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• Modern paleo diets often emphasize avoiding grains, dairy, and legumes based on the assumption that early humans did not consume these foods and relied heavily on meat.
• A diet revolving around meat and dairy will take a greater toll on global resources than a diet revolving around unrefined grains, nuts, fruits, and vegetables, which is a significant concern given the global population is expected to reach nine billion by 2050.
• The National Indian Council on Aging states that processed foods are generally located in the middle aisles of grocery stores, whereas healthier food choices like dairy, fruits, vegetables, meat, and fish are located around the perimeter.
• Within-group dietary diversity measures, which have grown in usage since 2010, primarily assessed fruit and/or vegetable diversity (over 50%), meat/alternatives diversity (25%), grain diversity (10%), and dairy diversity (8%).
• The 2021 Global Nutrition Report asserts that policy measures are required to transform the food system toward healthy and sustainable food production by prioritizing the adoption of healthy and sustainable diets and disincentivizing the production and consumption of high-impact foods such as meat and dairy.
• In the scoping review by Annalijn I Conklin et al., over half of the 114 within-group diversity measures assessed fruit and/or vegetable diversity, 25% assessed meat/alternatives diversity, 10% assessed grain diversity, and 8% assessed dairy diversity.
• Diets revolving around meat and dairy are currently on the rise throughout the developing world.
• The Mediterranean-Style Dietary Pattern Score (MSDPS) assigns points based on daily or weekly servings of specific food groups, including whole grains (8 servings/day), fruits (3 servings/day), vegetables (6 servings/day), dairy (2 servings/day), wine (1.5 servings/day for women, 3 servings/day for men), fish/seafood (6 servings/week), poultry (4 servings/week), olives/legumes/nuts (4 servings/week), potatoes/starchy roots (3 servings/week), eggs (3 servings/week), sweets (3 servings/week), and meat (1 serving/week).
• The Inuit in North America and the Maasai pastoralists in Kenya are biologically adapted to consume diets higher in meat and dairy, and they lack the gut enzymes to break down the starches and sugars found in many modern diets.
• Most literature assessing the environmental and health externalities of foods focuses on 'whole commodities' such as meat, dairy, cereals, or fruits, while failing to account for the environmental, health, and social impacts of processed and packaged food items common in urban settings.
• Diets centered on meat and dairy consume more global resources than diets centered on unrefined grains, nuts, fruits, and vegetables.
• Stephen Le asserts that meat and dairy were historically rare in most of the world and are the primary contributors to modern dietary health issues.