coal

natural gas

Justification not yet generated — showing supporting facts

• Fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, and coal) account for 85% of global primary energy consumption.
• In 2018, global energy consumption was comprised of 80% fossil fuel resources, specifically 36% petroleum, 13.2% coal, and 31% natural gas.
• The risk of energy gaps in countries transitioning away from coal increases the importance of natural gas and other lower-emission fuels for achieving European climate goals.
• Hydropower is environmentally friendly and releases significantly fewer greenhouse gases compared to fossil fuel sources such as oil, natural gas, coal, and diesel.
• A sustainable global electricity transition involves increasing the use of wind and solar energy, nuclear energy, bioenergy, waste-to-energy conversion, hydrogen fuel, and energy efficiency, while electrifying transport and industrial thermal processes and shifting from coal and petroleum to natural gas.
• Despite a decline in the consumption of all forms of fossil energy, Europe remains a substantial net importer of oil, natural gas, and coal.
• The transition to natural gas as a substitute for heavy polluters like coal and petroleum faces challenges, specifically delays in reaching zero-carbon targets and investment risks.
• Wind-generated electricity is competitive with nuclear and natural gas and is cheaper than electricity generated from coal.
• Fossil fuel sources, including coal, heavy fuel oil, and natural gas, are significant contributors to greenhouse gas emissions.
• Technologies for drastically reducing emissions, such as Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS), will remain critical even under a dominant regime of switching from coal to natural gas, given the relatively high carbon content of natural gas compared with alternative fuels like renewables and nuclear power.
• The MIT report 'The Future of Nuclear Energy in a Carbon Constrained World' (2018) assumes a 90% capacity factor for dispatchable energy sources (nuclear, natural gas, coal) and specific capacity factors for wind and solar based on the best 10-year historical record (Germany: 19% wind/9% solar; Spain: 25% wind/33% solar).
• Natural gas produces less air pollution than coal, but limiting gas leakages is a significant challenge because methane is a highly potent greenhouse gas.
• Countries with large coal and oil reserves may reduce their carbon footprint by increasing the share of natural gas and investing in efficient technologies like cogeneration and clean coal technology.
• The U.S. Energy Information Administration's Annual Energy Outlook 2014 'Reference Case' projects that coal, natural gas, and petroleum will supply 68 percent of total U.S. electricity generation in 2040, a figure virtually identical to the 2012 usage levels.
• Fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, and oil) contributed 61.3% of global electricity generation in 2020.
• Between 1973 and 2019, the proportionate composition of the global primary energy mix changed as follows: Biofuels and wastes decreased from 10.5% to 9.3%; Coal increased from 24.7% to 26.8%; Oil decreased from 46.2% to 30.9%; Natural gas increased from 16.2% to 23.1%; Nuclear increased from 0.9% to 5%; and Hydro increased from 1.8% to 2.5%.
• Methane is generated through natural processes like anaerobic digestion and anthropogenic activities including the production and transport of fossil fuels such as coal, natural gas, and oil.
• The EIA, IEA, and private-sector reference forecasts project that fossil fuel-based energy (coal, natural gas, and petroleum) will constitute approximately 60-70 percent of energy inputs for power generation.
• Fossil fuels, specifically coal, natural gas, and oil, contributed 61.3% of global electricity generation in 2020.
• At the end of 2020, proved energy reserves were estimated to last 53.5 years for oil, 48.8 years for natural gas, and 139 years for coal, according to BP (2021).
• Natural gas is a nonrenewable energy source that is cleaner than coal, diesel, and petrol, and possesses huge global resources.
• In the International Energy Agency's (IEA) Stated Policy Scenario, global natural gas usage is projected to grow while oil and coal usage declines.
• The majority of CO2 emissions are produced by burning coal, oil, and natural gas.
• The conventional combustion of natural gas releases approximately 50 percent of the CO2 emissions produced by coal on a per MWh basis.
• Switching from coal to natural gas for power generation reduces emissions by approximately 50%, and switching to natural gas for heat production reduces emissions by approximately 33% compared to coal.
• Key considerations for G20 members regarding power sector transition include the roles of coal and natural gas, power system flexibility, electricity market reforms, regional electricity market integration, flexibility in gas markets, digitalization, cybersecurity, and end-use sector coupling.
• Plumer (2021) reported on the competition between natural gas and renewable energy sources as coal usage declines in the United States.
• As of 2018, 80% of global energy was derived from fossil fuel resources, specifically 36% from petroleum, 31% from natural gas, and 13.2% from coal.
• The transition from coal to natural gas serves as a short-term emission reduction measure but fails to provide a long-term path to net-zero emissions, creating risks of carbon lock-in and stranded assets that may conflict with emission targets.
• Anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions are caused by human activities, specifically the burning of fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas, as well as deforestation and industrial processes.
• Natural gas has higher carbon emissions than nuclear power, although it is cleaner than coal or oil.
• Fossil fuels, including coal, natural gas, and oil, accounted for 61.3% of global electricity generation in 2020.
• Climate policy will inevitably lead to the stranding of fossil energy assets, including production and transport assets for coal, oil, and natural gas.
• Volatility in the prices of oil, natural gas, and coal impacts the energy transition process by creating instability in energy prices.
• Natural gas can substitute for oil and coal in the short to medium term, but this carries the risk of delaying the zero-emissions transition and creating carbon lock-in and stranded assets through the development of natural gas infrastructure.
• Gürsan and de Gooyert (2021) found that while natural gas may have positive immediate effects in bridging coal and renewable technologies, it has delayed and global negative effects that can outweigh those benefits.

