TNF-α

interleukin-6

Justification not yet generated — showing supporting facts

• A decreased stress response and rapid return to physiological and emotional baseline involves physiological mediators including catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine), glucocorticoids (cortisol), pituitary hormones (ACTH, prolactin, and growth hormones), and cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α).
• Higher intake of omega-3 fatty acids, found in fish oil, is associated with lowering levels of TNF-alpha, C-reactive protein (CRP), and IL-6.
• Vernonioside V suppresses the production of TNF-a, IL-6, and IL-8 inflammatory cytokines in LPS-activated Raw 264.7 cells at a dose of 30 mg/mL.
• The Western diet increases levels of inflammatory biomarkers, including C-reactive protein, interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α).
• Magnesium intake is associated with the lowering of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), IL-6, and TNF-alpha activity.
• The Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) was developed based on a literature review identifying 45 dietary parameters associated with six inflammatory biomarkers: interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and C-reactive protein.
• Within hours of activation, mast cells synthesize chemokines (CCL3, CCL4, and CCL5) and cytokines (TNF-α, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-6).
• The key factors identified in pathologies involving a cytokine storm are TNF-α, interferons, IL-1β, MCP-1 (CCL2), and IL-6.
• Elevated levels of IL-6 and TNF-alpha are associated with systemic inflammation, such as that seen in sepsis.
• Neutrophils destroy antigens through phagocytosis and the release of reactive oxygen species and cytokines, including IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α.
• Cytokines produced by macrophages have systemic effects: IL-1 induces fever, TNF-alpha causes wasting (cachexia), IL-6 induces liver production of acute phase proteins, and IL-3 increases neutrophil maturation and release from bone marrow.
• Fan N, Luo Y, Xu K, et al. reported in a 2015 study in Schizophrenia Research that chronic ketamine abuse is associated with serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-18 and schizophrenia-like symptoms.
• Fish oil is a rich source of omega-3 fatty acids, and higher intake of these fatty acids is associated with lowering levels of TNF-alpha, C-reactive protein (CRP), and IL-6.
• B cells and macrophages produce IL-38, which inhibits IL-1, IL-6, IL-17, IL-22, and TNF.
• Curcumin, resveratrol from red grapes, and piperine from black pepper reduce the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 while preserving neuronal integrity.
• Detecting pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-8 (IL-8) is an expensive method that may identify specific factors causing chronic inflammation, though these assays are not standardized.
• High intake of dietary soluble and insoluble fiber is associated with lowering levels of the inflammatory markers IL-6 and TNF-alpha.
• IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α are considered key pro-inflammatory cytokines.
• In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial involving 46 healthy older adults (ages 55 to 75 years), daily supplementation with 720 mg of EPA and 280 mg of DHA for 12 weeks had no effect on the numbers of neutrophils, monocytes, or macrophages, nor did it affect respiratory burst or the production of cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6.
• Eosinophils participate in acute and chronic inflammatory reactions, particularly in allergic diseases, by producing leukotrienes (LT), platelet-activating factor (PAF), and cytokines including granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), IL-3, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and TGF-β.
• Macrophages produce major cytokines including TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-33.

macrophages

Macrophages are a primary source of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α, as evidenced by their role in producing it during immune responses [1], [2], and [3]. Additionally, TNF-α acts as a signaling molecule that can subsequently activate macrophages [4], [5] or bind to their receptors to induce cell activation [2]. — 10 supporting facts

inflammation

TNF-α is directly linked to inflammation as it is a key cytokine produced during inflammation that activates endothelial cells and recruits immune cells [1], and treatments for low-grade inflammation reduce circulating TNF-α levels [2]. — 2 supporting facts