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episodic memory
Also known as: declarative (episodic) memory
Facts (29)
Sources
Self-Consciousness - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy plato.stanford.edu Jul 13, 2017 15 facts
claimThe content-based account of episodic memory, which defines it as memory containing information about what happened, where it happened, and when, is widely considered inadequate because non-episodic semantic memory often involves the retention of the same type of information.
referenceEndel Tulving et al. authored 'Episodic and semantic memory', published in 'Organization of memory', volume 1, pages 381–403, in 1972.
claimScrub-jays demonstrate potential episodic memory by retaining information about what food has been stored, where it was stored, and when it was stored.
claimEpisodic memory is considered a self-tracking form of experience because a subject can only remember conscious episodes from her own past.
claimThe case of the patient known as K.C., who lost episodic memory due to an accident but appeared to remain otherwise self-conscious, suggests that episodic memory is not the only form of self-consciousness.
referenceEndel Tulving discussed episodic memory and autonoesis in his 2005 chapter 'Episodic Memory and Autonoesis: Uniquely Human?' published in the book 'The Missing Link in Cognition'.
claimEpisodic memory, defined as the capacity to recollect particular episodes from one's own past experience, is considered a potential marker of self-consciousness.
claimMost three-year-old infants are unreliable when asked to report how they know a specific fact, such as whether they saw or heard it, which suggests a lack of episodic memory for the learning event.
perspectiveBreeden et al. (2016) propose an alternative perspective suggesting that episodic memory abilities in animals come in degrees.
claimMany researchers, including Endel Tulving, Suddendorf, Corballis, and Michaelian, argue there is no compelling evidence for episodic memory in non-human animals due to the difficulty of finding a behavioral test for autonoetic consciousness.
claimEndel Tulving describes episodic memory as involving 'autonoesis' or 'mental time-travel,' which is the experience of transporting oneself in time, including future-oriented dimensions like expectation and planning.
referenceEndel Tulving detailed the elements of episodic memory in his 1983 book 'Elements of Episodic Memory'.
claimBennett L. Schwartz examined the question of whether nonhuman primates possess episodic memory in a 2005 publication.
claimEndel Tulving argues that only humans possess episodic memory, and they only develop this capacity around the age of four years.
claimThe 'what, where, when' criterion for episodic memory was originally proposed by Endel Tulving in 1972.
Psychedelics and Consciousness: Distinctions, Demarcations, and ... ouci.dntb.gov.ua 4 facts
claimSedatives (alcohol, zolpidem, triazolam), dissociatives (ketamine, dextromethorphan), psychedelics (psilocybin, MDMA), stimulants (dextroamphetamine, dextromethamphetamine), and cannabinoids (THC) each have idiosyncratic effects on episodic memory, differentially impairing certain mnemonic processes while sparing or facilitating others.
claimDespite distinct classes of psychoactive drugs producing putatively unique states of consciousness, there is surprising overlap in their effects on episodic memory and cognition.
claimThe study of drug effects on episodic memory provides a framework for understanding unique subjective phenomena, such as blackouts from sedatives or déjà vu from psychedelics.
procedureResearchers reanalyzed episodic memory confidence data from 10 previously published datasets (28 drug conditions total) using signal detection models to estimate three conscious states involved in episodic memory: recollection (retrieval of specific details), familiarity (noetic recognition without details), and metamemory (accurate introspection of memory decisions).
Self-awareness, self-regulation, and self-transcendence (S-ART) frontiersin.org 2 facts
claimIn loving-kindness meditation, the practitioner is encouraged to cultivate feelings in reference to a specific declarative (episodic) memory of each particular individual or event.
referenceThe retrosplenial cortex (RSP) and medial parietal cortex (MPC) facilitate the construction of identity in time and space through moment-to-moment episodic memory formation, supported by dense reciprocal projections with the anterior thalamus and hippocampus.
Published Studies — Johns Hopkins Center for Psychedelic and ... hopkinspsychedelic.org 1 fact
referenceA 2024 review and reanalysis published in Psychological Review examined the unique effects of sedatives, dissociatives, psychedelics, stimulants, and cannabinoids on episodic memory, specifically recollection, familiarity, and metamemory.
The evolution of human-type consciousness – a by-product of ... frontiersin.org 1 fact
claimDonald (2001) argues that higher consciousness, specifically episodic memory and symbolic thinking, evolved to facilitate social interactions and cultural transmission.
The Problem of Hard and Easy Problems cambridge.org Mar 31, 2023 1 fact
quoteOne way to find out what something is good for is to examine what it is like not to have it. […] there is a broad spectrum of syndromes in which there is a loss of acknowledged awareness of capacities or their contents, ranging from detection, through selective attention, semantic and associative meaning, episodic memory, to language. […] The message that emerges from the clinic is unmistakable: all of the syndromes can possess implicit processing, but none of the patients can live by implicit processing alone. It cannot be used by the patient in thinking or in imagery, and this is a severe penalty. […] The amnesic patient is severely impaired, and requires continuous custodial care. Priming is intact, but of no evident use to the amnesic victim. He cannot relate what is primed today to what was primed yesterday, or to any other item in memory, including time and place and other (but not only) contextual information; he is functionally fixed in the semantic or procedural present. […] Similarly, the blindsight patient continues to fail to identify objects and to bump into them in his blind field. If he can detect a stimulus in the blind field, he does not know what it is. There may be some occasional benefit to him if he can duck as a rapidly zooming object approaches (although typically this is not a common response in blindsight subjects).
Attention - Open Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science - MIT oecs.mit.edu Jul 24, 2024 1 fact
claimPerceptual modes of attention include visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, and gustatory attention, while memory-based modes include attention based on short-term memory (working memory) and long-term memory (episodic memory for past events or semantic memory for facts).
Attention and consciousness - SelfAwarePatterns selfawarepatterns.com Jun 12, 2022 1 fact
claimSemantic memory (memory of an individual fact) can be formed without attending to the information, whereas episodic memory formation appears to require some level of attention to the episodes.
The Montreal model: an integrative biomedical-psychedelic ... frontiersin.org 1 fact
claimSedatives, dissociatives, psychedelics, stimulants, and cannabinoids have unique effects on episodic memory, specifically impacting recollection, familiarity, and metamemory.
A Survey of Incorporating Psychological Theories in LLMs - arXiv arxiv.org 1 fact
referenceXin Miao, Yongqi Li, Shen Zhou, and Tieyun Qian proposed a neuromorphic mechanism for episodic memory retrieval in large language models to generate commonsense counterfactuals for relation extraction, as detailed in their 2024 paper in the Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2024.
A Synergistic Workspace for Human Consciousness Revealed by ... elifesciences.org 1 fact
claimThe default mode network (DMN) is involved in self-referential processing, mental-time-travel, episodic memory, and future-oriented cognition.