Knowledge Tree
Relations (1)
related 2.58 — strongly supporting 5 facts
Anger is identified as a significant long-term risk factor for the development and progression of heart disease, as evidenced by longitudinal studies showing higher incidence rates in individuals with elevated anger levels [1], [2]. Furthermore, research indicates that anger and hostility are critical components of the Type A behavior pattern linked to cardiovascular outcomes [3], [4], [5].
Facts (5)
Sources
Stress, Lifestyle, and Health – Psychology 2e OpenStax pressbooks.cuny.edu 3 facts
claimExtensive research suggests that the anger and hostility dimension of the Type A behavior pattern is one of the most important factors in the development of heart disease.
claimAfter reviewing 35 studies conducted between 1983 and 2006, Chida and Steptoe concluded that anger and hostility are serious long-term risk factors for adverse cardiovascular outcomes in both healthy individuals and those already suffering from heart disease.
measurementIn a study of over 1,000 male medical students followed from age 32 to 48, those who reported the highest levels of anger were over 6 times more likely to have had a heart attack by age 55 and 3.5 times more likely to have experienced heart disease by the same age compared to those who reported less anger.
Stress, Lifestyle, and Health – Introduction to Psychology open.maricopa.edu 2 facts
referenceChida and Steptoe (2009) concluded that anger and hostility are serious long-term risk factors for adverse cardiovascular outcomes in both healthy individuals and those already suffering from heart disease, based on a statistical summary of 35 studies conducted between 1983 and 2006.
measurementIn a study of over 1,000 male medical students followed from age 32 to 48, those who reported the highest levels of anger were over 6 times more likely to have had a heart attack by age 55 and 3.5 times more likely to have experienced heart disease by age 55 compared to those with lower anger levels (Chang et al., 2002).