Knowledge Tree
true belief
Also known as: true beliefs
Facts (49)
Sources
Epistemology | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy iep.utm.edu 9 facts
claimA belief is considered justified if it is the result of a cognitive process that reliably leads to true beliefs most of the time, allowing for human fallibility.
claimReliabilism maintains that a belief is justified if and only if the cognitive process that produced it is a reliable source of true beliefs.
claimFallibilism is the epistemological view that it is possible to have knowledge even when a true belief might have turned out to be false.
claimThe justification of a belief depends on the method by which the belief was arrived at, meaning two people can hold the same true belief but differ in whether they are justified in holding it.
claimA satisfactory response to the Cartesian skepticism argument must demonstrate either that humans can distinguish between true and false beliefs or that such a distinction is not necessary for knowledge.
claimForming beliefs based on expert testimony is likely to yield true beliefs, whereas forming beliefs based on the testimony of compulsive liars is not.
claimKnowledge requires both true belief and the formation of that belief in the correct way.
claimKnowledge requires not only true belief but also that the belief be formed in the 'right way', which is referred to as justification.
claimFallibilism is the epistemological view that it is possible to possess knowledge even when a true belief might have turned out to be false.
Virtue Epistemology - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy plato.stanford.edu Jul 9, 1999 7 facts
claimMany virtue epistemologists define knowledge as non-accidentally true belief, specifically asserting that to know is to believe the truth because of one's intellectual virtue.
referenceErnest Sosa's conventional virtue epistemology (1991, 2003) attempts to define knowledge as true belief held out of intellectual virtue and seeks to settle the dispute between internalists and externalists regarding epistemic justification through detailed definitions and counterexamples.
claimThe question of why knowledge is more valuable than mere true belief, especially when true belief is sufficient for guiding action, is known as 'the value problem' and dates back to Plato's Meno.
perspectiveLinda Zagzebski (2003) argues that an adequate account of knowledge must explain why knowledge is more valuable than mere true belief, and that virtue epistemology is well-positioned to solve this 'value problem' by focusing on the internal agency of the knower.
claimEpistemologists engage in a debate known as the 'value problem,' which seeks to determine what makes knowledge more valuable than mere true belief.
claimTo earn credit for a true belief, an individual's reliable cognitive faculties must be the most salient part of the explanation for why they believe the truth.
claimWayne Riggs distinguishes between two senses of credit: praiseworthiness and attributability, arguing that knowledge requires that a true belief be attributable to an agent, but not that the agent be praiseworthy for it.
Understanding epistemology and its key approaches in research cefcambodia.com Jan 21, 2023 6 facts
perspectivePritchard (2018) posits that for a true belief to become knowledge, it must be justified, meaning the believer must have good reasons to think that what they believe is true.
claimSteup (2010) identifies justification as a key component required to transform a true belief into knowledge.
claimPritchard (2018) argues that knowledge cannot simply be true belief because true beliefs can be formed in inappropriate or weird ways that do not constitute knowledge.
claimRescher (2003) asserts that knowledge is not simply a matter of having a true belief that is somehow justified, but must be appropriately justified.
perspectiveSteup (2010) argues that true belief without proper justification is insufficient for a knowledge claim because a belief can be true due to luck or other circumstances.
perspectiveLemos (2007) advocates that for a true belief to constitute knowledge, it must be epistemically justified, requiring a high degree of justification.
Epistemic Justification – Introduction to Philosophy: Epistemology press.rebus.community 5 facts
claimProcess reliabilism holds that a belief is justified if it is produced by a reliable process type, defined as a process that produces true beliefs more often than false beliefs.
claimIn process reliabilism, vision is considered a reliable process type if the beliefs produced by vision are true more often than they are false across all times and places.
claimUnderstanding epistemic justification can assist individuals in finding flaws in skeptical arguments, settling disagreements regarding which beliefs to hold in areas like religion, ethics, and politics, and determining what makes knowledge more valuable than true belief.
quoteIn Plato’s Meno (98a), Socrates defines knowledge as true belief plus an account of the reason why.
claimIn Plato’s Meno, the ancient philosopher Socrates (ca. 469–399 BCE) raised the question of what must be added to true belief for a person to possess knowledge.
