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The U.S. and China are linked as the primary markets for AI data centers with similar energy consumption patterns [1], as subjects of comparative cultural communication studies [2], and as participants in global remote work potential research [3]. Additionally, both nations serve as international office locations for the organization Globibo [4].
Facts (1179)
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Strategic Rivalry between United States and China swp-berlin.org 623 facts
perspectiveThe European Union's foreign policy exists within a new system of coordinates determined by the axis of conflict between the United States and China, requiring the European Union to find and hold its own position.
perspectiveHilpert argues that the global competition between liberal democratic paradigms and authoritarian paradigms is codetermined by the polarization between the United States and China, even in regions like Europe where it may appear to be an internal debate.
claimThe political debate in the United States regarding China is characterized by a fear of China's rise and the possibility of the United States being overtaken.
claimThe European Union and other powers must focus on upholding international rules and institutions, which are being harmed by both the United States and China.
claimThe European Union experiences direct negative impacts from the United States' policy of punitive tariffs towards China in the aluminium and steel sectors, and indirect impacts through the diversion of trade flows, such as soybeans.
claimThe United States, supported by G7 states, blocked a significant expansion of China's influence in the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.
claimThe US-China rivalry has global consequences, affecting relationships with other powers, regional dynamics, and the functioning of international organizations like the G20 and the United Nations.
claimShoshana Zuboff posits that major internet platforms, whether American or Chinese, potentially enable surveillance capitalism.
claimThe European Union shares many of the United States' criticisms regarding unfair Chinese competition practices, though Brussels and Washington maintain disagreements over trade questions and WTO principles.
claimBoth the United States and China have violated the rules of the World Trade Organization.
measurementThe European Union is China's largest trade partner, and China is the European Union's second-largest trade partner after the United States.
perspectiveEuropean Union policy towards China can no longer rely on the transatlantic relationship as it did in the past, as it now exists within a system of coordinates determined by the conflict between the United States and China.
claimThe multilateral order is in crisis in the early 2020s due to the collision between China's rise as a global power and the "America First" political approach in the United States.
claimBoth the United States and China undermine the global order by flouting multilateral rules and using institutions for displays of power.
claimUnder the Trump administration, security logic dominates US rhetoric and practice regarding China, driven by concerns over the relative distribution of economic gains and the belief that economic interdependence negatively impacts the technological basis of US military superiority.
claimA consolidated, lasting global conflict between the United States and China could trigger deglobalization, potentially resulting in two parallel international orders dominated by the United States and China respectively.
claimThe rivalry between the United States and China is prominently displayed in the Bretton Woods institutions (World Bank and International Monetary Fund), the World Trade Organization, and the United Nations.
claimThe global geostrategic center of gravity has shifted toward Asia, specifically China, over the past decade according to the United States and Western perspectives.
measurementChina has quadrupled its financial contributions to United Nations organizations over the decade preceding 2020, while the United States has gradually reduced its contributions.
claimThe European Union lacks binding rules-based dispute resolution mechanisms for more than half of its trade, specifically regarding trade with the United States, China, and India, as these relationships currently lack the framework that exists within the World Trade Organization.
claimFollowing the 2008 global financial crisis, American decision-makers became increasingly concerned that China's economic success would create a geopolitical challenge.
claimThe growing rivalry between the United States and China is prominently displayed in the Bretton Woods institutions (World Bank and International Monetary Fund), the World Trade Organization, and the United Nations.
claimIf the US-China conflict continues to sharpen and accelerates the bipolarization of the international system, the foundation for global multilateralism could disappear.
claimThe United States and China both undermine the global order by flouting multilateral rules and using institutions to display power.
claimThe multilateral order is in crisis as China's rise as a global power collides with the 'America First' political approach in the United States.
perspectiveThe European Union shares a broad range of economic, security, and normative interests with the United States, while maintaining a fundamental distance from China.
claimRegardless of whether Donald Trump was reelected or a Democrat entered the White House in January 2021, the strategic rivalry with China will shape United States foreign policy.
accountIn the United States, President Donald Trump minimized the influence of the State Department, while in China, the Communist Party under President Xi Jinping took control of foreign policy decisions.
perspectiveThe power rivalry between the United States and China is negatively impacting the interests of the European Union and Germany.
claimEuro-American trade disputes hinder the ability of the European Union and the United States to utilize World Trade Organization (WTO) mechanisms to enforce free trade principles, such as intellectual property protections and market access reciprocity, against China.
claimThe European Union risks being negatively impacted by the US-China rivalry, with member states fearing the consequences of escalating trade disputes and geopolitical confrontation in the Pacific.
claimThe clash between the leadership styles of the United States and China erodes trust between the two nations and complicates the resolution of global issues like climate protection and arms control.
claimChina frames its strategic competition with the United States as 'consultation and cooperation' while simultaneously promoting its own model of governance.
perspectiveEuropean policy toward China can no longer rely on the transatlantic relationship as it did in the past, but must instead operate within a new system of coordinates defined by the conflict between the United States and China.
claimDonald Trump views good personal relations as a necessary precondition for addressing the bilateral agenda between the United States and China.
claimThe European Union lacks binding rules-based dispute resolution mechanisms for more than half of its trade, specifically regarding trade with the United States, China, and India, which differs from the existing WTO framework.
perspectiveThe European Union shares broad economic, security, and normative interests with the United States, while maintaining a fundamental distance from China.
perspectiveChina under Xi Jinping prioritizes mutual respect in its relationship with the United States, specifically regarding territorial integrity and the recognition of different development models.
claimThe power rivalry between the United States and China is increasingly impinging on the interests of the European Union and Germany.
claimState-controlled media in China characterizes Western democracies, particularly the United States, as dysfunctional while promoting China's own economic, social, and political progress.
claimUnlike the United States, the European Union does not treat China as an arch-enemy in a structural global conflict, nor does it focus its relationship on geostrategic containment and decoupling.
claimA conflict over global decision-making participation between the United States and China dates back to the early 2000s, when China began demanding a larger say in Bretton Woods institutions commensurate with its economic importance.
accountLegislation signed by President Donald Trump in late November 2019 banned American companies from selling crowd control software to the Chinese government.
claimThe strong personalization of politics under Xi Jinping and Donald Trump shapes the relations between China and the United States.
claimDiffering worldviews regarding political order and principles present a greater challenge for China than for the United States.
claimChina identifies mutual respect regarding territorial integrity and the recognition of different development models as the central value in its relationship with the United States.
claimThe United States and China categorize status conflicts, such as the Huawei case, within their conflict-laden bilateral relationship model.
claimThe United States, European Union, Japan, and Canada accuse China of systematically stealing intellectual property and imposing competition-distorting requirements on Western companies operating in the Chinese market.
perspectiveBeijing views the United States as a frustrated power attempting to preserve its global supremacy by geopolitically containing China and hindering its economic, technological, and military development.
