification not yet generated — showing supporting facts

• Hemicellulose functions in plant cell walls by binding cellulose with lignin to provide structural rigidity, while also imparting flexibility and porosity.
• The study 'Recent breakthroughs in the valorization of lignocellulosic biomass' examines environmental crises in construction, advocates for sustainable material alternatives like cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, silica, bamboo, and cork, and details technologies for valorizing lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) through extraction and purification.
• Hemp hurds contain 18% to 27% hemicellulose and pectin, 21% to 28% lignin, 40% to 48% cellulose, 2.2% extractives, and 1.4% ash content, making them a viable option for use as a polymer reinforcement agent.
• Lignocellulosic biomass contains several key components, including cellulose, silica, lignin, and hemicellulose.
• Natural fibers are composed of either polysaccharides, such as cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, or proteins, such as fibroin and collagen.
• Mazumder and Zhang (2023) investigate the interaction between cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in the secondary cell wall of coconut endocarp in the journal Biomimetics.
• Cellulose and silica are the most frequently observed materials used for thermal insulation, with additional research available on the use of hemicellulose and lignin.
• Guo, Shen, Xiao, and Zhao (2011) conducted an experimental study on biomass pyrolysis focusing on the three major components: hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin.
• Hemicellulose has an amorphous structure due to its random branching, which results in lower mechanical strength and chemical resistance compared to cellulose.
• Lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose are components of food fibers that absorb water and bind harmful substances for elimination through feces.
• Hemp bast fibers are composed of 70% to 75% cellulose, 15% to 20% hemicellulose, 3% to 5% lignin, 0.8% pectin, 2% to 6% extractives, and 1% to 2% ash content, as reported by Manaia et al. (2019), Möller and Popescu (2009), and Zheljazkov et al. (2023).
• Rastogi et al. developed an enzymatic-based technique for valorizing lignocellulosic biomass into lignin-free polysaccharides using sugarcane bagasse and corn cob as feedstock. The procedure involves: (1) alkali treatment with 2% NaOH for delignification, (2) xylanases enzyme treatment extracted from Aspergillus tubingensis strains, (3) substrate loading at 2% (w/v), (4) enzyme loading at 100–500 U g−1, and (5) incubation at 40 °C, 140 rpm, for 72 hours. The saccharification yield was 81.4%, with greater saccharification observed in the hemicellulose fraction than the cellulose fraction.
• Potassium uptake in industrial hemp increases with plant maturity, with the highest uptake occurring during the development stage of bast fibers, which causes significant increases in cellulose and hemicellulose content.
• The annual dry biomass production and composition of various crops are as follows: Rice (905 million tons, 37.0% cellulose, 16.5% hemicellulose, 13.6% lignin, 19.8% ash), Wheat (62 million tons, 40.2% cellulose, 38.8% hemicellulose, 17.0% lignin, 2.3% ash), Maize (2724 million tons, 42.7% cellulose, 23.2% hemicellulose, 17.5% lignin, 6.8% ash), Sugarcane (1048 million tons, 41.1% cellulose, 22.7% hemicellulose, 31.4% lignin, 2.4% ash), Barley (23.46 million tons, 37.5% cellulose, 37.1% hemicellulose, 15.8% lignin, 4.2% ash), and Soybeans (60.28 million tons, 36.4% cellulose, 14.3% hemicellulose, 18.2% lignin, 4.2% ash).
• The cellulose concentration of hemp bast fibers is higher at the center of the stalk than at the top or bottom, while lignin concentration decreases from the bottom to the top of the stalk, and hemicellulose content increases from the bottom to the top, according to Li et al. (2013).
• Future research on lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) should focus on the total utilization of biomass, including hemicellulose, bio-based silica, and pectin, rather than focusing primarily on cellulose and lignin.
• Figure 2 in the source text provides an illustrative discussion regarding the structure, properties, and applications of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and silica.
• Light inhibits cell wall deposition by affecting the accumulation of cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin, which alters cell wall plasticity, growth, and mechanical properties in shoot tissues, while increasing cell wall thickness and cellulose content, according to Brüggenwirth and Knoche (2017) and Xu et al. (2024b).

industrial hemp

Industrial hemp is a primary source of cellulose, as its development stage and harvesting at full bloom are directly linked to the accumulation and maximum yield of cellulose content within the plant's bast fibers, as described in [1] and [2]. — 2 supporting facts

lignocellulosic biomass

Justification not yet generated — showing supporting facts

• Future research on lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) should focus on the total utilization of biomass, including hemicellulose, bio-based silica, and pectin, rather than focusing primarily on cellulose and lignin.