Epistemology - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy plato.stanford.edu Dec 14, 2005 4 facts
claimReliabilists hold that a belief is justified if and only if it results from a cognitive origin that is reliable, meaning an origin that tends to produce true beliefs and properly probabilifies the belief.
claimThe second objection to deontological justification (DJ) asserts that it fails to 'epistemize' true beliefs, meaning it does not ensure they are non-accidentally true.
claimEvidentialists argue that in the pursuit of true beliefs, individuals ought to believe in accord with their evidence.
claimThe role of justification in epistemology is to ensure that a true belief is not true merely by accident, which is accomplished when a true belief instantiates the property of proper probabilification.
Epistemology - Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org 3 facts
claimNeoplatonism, emerging in the 3rd century CE, distinguished knowledge from true belief by arguing that knowledge is infallible and limited to the realm of immaterial forms.
claimEpistemic virtues are character traits, such as open-mindedness and conscientiousness, that help individuals form true beliefs and acquire knowledge.
claimTheoretical rationality has two goals: accuracy, which is having as few false beliefs as possible, and comprehensiveness, which is having as many true beliefs as possible.
Social Epistemology - Open Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science oecs.mit.edu Jul 24, 2024 3 facts
referenceIn Plato's Meno, a thought experiment involving a travel guide raises the question of whether a guide must possess actual knowledge to be reliable, or if merely having a true belief is sufficient for reliability (Cooper, 1997).
claimEpistemologists generally agree that mere true belief does not qualify as knowledge, as illustrated by the example of a belief based on a coin toss that happens to be correct.
claimCandidates for the additional feature required to transform true belief into knowledge include justification (the ability to provide a reason), warrant (being well-positioned to know, such as through training or pattern recognition), and accuracy that manifests epistemic virtue (expressing reliable dispositions like good memory).
Encyclopedia of Philosophy and the Social Sciences sk.sagepub.com 2 facts
claimVirtue epistemologists argue that knowledge is more valuable than mere true belief because knowledge requires that the agent deserves credit for arriving at the truth through the exercise of epistemic virtues, whereas true belief can be the result of luck.
claimVirtue epistemologists define knowledge as true belief that manifests epistemic virtue.
The Role of Epistemic Communities and Expert Testimonies in ... academia.edu 2 facts
claimSocial epistemology emphasizes reliance on collective insights for attaining true beliefs and understanding.
claimExpert testimony significantly enhances the probability of forming true beliefs because individuals rely on the specialized knowledge and judgments of experts to navigate complex information.
Virtue Epistemology | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy iep.utm.edu 2 facts
claimVirtue reliabilists argue that knowledge should be understood as a true belief arising from an exercise of intellectual virtue.
claimLinda Zagzebski's analysis of knowledge defines knowledge as belief arising from acts of intellectual virtue, rather than true belief, because the justification or warrant condition entails the truth condition.
Virtue Epistemology - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy plato.stanford.edu Jul 9, 1999 2 facts
claimVirtue epistemology practitioners generally agree that knowledge is defined as true belief that manifests virtue.
quoteWayne Riggs (2009) stated: "The reason that credit-worthiness views of knowledge can solve the value problem is that they introduce a new vector of value: credit…. If knowing that p always entails that one deserves credit for having achieved a true belief, then this introduces something besides true belief that is valuable."
Social Epistemology - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy plato.stanford.edu Feb 26, 2001 2 facts
claimProcess Reliabilism defines justification as the reliable production of true belief, involving either a cognitive process that reliably produces true belief or a cognitive process that takes justified beliefs as inputs and reliably produces true beliefs as outputs.
claimSystems-oriented social epistemology aims to determine how to design systems that achieve epistemic goods, such as the production or distribution of knowledge or true belief.
Virtue epistemology - Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org 1 fact
perspectiveJonathan Kvanvig argues that true belief is sufficient to maximize truth and avoid error, suggesting that justification should be dropped from the equation of knowledge.
Naturalistic Epistemology | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy iep.utm.edu 1 fact
claimAlvin Goldman identifies true belief as one of the most important cognitive goals.