claimA US-led diplomatic campaign successfully blocked China's attempt to lead the World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) in early 2020.
claimMany segments of the United States private sector agree with the Trump Administration's criticism of Chinese economic practices, specifically citing state subsidies for Chinese firms, forced technology transfers, and intellectual property theft as primary concerns.
claimUnited States business sectors that have faced intense competition, such as steel and aluminum producers, support President Donald Trump's protectionist tariffs and hard economic stance against China.
claimUnited States companies negatively impacted by import tariffs on semi-finished goods or retaliatory tariffs from China and other trading partners oppose the escalation of trade sanctions.
referenceChad P. Bown, Eujn Jung, and Eva Zhang published 'Trump Has Gotten China to Lower Its Tariffs, Just toward Everyone Else' on 12 June 2019, which analyzes China's tariff adjustments toward countries other than the United States.
claimC. Fred Bergsten characterizes the relationship between China and the United States as one of trade conflict and systemic competition.
claimFeng Lu provided an overview of the trade disputes between China and the United States that occurred in 2018.
claimUnited States retail importers, the farm sector, car manufacturers, and IT and communications companies are among the sectors that oppose the escalation of trade sanctions due to negative impacts.
claimC. Fred Bergsten argues that the United States and China are engaged in a contest for global economic leadership.
claimThe United States faces a strategic question regarding which alliance partner territories could host ground-launched intermediate-range missiles capable of reaching targets in China.
referenceGabriel B. Collins authored the chapter 'China’s Dependence on the Global Maritime Commons' in the 2010 book 'China, the United States, and 21st Century Seapower.'
accountFollowing President Donald Trump's threat to increase tariffs in two stages by the end of 2019, significant criticism from United States businesses, Congressional Republicans, and trade unions led the Trump Administration to agree to a limited 'Phase One Deal' with China instead of implementing new tariffs.
claimThe United States government views China as a threat to United States and Western interests in regions beyond the Indo-Pacific, specifically including Africa, the Middle East, and the Arctic.
perspectiveThe German government, in collaboration with France, the European Commission, and Eurozone states, should explore a transatlantic trade agreement to remove industrial tariffs and non-tariff barriers to increase bargaining power against Beijing regarding investment protection agreements.
perspectiveBoth Republican and Democratic lawmakers in the United States criticize the Trump Administration's use of unilateral import tariffs and threats, arguing that these measures alienate American allies in Europe and Asia and weaken the United States' position against China.
measurementChina has quadrupled its financial contributions to United Nations organizations over the decade preceding 2020, while the United States has gradually scaled back its contributions.
perspectiveThe European Union should expand its collective Asia diplomacy in the fields of rule of law, democracy, and human rights, ideally in coordination with the United States.
claimThe European Union has limited ability to bilaterally contain status conflicts between the United States and China, which have intensified following the end of the collective leadership model in China and the concentration of power under Xi Jinping.
claimSocial networks like Facebook (US-based) and WeChat (China-based) are influenced by the values and legal frameworks of their respective home countries, particularly regarding freedom of expression and personal data protection.
claimChina, Russia, and the European Union are pursuing data localization initiatives to repatriate their citizens' data from the United States as a step toward regaining control.
claimThe strategic competition between the United States and China is influenced by a collision of leadership styles, which are determined by the person-centeredness of foreign policy action and formal authority.
perspectiveThe power rivalry between China and the United States is increasingly affecting the interests of the European Union and Germany.
perspectiveThe tendency of China and the United States to prioritize bilateral negotiations harms international organizations by leaving them outmaneuvered.
claimThe strategic rivalry between the United States and China obstructs vital decision-making processes within the United Nations.
perspectiveThe European Union, as the world's largest internal market, should avoid joining the United States' strategy of containment or the decoupling of entire economic spaces in its approach to China.
accountIn the United States, President Donald Trump minimized the influence of the State Department, while in China, the Communist Party under President Xi Jinping took control of foreign policy decisions.
claimNo other state is expected to match the technological prowess of the United States and China in the foreseeable future.
claimWeak compliance between the United States and China regarding agreements, such as those in the trade sector, makes it impossible to develop a viable relationship.
referenceClemens Fuest authored the ifo Standpunkt 200 titled 'Der dritte Systemwettbewerb' (The Third System Competition) in 2018, which provides a European perspective on the US-China trade conflict.
claimThird-party states have the option to align fully with either the United States or China, relying exclusively on the technologies of that specific sphere of influence.
perspectiveBoth China and the United States bypass multilateral organizations and rules, prioritizing bilateral negotiations to resolve conflicts.
claimThird-party states have the option to utilize existing interdependencies by selectively relying on technologies from both the United States and China.
perspectiveEurope is likely to pursue a strategy of relying on technologies from both the United States and China, but requires a review of its dependencies to make this bi-directional interdependence truly strategic.
claimThe United States, European Union, Japan, and Canada accuse China of systematically stealing intellectual property and imposing competition-distorting requirements on Western companies operating in the Chinese market.
claimEurope is largely dependent on the United States and China for core digital technologies.
claimThe European Union experiences direct and indirect negative impacts from the United States' policy of punitive tariffs against China, specifically regarding aluminum and steel directly, and diverted trade flows such as soybeans indirectly.
claimThe European Union is China's largest trade partner, and China is the European Union's second-largest trade partner, following the United States.
claimThe United States and China rely on European skills and expertise in sectors such as chemical research, medical research, and industrial manufacturing technologies.
perspectiveThe European Union could utilize its expertise in non-digital economic sectors as a bargaining chip during times of escalating political conflict with the United States and China.
claimThe United States government regards China as a 'revisionist power' and a 'rival' seeking to 'shape a world antithetical to US values and interests' in order to displace the United States and restructure the world order.
claimThe United States and China are exerting strong pressure on third states, such as Germany, regarding the use of Huawei technology.
claimSkeptics argue that China could acquire dominant global political, economic, and technological influence, allowing it to set international rules and establish an 'illiberal sphere of influence' that would prevent the United States from guaranteeing its current level of security and prosperity.
claimThe conflict between the United States and China involves a dispute over participation in global decision-making, with origins dating back to the early 2000s.
claimThe United States, with support from G7 states, blocked a significant expansion of China's influence within the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.
claimThe United States and China are the primary protagonists in the current conflict of values, while Europe and Russia play independent roles.
claimThe European Union shares many of the United States' criticisms regarding unfair Chinese competition practices.
claimBoth China and the United States bypass multilateral organizations and rules, prioritizing bilateral negotiations for resolving pressing conflicts, which harms international organizations.
claimWeak compliance between the United States and China regarding the implementation of agreements, such as in the trade sector, makes it impossible to develop a viable relationship.
claimFor more than half of its trade, including with the United States, China, and India, the European Union lacks the possibility of binding rules-based dispute resolution comparable to the WTO framework.
