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• Plants contain phytochemicals such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, and tannins, which often exhibit antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties.
• The nutritional composition of Vernonia amygdalina is rich in vital nutrients, vitamins, and minerals, while its biological and pharmacological characteristics are determined by phytochemicals including flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and phenolic compounds.
• Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography–Photodiode Array (UPLC-PDA) is an analytical technique used to identify and quantify phytochemicals in plant materials by detecting bioactive compounds like polyphenols, flavonoids, and alkaloids based on their UV absorbance and retention time.
• Vernonia amygdalina contains numerous phytochemicals including alkaloids, glycosides, sesquiterpene lactones, steroids, flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, tannins, terpenoids, phenylpropanoids, resins, lignans, furocoumarines, naphthodianthrones, proteins, and peptides.