oil

Justification not yet generated — showing supporting facts

• Fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, and coal) account for 85% of global primary energy consumption.
• Hydropower is environmentally friendly and releases significantly fewer greenhouse gases compared to fossil fuel sources such as oil, natural gas, coal, and diesel.
• Despite a decline in the consumption of all forms of fossil energy, Europe remains a substantial net importer of oil, natural gas, and coal.
• The theoretical framework proposed by Catavento for transitioning away from fossil fuels identifies five fundamental elements: (1) supply and demand must progress in tandem, (2) all countries must advance along different pathways, (3) assessing pathways requires a multidimensional framework, (4) energy and economic transitions must be managed simultaneously, and (5) oil, gas, and coal should be addressed in parallel but along separate tracks.
• Countries with large coal and oil reserves may reduce their carbon footprint by increasing the share of natural gas and investing in efficient technologies like cogeneration and clean coal technology.
• Fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, and oil) contributed 61.3% of global electricity generation in 2020.
• Between 1973 and 2019, the proportionate composition of the global primary energy mix changed as follows: Biofuels and wastes decreased from 10.5% to 9.3%; Coal increased from 24.7% to 26.8%; Oil decreased from 46.2% to 30.9%; Natural gas increased from 16.2% to 23.1%; Nuclear increased from 0.9% to 5%; and Hydro increased from 1.8% to 2.5%.
• Methane is generated through natural processes like anaerobic digestion and anthropogenic activities including the production and transport of fossil fuels such as coal, natural gas, and oil.
• Fossil fuels, specifically coal, natural gas, and oil, contributed 61.3% of global electricity generation in 2020.
• At the end of 2020, proved energy reserves were estimated to last 53.5 years for oil, 48.8 years for natural gas, and 139 years for coal, according to BP (2021).
• Carley and Konisky (2020) argue that transitioning to cleaner energy sources can negatively impact communities whose economies are closely linked to coal and oil, as well as communities vulnerable to increases in electricity or other energy prices.
• The 2025 Statistical Review of World Energy, produced in collaboration with KPMG, indicates that global energy demand is driving growth in both renewables and fossil fuels (oil, gas, and coal) as part of a disorderly energy transition.
• In the International Energy Agency's (IEA) Stated Policy Scenario, global natural gas usage is projected to grow while oil and coal usage declines.
• The majority of CO2 emissions are produced by burning coal, oil, and natural gas.
• Le Billon and Kristoffersen (2020) surveyed emerging interventions targeting the supply of fossil fuels rather than the demand, identifying four theories of justice to prioritize cures among fossil fuel producers and seven supply constraint instruments to determine pathways to supply cuts in coal, oil, and gas sectors.
• Le Billon and Kristoffersen (2020) concluded that supply cuts in the coal, oil, and gas sectors can offer purposeful spaces of intervention to work towards a just transition away from fossil fuels.
• Anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions are caused by human activities, specifically the burning of fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas, as well as deforestation and industrial processes.
• Natural gas has higher carbon emissions than nuclear power, although it is cleaner than coal or oil.
• Fossil fuels, including coal, natural gas, and oil, accounted for 61.3% of global electricity generation in 2020.
• The author suggests that environmental groups should prioritize the elimination of energy sources with the most negative environmental and public health impacts, specifically coal, oil, and gas, due to their greenhouse gas intensities and air pollution.
• Climate policy will inevitably lead to the stranding of fossil energy assets, including production and transport assets for coal, oil, and natural gas.
• Volatility in the prices of oil, natural gas, and coal impacts the energy transition process by creating instability in energy prices.
• Natural gas can substitute for oil and coal in the short to medium term, but this carries the risk of delaying the zero-emissions transition and creating carbon lock-in and stranded assets through the development of natural gas infrastructure.

fossil fuels

Coal is explicitly categorized as a type of fossil fuel in multiple contexts, including its role in global energy consumption [1], electricity generation [2], and carbon dioxide emissions [3]. Furthermore, coal is identified as a specific fossil fuel subject to supply-side interventions [4] and technological mitigation strategies like CCUS [5]. — 10 supporting facts

wind

Wind and coal are related as primary energy sources used for electricity generation, as evidenced by their comparison in life cycle greenhouse gas emission studies [1], capacity factor analyses [2], and classification as primary energy sources [3]. Furthermore, they are both integrated into microgrid systems to balance variable renewable energy with conventional power generation [4]. — 3 supporting facts

greenhouse gas emissions

Coal is identified as a fossil fuel source that significantly contributes to greenhouse gas emissions [1], with its increased usage being a primary driver for the rise in these emissions [2]. Furthermore, coal is explicitly categorized as a high-emission fossil fuel source when compared to lower-carbon energy alternatives [3]. — 2 supporting facts

nuclear power

Nuclear power and coal are both primary energy sources compared in the context of electricity sector carbon emissions [1], their relative carbon intensity [2], and their environmental impact [3]. — 2 supporting facts

Germany

Germany is related to coal as it is a significant source of electricity generation within the country [1], [2], and the nation has established a formal policy to phase out coal usage by 2038 [3]. Additionally, Germany's historical energy capacity factors for coal are analyzed in academic reports regarding dispatchable energy sources [4]. — 4 supporting facts

U.S.

The U.S. is related to coal as it is the primary geographic region where coal usage for electricity generation has significantly declined [1], [2], leading to its replacement by other energy sources [3] and long-term projections regarding its role in the national energy mix [4]. — 2 supporting facts