claimThe Trump Administration shifted US policy by demanding that China implement economic reforms that would have fundamentally altered its economic model, contrasting with the Obama Administration's approach of criticizing China's neo-mercantilist policies while maintaining multilateral rules.
claimThe strong personalization of politics in the era of Xi Jinping and Donald Trump shapes relations between China and the United States.
claimWashington views the world and Europe through a 'China lens,' which may lead the United States to prioritize competition with China in the Indo-Pacific and treat crises in Europe and its periphery as secondary.
claimThe United States and China frequently categorize status conflicts, such as the Huawei case, within their broader, conflict-laden bilateral relationship model.
claimThe European Union's relationship with China is not focused on geostrategic containment and decoupling, unlike the United States' approach.
claimThe historical process described by Thucydides, where the rise of Athens made war with Sparta inevitable, is considered a real risk in the current relationship between China and the United States.
claimDonald Trump's uninhibited communication style and emotional political appeal are incompatible with Chinese etiquette and cause disconcertion among the Beijing leadership, particularly when China is involved in United States election campaigns.
claimUnited States lawmakers are pushing President Donald Trump to take action against China regarding the detention of Uighurs.
claimAlastair I. Johnston argues in 'The Failures of the “Failure of Engagement” with China' that while the interpretation of 'failed engagement' with China predominates in the United States, alternative perspectives exist.
claimAn Gang argued that it was time for China to forge a new strategy toward the United States in an article for China-US Focus on June 4, 2019.
claimEurope has limited ability to contain the status conflicts between the United States and China, which have intensified following the end of the collective leadership model in China and the concentration of power under Xi Jinping.
claimThe European Union member states fear the consequences of escalating trade disputes and geopolitical confrontation between the United States and China.
claimXue Li questioned whether China and the United States are rivals or enemies in an article published in the Global Times on August 20, 2019.
claimThe competition of leadership styles between the United States and China hinders the ability to find solutions for global problems such as climate protection and arms control.
claimThe strategic rivalry between the United States and China obstructs vital decision-making processes within the United Nations.
claimThe conflict between US and Chinese leadership styles creates potential openings and opportunities for third-party states to gain influence by balancing between the two protagonists.
claimThe clash of contrary leadership styles between the United States and China deepens conflicts and erodes trust between the two nations.
claimThe strategic competition between the United States and China is driven by the model character China claims for itself, despite being framed as "consultation and cooperation."
claimA United States bill banned American companies from selling crowd control software to the Chinese government.
perspectiveThe European Union opposes a broad 'decoupling' or severing of technological and economic ties with China, a strategy that has been discussed and partially prepared in the United States.
perspectiveEquidistance between China and the United States is not a viable option for the European Union due to significant gaps regarding values, political systems, and the rules-based international order.
claimThe strategic rivalry between the United States and China risks spiraling into a multi-layered world conflict that presents economic and military dangers.
claimThe rivalry between the United States and China is beginning to structure international relations and has the potential to create a new 'geo-economic world order'.
claimIn the United States, the rise of China is widely regarded as a danger to America's own dominant position in the international system.
claimChina is the only country with the potential to threaten the status of the United States, although the notion of unstoppable Chinese economic and military expansion is based on questionable assumptions.
claimThe 'Thucydides Trap' serves as an interpretive framework in the United States and China that highlights the risks of power transition and suggests that individual regional conflicts could coalesce into a global hegemonic conflict.
claimThe US-China conflict syndrome is based on a regional and increasingly global status rivalry, with China's growing power causing American fears regarding its status as the sole international superpower.
claimThe systemic conflict between the United States and China is sometimes interpreted as a clash between liberal democracy and digital authoritarianism.
claimHighlighting ideological conflict may be used by the United States to mobilize domestic support for a power clash with China that involves economic costs.
accountThe security dilemma between the United States and China has been shaped by the fact that both sides have viewed each other as potential military adversaries since the Taiwan crisis of 1995/96.
claimThe United States and China both perceive themselves as defensive, peaceful powers while suspecting the other of having aggressive offensive intentions, which creates a security dilemma.
claimThe relationship between the United States and China is a complex strategic rivalry because they are potential military adversaries rather than merely systemic antagonists competing over status.
claimIn the South China Sea, the United States insists on unhindered access and freedom of navigation, which conflicts with China's efforts to create a security zone and counter American intervention capabilities.
claimChina appears to be utilizing the South China Sea as a protected bastion for nuclear-armed submarines to safeguard its second-strike capability against the United States.
perspectiveThe United States government is convinced that China's growing global economic and political presence comes at the expense of the United States.
claimThe United States is applying pressure and incentives to dissuade other states from expanding their economic relations with China.
claimTechnological leadership in the digital age is crucial to the US-China rivalry because it creates global competitive advantage and secures the basis for military superiority.
claimThe United States government's campaign against Huawei reflects a shift away from positive-sum logic in economic relations with China.
claimHistorically, the United States prioritized economic logic in relations with China as long as Washington did not fear the rise of a strategic rival, operating under the expectation that economic interdependence would promote cooperation and stability.
claimUnder the Trump administration, security logic has come to dominate US rhetoric and practice regarding China, driven by concerns over the relative distribution of economic gains and the belief that economic interdependence negatively impacts the technological basis of US military superiority.
claimA consolidated, lasting global strategic rivalry between the United States and China could trigger deglobalization, potentially resulting in two parallel world orders dominated by the United States and China respectively.
claimThe sharpening of the US-China conflict and the resulting bipolarization of the international system threatens the foundation of global multilateralism.
claimThe US-China strategic rivalry will shape US foreign policy regardless of whether Donald Trump is reelected or a Democrat enters the White House in January 2021.
claimWashington views the world and Europe through a 'China lens', which may lead the United States to prioritize competition in the Indo-Pacific and treat crises in Europe and its periphery as secondary.
claimThe Thucydides Trap, a concept describing how the rise of a power (Athens) makes war with an established power (Sparta) inevitable, is viewed by some observers as a real risk in the current relationship between China and the United States.
claimThe United States, the European Union, Japan, and Canada accuse China of systematically stealing intellectual property and imposing competition-distorting requirements on Western companies operating in the Chinese market.
claimThe rivalry between the United States and China does not determine all international problems and conflicts, but it increasingly forms the lens through which other actors view important developments and events.
claimThe rivalry between the United States and China is expected to remain a defining issue in international relations for the foreseeable future, regardless of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on global governance.
claimWhile trade policy and trade balance disputes are prominent in US President Donald Trump's statements, they represent only one aspect of the multidimensional rivalry between the United States and China.
claimThe rivalry between the United States and China shapes strategic debates and real political, military, and economic dynamics.
claimThe rivalry between the United States and China has become a paradigm of international relations as of 2020.
