Justification not yet generated — showing supporting facts

• A decreased stress response and rapid return to physiological and emotional baseline involves physiological mediators including catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine), glucocorticoids (cortisol), pituitary hormones (ACTH, prolactin, and growth hormones), and cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α).
• Higher intake of omega-3 fatty acids, found in fish oil, is associated with lowering levels of TNF-alpha, C-reactive protein (CRP), and IL-6.
• Vernonioside V suppresses the production of TNF-a, IL-6, and IL-8 inflammatory cytokines in LPS-activated Raw 264.7 cells at a dose of 30 mg/mL.
• The Western diet increases levels of inflammatory biomarkers, including C-reactive protein, interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α).
• Magnesium intake is associated with the lowering of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), IL-6, and TNF-alpha activity.
• The Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) was developed based on a literature review identifying 45 dietary parameters associated with six inflammatory biomarkers: interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and C-reactive protein.
• The current immune allostatic load index is limited to a specific set of immune biomarkers, including CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α.
• Within hours of activation, mast cells synthesize chemokines (CCL3, CCL4, and CCL5) and cytokines (TNF-α, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-6).
• The key factors identified in pathologies involving a cytokine storm are TNF-α, interferons, IL-1β, MCP-1 (CCL2), and IL-6.
• Elevated levels of IL-6 and TNF-alpha are associated with systemic inflammation, such as that seen in sepsis.
• Chronic sleep loss triggers persistent neuroinflammatory responses by elevating pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6, which damage neural tissue and impair cognitive function.
• Current allostatic load indices fail to fully capture the complexity of immune allostasis in chronic conditions like Long COVID, HIV, or cancer because they rely on a narrow subset of immune biomarkers such as CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α.
• Neutrophils destroy antigens through phagocytosis and the release of reactive oxygen species and cytokines, including IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α.
• Cytokines produced by macrophages have systemic effects: IL-1 induces fever, TNF-alpha causes wasting (cachexia), IL-6 induces liver production of acute phase proteins, and IL-3 increases neutrophil maturation and release from bone marrow.
• Fan N, Luo Y, Xu K, et al. reported in a 2015 study in Schizophrenia Research that chronic ketamine abuse is associated with serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-18 and schizophrenia-like symptoms.
• Fish oil is a rich source of omega-3 fatty acids, and higher intake of these fatty acids is associated with lowering levels of TNF-alpha, C-reactive protein (CRP), and IL-6.
• Acute phase HIV infection causes a rise in pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, along with activation of the NF-κB pathway.
• Current indices of immune allostasis, which rely on a narrow subset of biomarkers such as CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α, fail to fully capture the complexity of immune allostasis in chronic conditions like Long COVID, HIV, or cancer.
• B cells and macrophages produce IL-38, which inhibits IL-1, IL-6, IL-17, IL-22, and TNF.
• The current allostatic load index is limited to biomarkers such as CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α, creating a need to incorporate additional biomarkers like activated T-cell subset frequencies and a broader range of cytokines to accurately capture immune allostatic load.
• Curcumin, resveratrol from red grapes, and piperine from black pepper reduce the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 while preserving neuronal integrity.
• Detecting pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-8 (IL-8) is an expensive method that may identify specific factors causing chronic inflammation, though these assays are not standardized.
• High intake of dietary soluble and insoluble fiber is associated with lowering levels of the inflammatory markers IL-6 and TNF-alpha.
• IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α are considered key pro-inflammatory cytokines.
• In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial involving 46 healthy older adults (ages 55 to 75 years), daily supplementation with 720 mg of EPA and 280 mg of DHA for 12 weeks had no effect on the numbers of neutrophils, monocytes, or macrophages, nor did it affect respiratory burst or the production of cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6.
• Eosinophils participate in acute and chronic inflammatory reactions, particularly in allergic diseases, by producing leukotrienes (LT), platelet-activating factor (PAF), and cytokines including granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), IL-3, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and TGF-β.
• Macrophages produce major cytokines including TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-33.