claimThe tit-for-tat extraordinary tariffs imposed by the United States and China have resulted in significant reductions in bilateral trade and increased costs for imports.
perspectiveBeijing views the United States as a frustrated power attempting to maintain its supremacy by geopolitically containing China and hindering its economic, technological, and military development.
claimChinese views of the United States are ambivalent, characterized by respect and admiration for American innovation, economic strength, universities, military capabilities, and political system, alongside mistrust stemming from historical negative experiences.
claimChina presents itself as the trailblazer and advocate for emerging economies and developing countries rather than as a systemic adversary of the United States and the West.
perspectiveChina views the United States as a paradigm for modernization and believes it must reduce the development gap with the United States to make the world a fairer and more just place.
claimBeijing has historically suspected the United States of seeking to internally corrupt and transform China and the Communist world through 'peaceful evolution,' which China interprets as infiltration and subversion.
accountThe 1989 Tiananmen massacre and the subsequent collapse of the Soviet empire confirmed Chinese fears regarding American attempts at subversion.
claimChinese leaders concluded that open competition with the United States, such as an arms race or direct confrontation, must be avoided to prevent the same fate as the Soviet Union.
claimIn response to perceived American containment, Chinese leaders adopted rhetoric of cooperation, such as 'win-win' and the concept of a 'new type of great power relations' where each side respects the other's 'core national interests'.
perspectiveRealistic Chinese analysts view the relationship between rising and declining powers as an unavoidable zero-sum game, yet they believe the Chinese and US governments have a responsibility to prevent conflict and war.
claimBeijing's fears that Washington seeks regime change in China were deepened by the 'colour revolutions' of the 2000s and the Arab Spring of 2011.
claimChina questions whether the United States would accept China's rise and leading role in new technologies like artificial intelligence and 5G if China were a democracy based on the Western model.
perspectiveChinese leadership believes the Western liberal system is a manifestation of American hegemony.
perspectiveBeijing does not expect the United States to grant China a voice commensurate with its economic and political weight.
perspectiveChinese leaders believe the United States and the West will not voluntarily grant China greater international influence.
accountIn 2005, US Deputy Secretary of State Robert Zoellick demanded that China act as a 'responsible stakeholder' in the international system.
accountDonald Trump's 2016 election as US President was officially welcomed by China, with scholarly assessments expressing cautious optimism.
accountUS presidential candidates Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush all presented China as a competitor and adversary during their election campaigns.
claimThe Chinese state-affiliated newspaper Global Times asserts that the United States has adopted a policy of containment against China, which is manifested in the United States' Indo-Pacific strategy.
claimThe Global Times asserts that China can no longer be contained by the United States and that any attempt to do so would harm the United States more than China.
claimOfficial and published Chinese statements suggest that both the United States and China need to seek compromise in their economic disputes to avoid mutual harm.
perspectiveOne camp of Chinese America analysts hopes that the United States and China will return to pragmatic and constructive relations, either through a trade agreement with President Donald Trump or his loss in the next election.
perspectiveOne camp of Chinese America analysts interprets the shift in United States policy towards China as permanent and structural, believing a bipartisan consensus in the United States will determine the bilateral relationship for the foreseeable future.
perspectiveChina regards Europe as a useful entity that presents little obstacle to its own development, unlike the United States.
claimThe United States increasingly views the rise of China as a danger to its own dominant position in the international system.
claimThe rise of China and its increasing influence across various policy areas and world regions has strengthened fears and rejection within the United States.
claimPresident Xi Jinping's political course of authoritarianism and nationalism has contributed to increased American rejection of China.
claimDonald Trump utilized China as a political tool for his agenda and election slogans, while other political actors in the United States blamed China for deindustrialization and domestic economic problems.
claimHuman rights groups in the United States have gained traction in their criticism of China due to Beijing's expansion of its surveillance state and the construction of reeducation camps in the Xinjiang autonomous region.
perspectiveChina identifies mutual respect as the central value in its relationship with the United States, specifically regarding territorial integrity and the recognition of different development models.
claimThe strategic competition between the United States and China is framed as 'consultation and cooperation,' but is driven by the unspoken model of governance China claims for itself.
claimThe clash between the person-centered leadership styles of the United States and China deepens bilateral conflicts and erodes trust between the two nations.
claimThe conflict between United States and Chinese leadership styles creates opportunities for third-party states to gain influence by balancing their relationships with both powers.
claimThe competition between United States and Chinese leadership styles hinders the resolution of global issues such as climate protection and arms control.
claimEurope has limited capacity to contain the status conflicts between the United States and China, which have intensified following the end of China's collective leadership model and the concentration of power under Xi Jinping.
claimThe United States and China, as evidenced by the Huawei case, categorize status conflicts within their broader, conflict-laden bilateral relationship.
claimThe multilateral order is in crisis in the early 2020s due to the collision between China's rise as a global power and the 'America First' political approach in the United States.
claimBoth the United States and China undermine the global order by flouting multilateral rules and using institutions for displays of power.
perspectiveThe United States and Western nations perceive that the global geostrategic center of gravity has shifted toward Asia, specifically China, over the past decade.
perspectiveThe European Union needs to develop a China policy for its drive towards strategic autonomy to escape the bipolar logic that demands it choose between American and Chinese economic and technological spheres.
claimThe rivalry between the United States and China has become a paradigm of international relations over the two years preceding 2020.
claimThe strategic rivalry between the United States and China shapes strategic debates and real political, military, and economic dynamics.
claimThe conflict between the United States and China is causing a retreat in world trade and the global division of labor, negatively impacting global production, income, and innovation.
perspectiveThe author argues the European Union must demand adequate concessions in bilateral talks with the United States regarding trade and tariffs, and with China regarding investment.
claimThe Sino-American trade, economic, and technology conflict has caused economic harm to both the United States and China, as well as to third-party nations.
claimThe trade practices of the United States and China, along with the resulting welfare losses, negatively affect Germany and the European Union.
claimThe conflict between the United States and China encompasses security-related, economic, technological, ideological, and personality dimensions.
claimThe rivalry between the United States and China has become a paradigm of international relations over the two years preceding April 2020.
claimSino-American competition over power and status includes growing threat perceptions and an increasingly important political and ideological component.
claimThe US-China trade conflict is politically instrumental and closely bound up with the development of the world order.
claimThe technological dimension of US-China competition centers on geopolitical power projection through 'technopolitical spheres of influence' rather than merely setting standards.
claimThe Sino-American rivalry undermines multilateral institutions such as the World Trade Organisation.
claimBoth China and the United States have threatened the European Union and European businesses with disadvantages if they do not align with their respective demands.
perspectiveThe author argues that the European Union should maintain an independent position in trade disputes and defend rules-based multilateralism, despite security reasons preventing equidistance between the United States and China.
claimHanns Günther Hilpert and Gudrun Wacker state that from the Chinese perspective, the United States will never voluntarily cede significant international influence to China.
claimThe escalation of hard security challenges between the United States and China has led to the emergence of a classical security dilemma.
claimThe United States perceives China's growing military capabilities as a threat to US military bases in the Pacific, the US system of partnerships and alliances in the Asia-Pacific region, and the US nuclear deterrent.
claimEconomic competition and conflicts over trade, economic, and financial policy between the United States and China predate the protectionist policies adopted by the United States under President Donald Trump.
claimEuropean nations widely share the United States' criticisms regarding Chinese trading practices, unfair competition, and rule violations.
claimHanns Günther Hilpert and Laura von Daniels argue that the US-China trade conflict is deeply connected to questions of world order, particularly regarding the future of multilateral trade rules and institutions.
claimHanns Günther Hilpert argues that the material benefits of economic cooperation between the United States and China have declined compared to the period between 1990 and 2015.
claimBilateral trade between the United States and China no longer functions as a stabilizing factor capable of reducing political conflicts between the two nations.
claimThe strategic rivalry between the United States and China will continue to exert decisive influence on international politics for the foreseeable future, regardless of whether Washington and Beijing resolve trade issues or conclude a trade agreement before upcoming US presidential elections.
claimTechnological competition between the United States and China runs deeper than trade disputes and will outlast any resolution of those disputes, as it involves securing long-term economic advantages and defining technical standards.
claimTechnological competition between the United States and China is linked to security concerns, which has restricted exchange and cooperation in the technological sphere.
claimTechnological development and usage in the US-China rivalry are increasingly connected to political and ideological aspects, forming a systemic competition regarding the internal order and the relationship between state and society.
claimThe global competition between liberal democratic paradigms and authoritarian paradigms is codetermined by the polarization between the United States and China, affecting internal debates in other regions like Europe.
claimThe strategic rivalry between the United States and China has replaced the 'War on Terror' as the dominant paradigm for the United States, which had prevailed since 2001.
claimThe political debate in the United States regarding China is characterized by a fear of China's rise and the possibility of the United States being overtaken.
claimThe transactional leadership style of Donald Trump and the transformative leadership style of Xi Jinping are incompatible, which undermines trust, restricts diplomacy, and exacerbates bilateral conflicts between the United States and China.
perspectiveThe author argues that the European Union must ensure future United States-China trade agreements do not create discriminatory disadvantages for the European Union.
perspectiveThe author argues that if the European Union takes a side in the United States-China conflict, it would lose trade policy credibility, weaken its position as an honest broker, and become a junior partner.
perspectiveChina's commitment to increase imports from the United States is likely to reduce imports from other regions like Brazil, the European Union, and Japan, potentially causing new trade controversies.
claimThe European Union and other powers must focus on upholding international rules and institutions, which are being harmed by both the United States and China.
claimBoth the United States and China have violated World Trade Organization rules, and the Trump Administration has sought to impair the function of the World Trade Organization.
claimThe European Union and its member states are directly and indirectly affected by the rivalry between the United States and China.
perspectiveEven if a second trade agreement occurs, the fundamental political conflict between the United States and China will likely persist, leaving the possibility of further trade policy escalation.
perspectiveIt is unlikely that the United States and China will resolve outstanding trade disputes in a second partial agreement before the US presidential elections.
claimExperts cited in the Global Times dismissed negative media reports concerning the 'Phase One' trade deal between the United States and China.
claimPaul Sonne reported in the Washington Post that economic ties between the United States and China are losing their ability to act as a stabilizing force in national security matters as the Trump administration escalates trade disputes.
perspectiveAn Gang argued that it is time for China to forge a new strategy towards the United States.
claimThe United States views China’s growing military capabilities as a threat to American military bases in Japan, South Korea, and Guam.
perspectiveThe United States believes that as China upgrades its armed forces, it is increasingly able to restrict US Navy access to the Asia-Pacific region, thereby challenging America's status as a global power.
perspectiveThe United States views China's ongoing naval expansion as a challenge to its role as a world power.
claimChina will not be able to match the United States on the high seas and in complex operations involving carrier groups until long after the conclusion of the Chinese military modernisation programme in 2035.
accountThe 1995/1996 Taiwan crisis, during which the United States deployed two aircraft carriers to force China to back down, served as the trigger for China's military capability-building process and exposed the weaknesses of the Chinese armed forces at that time.
claimBoth China and the United States are concerned with protecting strategically important routes to safeguard supplies in the event of a crisis.
measurementChina has over 18,000 kilometers of coastline, and its waters border six neighboring states, some of which host US military bases.
claimChina faces a difficult geopolitical environment and lacks the 'insular' security enjoyed by the United States.
claimThe security dilemma between the United States and China is intensified by the dynamic of a rising power encountering an established power.
claimThe US-China relationship functions as a classical security dilemma, where efforts by each side to increase its own security result in increased insecurity for both.
claimThe Chinese government accuses the United States of attempting to suppress China's development and impede its progress.
claimBoth the United States and China claim their own intentions are defensive while accusing the other of being aggressive.
claimA military conflict between the United States and China would result in significant regional and global consequences.
claimA balanced US policy toward China that weighs both cooperation and confrontation would alleviate pressure on European capitals to choose sides between the United States and China.
perspectiveProponents of 'smart competition' advocate for a shift in US policy toward increased pressure and deterrence to counter China's mercantilist economic policies and assertive foreign policy.
perspectiveProponents of 'smart competition' believe that US policy toward China, characterized by a mix of cooperation, deterrence, and pressure, has been successful over the past decades.
perspectiveProponents of 'smart competition' in US-China relations advise against ending all cooperation with China or attempting to block all increases in Chinese influence.
perspectiveSome observers argue that fears of China replacing the United States as the global leader are exaggerated and that it is unclear if China views this goal as necessary or feasible.
quoteRepublican Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell stated that the trade conflict with China could harm the United States.
claimThe private sector and both major political parties in the United States are concerned that the trade conflict with China will negatively impact American consumers and the agricultural sector.
perspectiveChina believes the Western liberal system is a manifestation of American hegemony and that the United States will not voluntarily concede the international influence that China's economic and political weight merits.
perspectiveChinese observers question whether the United States prioritizes maintaining American supremacy or if it would concede leadership in specific areas if China fundamentally democratized.
perspectiveChinese observers question whether the United States would accept China's rise and leadership in new technologies like artificial intelligence and 5G if China were a Western-style democracy.
claimThe collapse of the Soviet Union influenced Chinese leaders to avoid open competition with the United States, such as arms races or direct confrontation.
claimSince 1989, Chinese discourse has consistently perceived the United States as an obstacle to China's goal of restoring its lost greatness.
claimBeijing suspects the United States of seeking to internally corrupt and transform China through 'peaceful evolution,' defined as infiltration and subversion from within.
perspectiveChina views the United States as a paradigm for modernization and believes it must reduce the development gap with the United States to make the world a fairer place.
perspectiveChina presents itself as a trailblazer and advocate for emerging economies and developing countries rather than a systemic adversary of the United States and the West.
claimThe United States did not perceive China as an ideological antagonist as long as China's rise was not viewed as a global challenge and there was hope that China would eventually liberalize.
claimSkeptics argue that China could acquire dominant global political, economic, and technological influence, set international rules and standards, and establish an 'illiberal sphere of influence', potentially preventing the United States from guaranteeing its current level of security and prosperity.
claimChina threatens the United States' status as the leading power, as well as the privileges and economic advantages associated with that status.
claimChina's growing power has caused American concerns regarding the United States' status as the sole international superpower.
claimThe US-China conflict syndrome is based on a regional and increasingly global status rivalry.
claimThe 'Thucydides Trap' is an interpretive framework used in public debate in both the United States and China to discuss the implications of power transition theory.
claimChina is the only country with the potential to threaten the status of the United States as the predominant international power.
claimIn the United States, the rise of China is widely perceived as a threat to America's dominant position in the international system.
claimCurrent international relations are increasingly defined by concerns over who gains more from economic exchange and the security implications of economic interdependence between the United States and China.
claimThe United States and China are the primary protagonists in the current ideological conflict, while Europe and Russia play independent roles.
claimFuture conflicts over digital technologies between the United States and China are expected to include technologies for intelligent traffic management, smart cities, and smart grids.
claimBoth the United States and China are exerting strong pressure on third states, such as Germany, regarding the use of Huawei technology.
claimStrategic interdependence generates increased friction and pressure if the confrontation between the United States and China intensifies.
perspectiveA strategic policy could aim to shape economic interdependence between the European Union, the United States, and China to incentivize all parties to avoid escalation, conflict, and the severance of relations.
perspectiveThe European Union could utilize its expertise in non-digital sectors as a bargaining chip during times of escalating political conflict with the United States and China.
claimWhile Europe is largely dependent on the United States and China for digital technologies, the United States and China rely on European skills and expertise in sectors such as chemical research, medical research, and industrial manufacturing technologies.
perspectiveThe European Union must consider compensating for its dependency on the United States and China in core digital technologies by leveraging its strengths in other economic sectors.
claimThird-party states have three primary options for navigating the technological rivalry between the United States and China: aligning fully with one sphere of influence, selectively relying on technologies from both spheres, or attempting to maintain independence.
claimChina, Russia, and the European Union are pursuing data localization initiatives to repatriate their citizens' data from the United States as a means of regaining control.
claimChina has responded to US dominance in internet infrastructure by enhancing its ability to monitor important fiber-optic internet exchange points.
claimCentral actors can conduct "politics by default" by defining normative standards through their technologies, as technologies are not value-neutral and contain embedded political ideas, values, and norms.
claimSpheres of influence allow central actors like the United States and China to exert political and economic influence over dependent states and businesses.
claimTechnological dependency is considered unproblematic when all involved parties view it as a desirable interdependence that increases welfare, but becomes problematic when actors like the United States and China leverage these dependencies to further their own interests.
claimChina is pursuing a twofold goal of becoming independent from the United States in core digital technologies and subsequently disseminating its own technologies globally.
claimThe emergence of a Chinese technopolitical sphere of influence creates political challenges for states that are technologically dependent on the United States or China.
claimThe United States and China both view technological superiority as a fundamental prerequisite for their respective economic and military strength and their standing in world politics.
perspectiveThe European Union must demand adequate concessions in its bilateral talks with the United States and China.
claimThe European Union is engaged in bilateral talks with the United States regarding trade and tariffs and with China regarding an investment agreement.
perspectiveThe European Union should maintain an independent position in trade disputes and defend rules-based multilateralism, despite foreign policy and security reasons preventing equidistance between the US and China.
claimChina and the United States threaten the European Union and European businesses with disadvantages if they do not align with their respective demands.
claimTrade practices of the US and China and welfare losses from their conflict affect Germany and Europe.
measurementChina holds US treasuries worth more than $1 trillion.
claimChina has threatened to sell off its US treasuries.
claimChina and the United States may be tempted to use currency devaluation to stimulate their domestic economies in the event of declining economic growth or recession.
claimCompanies in third-party nations may face a choice between conducting business with either the United States or China.
perspectiveA trade environment governed by arbitrary political power may benefit the United States and China while harming other nations.
claimThe disregard for World Trade Organization (WTO) rules by the United States and China threatens the future viability and legitimacy of the WTO as a multilateral system.
claimThe imposition of extraordinary tariffs by the United States and China has reduced bilateral trade and increased import costs.
claimThe US-China trade, economic, and technology conflict has caused economic harm to both the United States and China, as well as third-party nations.
perspectiveIt is unlikely that the United States and China will resolve outstanding trade points in a second partial agreement before the US presidential elections.
measurementUnder the Phase One agreement, the United States and China renounced announced increases in special tariffs, and China promised additional imports from the United States amounting to $200 billion for the years 2020 and 2021.
accountOn 13 December 2019, the United States and China agreed on a partial Phase One trade agreement.
claimChina announced the creation of an 'Unreliable Entities List' to target businesses, organizations, and individuals that comply with US boycotts against Chinese companies like Huawei, subjecting them to disadvantages in the Chinese market.
claimChina has responded to US trade measures with reciprocal retaliatory tariffs on imports from the United States, while simultaneously reducing tariffs on imports from third-party countries to disadvantage US imports.
claimChinese businesses and individuals listed on the United States Department of Commerce’s 'Entity List' are prohibited from making purchases in the United States or from US companies.
measurementThe Trump Administration imposed incremental and escalating extraordinary tariffs of up to 25 percent on approximately half of United States imports from China.
claimThe trade conflict between the United States and China is understood as a system-to-system conflict.
claimIf current growth trends continue, China is projected to replace the United States as the world's largest economy by 2030.
claimThe United States accuses China of unfair competition, specifically citing the closure of markets through protectionist measures, discrimination against foreign suppliers, and direct, arbitrary influence on markets and businesses.
claimUnited States and Chinese companies are currently competing in the fields of communications technology and artificial intelligence for leadership in development, standard-setting, and systems.
measurementA study by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) found that imports from China accounted for approximately one-quarter of the decline in manufacturing jobs in the United States between 1990 and 2007.
claimThe Phase One agreement between the United States and China left previous special tariffs in place and failed to resolve controversies regarding subsidies, state enterprises, and technology.
claimChina's rise as the world's leading industrial manufacturer and exporter has accelerated structural economic change in the United States and triggered social upheavals in the American 'Rust Belt'.
claimThe United States accuses China of engaging in unfair competition.
claimChinese savings no longer contribute significantly to financing the US domestic economy because China's purchases of US treasury bonds have fallen as a result of shrinking current account surpluses.
claimThe United States has become reluctant to transfer technology to China.
claimEconomic relations between the United States and China have shifted from complementary to competitive due to China's economic and technological rise, status competition, and increasingly critical perceptions on both sides.
claimThe United States and China are currently using trade policy as an instrument for technology competition, foreign policy, and security purposes.
claimThe symbiotic economic relationship between the United States and China, known as 'Chimerica', no longer exists.
accountThe historical economic relationship between the United States and China, often called 'Chimerica', was characterized by a symbiotic exchange where US businesses exported goods and transferred capital, management expertise, and technology to China, while China accumulated surpluses from exports to the US and reinvested them in US treasury bonds to finance American consumption.
perspectiveChinese experts suspect that the US Prompt Global Strike programme and its hypersonic glide vehicles are actually targeting China's nuclear arsenal, fearing a preemptive disarming attack by the United States in the event of a conflict.
claimBeijing and Moscow share a congruent threat perception regarding US, South Korean, and Japanese radar systems, which they believe can track the trajectories of Chinese and Russian missiles.
perspectiveThe Chinese leadership believes that the United States uses the threat of North Korean missiles as a pretext to install missile defense systems intended to neutralize Chinese and Russian nuclear deterrents during a military conflict.
claimThe United States does not openly recognize the principle of mutually assured destruction regarding China, maintaining intentional ambiguity on the subject.
claimBeijing fears that United States missile defense initiatives and the expansion of conventional US forces threaten China's second-strike capability and its nuclear deterrent.
claimChina views its nuclear arsenal primarily as a deterrent against military intervention or direct threats from other nuclear-armed states, specifically the United States.
perspectiveThe United States views China's development of military capabilities in space and cyberspace as an imminent danger.
claimThe United States has declared that the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands, which are administered by Japan but claimed by China, are covered under the bilateral defense agreement between the United States and Japan.
claimThe United States maintains a network of alliances and partnerships with nations that perceive China as a security threat.
claimThe Trump Administration withdrew from the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty with Russia partly in the hope that the withdrawal would allow the United States to better counter the Chinese military threat.
perspectiveThe United States views China's ongoing naval expansion and military upgrades as a threat to its security because these developments could allow China to restrict United States Navy access to the Asia-Pacific region and challenge America's status as a global power.
claimChina is not expected to match the United States on the high seas and in complex operations involving carrier groups until long after the conclusion of the Chinese military modernisation programme in 2035.
accountThe 1995/1996 Taiwan crisis, during which the United States deployed two aircraft carriers to force China to back down, served as the trigger for China's military capability-building process.
claimBoth China and the United States are concerned with protecting strategically important routes to safeguard supplies in the event of a crisis.
claimThe rivalry between the United States and China is beginning to structure international relations and has the potential to create a new geo-economic world order.
claimThe strategic rivalry between the United States and China risks escalating into a multi-layered world conflict that poses both economic and military dangers.
perspectiveThe European Union rejects the option of equidistance between the United States and China due to significant differences regarding values, political systems, and the rules-based international order.
perspectiveThe European Union opposes a broad decoupling or severing of technological and economic ties with China, a policy approach that has been discussed and partially prepared in the United States.
claimThe European Union and its member states are directly and indirectly affected by the rivalry between the United States and China.
claimThe relationship between the United States and China exhibits characteristics of a classical security dilemma, where each side's striving for greater security generates more insecurity on both sides, exacerbated by the constellation of a rising power encountering an established one.
claimA US China policy that balances cooperative and confrontative approaches would reduce the pressure on Berlin and other European capitals to choose between the United States and China.
claimThe United States' fear that China harbors expansionist intentions leads to the reinterpretation of concrete agreements, such as those involving Huawei, which erodes mutual predictability and trust.
claimWeak compliance regarding the implementation of agreements, such as in the trade sector, prevents the development of a viable relationship between the United States and China.
accountIn the United States, President Donald Trump minimized the influence of the State Department, while in China, the Communist Party under President Xi Jinping took control of foreign policy decisions.
claimThe strong personalization of politics under President Xi Jinping and President Donald Trump shapes relations between China and the United States.
claimChinese state-controlled media characterizes Western democracies, particularly the United States, as dysfunctional while promoting China's own economic, social, and political progress.
claimThe United States and China are the primary protagonists in the current conflict of values, while Europe and Russia play independent roles.
claimThe United States and China are exerting pressure on third-party states, such as Germany, regarding the use of Huawei technology.
claimIntensifying confrontation between the United States and China generates increased friction and pressure due to strategic interdependence.
perspectiveThe European Union could utilize its expertise in sectors like chemical and medical research as a bargaining chip during times of escalating political conflict with the United States and China.
claimThe United States and China rely on European skills and expertise in sectors such as chemical research, medical research, and industrial manufacturing technologies, despite Europe's dependence on them for digital technologies.
claimThird-party states have two primary strategic options regarding the technological competition between the United States and China: they can align fully with one sphere of influence to increase dependency in one direction while gaining influence within that relationship, or they can strategically utilize existing interdependencies by selectively relying on technologies from both spheres.
claimNo state other than the United States and China is expected to match their technological prowess in the foreseeable future.
claimChina, Russia, and the European Union are pursuing data localization initiatives to repatriate their citizens' data from the United States as a step toward regaining control.
claimTechnological dependency becomes problematic when central actors like the United States and China leverage it to advance their own interests.
perspectiveIf the United States and China view their relationship as a zero-sum game, the struggle for technopolitical influence is likely to intensify and cause further conflict.
claimThe future development of US and Chinese spheres of influence depends on domestic factors and the bilateral relationship between the two nations.
perspectiveThe future development of US and Chinese spheres of influence is uncertain, with the potential for trade barriers to make them more closed and exclusive.
claimThe American and Chinese spheres of influence overlap in Europe, where services from both nations are present.
claimChina is currently pursuing a twofold goal: first, to become independent from the United States in core digital technologies, and second, to disseminate its own technologies globally.
claimStates that are technologically dependent on the United States or China face new political challenges due to the emergence of technopolitical spheres of influence.
claimThe United States and China both consider technological superiority to be a fundamental prerequisite for their economic and military strength and their standing in world politics.
claimForeign policy specialists and China experts in the United States who advocate against a purely confrontational policy toward China are currently marginalized in the political discourse.
claimConcerns regarding Chinese influence in the United States are associated with fears of espionage.
claimConcerns in the United States regarding Chinese influence extend beyond security and economic policy to include activities involving Confucius Institutes and Chinese investments in think-tanks, universities, media, and business.
claimRepublican Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell stated that the trade conflict with China could harm the United States.
claimThe United States private sector and both major political parties are concerned about the negative economic repercussions of the trade conflict with China, specifically regarding the impact on American consumers and the agricultural sector.
claimPoliticians from both the Republican and Democratic parties in the United States influenced public opinion regarding China prior to the election of Donald Trump.
perspectiveThe European Union should approach China with confidence and avoid joining the United States' strategies of containment or the decoupling of entire economic spaces.
claimThe United States and China imposed tit-for-tat tariffs, which reduced bilateral trade and increased import costs, leading importers to switch to alternative suppliers like Vietnam, Mexico, and the European Union.
claimThe Sino-American trade, economic, and technology conflict has caused economic harm to both the United States and China, as well as third-party nations.
measurementUnder the Phase One agreement, China promised additional imports from the United States amounting to $200 billion for the years 2020 and 2021.
claimOn 13 December 2019, the United States and China agreed on a partial Phase One trade agreement in which both sides renounced announced increases in special tariffs.
claimChinese businesses are actively seeking suppliers capable of substituting imports from the United States.
claimChina imposed reciprocal retaliatory tariffs on imports from the United States while simultaneously reducing tariffs on imports from third-party states, which disadvantages US imports.
claimChina has maintained a comparatively restrained response to US trade measures, likely to avoid further economic escalation that would harm the Chinese economy.
claimWashington regards China as a threat to United States and Western interests in regions outside the Indo-Pacific, specifically in Africa, the Middle East, and the Arctic.
claimUnited States companies in the retail, farm, car-making, and IT and communications sectors oppose trade sanctions against China because they are negatively affected by import tariffs on semi-finished products or counter-tariffs.
claimThe United States government has restricted the use of specific Chinese telecommunications and visual surveillance products in the area of public procurement.
claimThe United States Department of Commerce implemented controls on the export and licensing of security-relevant technologies to China.
claimUnited States producers of steel and aluminium support the protectionist tariffs imposed by the Trump Administration against China due to intense competition.
claimThe European Union's efforts to implement rules for the Digital Single Market face limitations when dealing with China and the United States.
claimLarge segments of the United States private sector criticize Chinese economic practices, specifically citing state subsidies for Chinese firms, forced technology transfer from foreign companies, and the theft of intellectual property.
claimThe perceived convergence of economic and security components in the rivalry between the United States and China has contributed to the view of China as a global security threat.
claimThe primary security concern regarding China has shifted from the potential intimidation of United States allies in the region, such as South Korea and Japan, to a perceived global security threat.
claimThe security dimension of the rivalry between the United States and China began attracting growing attention by the early 2000s.
claimHuman rights groups in the United States feel their concerns regarding China are validated by Beijing's expansion of its surveillance state and the construction of reeducation camps in the Xinjiang autonomous region.
claimThe United States government tightened state controls on foreign direct investment in security-relevant sectors through administrative measures and legislation, resulting in a significant decline in Chinese investment in the United States.
measurementThe Donald Trump administration imposed incremental and escalating extraordinary tariffs of up to 25 percent on approximately half of United States imports from China.
accountA US-led diplomatic campaign successfully blocked China's attempt to lead the World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) in early 2020, resulting in the election of a Singaporean national as head of the organization.
referenceChad P. Bown and Melina Kolb published a timeline and guide regarding the trade war between the United States and China.
referenceC. Fred Bergsten authored the Peterson Institute for International Economics (PIIE) Policy Brief 18–21 titled 'China and the United States: Trade Conflict and Systemic Competition' in October 2018.
referenceChi Hung Kwan published the article 'The China-US Trade War: Deep-Rooted Causes, Shifting Focus and Uncertain Prospects' in the Asian Economic Policy Review in 2019, which references the People's Daily from 2018.
referenceFeng Lu published the article 'China-US Trade Disputes in 2018: An Overview' in the journal China and World Economy in 2018.
referenceC. Fred Bergsten published the article 'China and the United States: The Contest for Global Economic Leadership' in the journal China and World Economy in 2018.
claimCentral actors like the United States and China can leverage technological dependencies to exert political and economic influence over dependent states and businesses.
claimThe future development of US and Chinese spheres of influence depends on domestic factors and the future relationship between the two states, specifically whether they view their relationship as a zero-sum game.
claimThe United States and China have overlapping spheres of influence, particularly in Europe, where services from both nations are present.
claimShahryar Pasandideh, in his 2019 article 'The End of the INF Treaty and the US-China Military Balance', raises the question of where the United States could station ground-launched intermediate-range missiles on the territory of alliance partners and which targets in China could be reached from those locations.
claimOn December 25, 2019, the Global Times reported that experts dismissed negative media coverage regarding the 'Phase One' trade deal between the United States and China.
claimChina utilizes the digital component of the Belt and Road Initiative as a primary instrument to create a technopolitical sphere of influence that serves as a counterweight to the United States.
claimThe United States and China are both attempting to expand their technopolitical influence, which increases economic pressure and reduces political space for technologically dependent states.
claimChina is pursuing a twofold goal of becoming independent from the United States in core digital technologies and subsequently disseminating its own technologies globally.
claimCritics outside the Trump administration blame China for deindustrialization and other economic and social problems in the United States, though these issues are also attributed to policy failures and technological change.
claimChina's rise and its increased power and influence across various policy areas and regions have strengthened fears and rejection within the United States.
measurementUnder the Phase One trade agreement, the United States and China renounced announced special tariff increases, and China committed to purchasing $200 billion in additional US imports during 2020 and 2021.
claimThe United States and China agreed to a partial Phase One trade agreement on December 13, 2019.
claimThe Donald Trump administration views the protection of national security as a primary driver of trade policy, necessitating that United States strategic industries possess supply chains independent of China.
claimThe United States increasingly views the rise of China as a danger to its own dominant position in the international system and as a global challenge.
claimThe trade conflict between the United States and China is increasingly understood as a system-to-system conflict.
measurementThe Trump administration imposed incremental and escalating extraordinary tariffs of up to 25 percent on approximately half of United States imports from China.
procedureThe United States uses tariffs, investment controls, and supplier boycotts as trade policy instruments to achieve economic decoupling from China.
claimThe United States administration believes that protecting national interests requires United States strategic industries to possess supply chains that are independent of China.
claimThe trade conflict between the United States and China is understood as a system-to-system conflict.
perspectiveThe United States questions whether the Chinese economic model, characterized as a politically authoritarian, interventionist, and mercantilist state capitalism, is compatible with a world trade and finance system based on liberal principles.
perspectiveThe United States questions whether the Chinese economic model, characterized as a politically authoritarian, interventionist, and mercantilist state capitalism, is compatible with a world trade and finance system based on liberal principles.
perspectiveOfficial Chinese representatives argue that US accusations of unfair trade practices are a pretext for a foreign policy of containment against China.
claimIf current growth trends continue, China is projected to replace the United States as the world's largest economy by 2030.
claimIf current growth trends continue, China is projected to replace the United States as the world's largest economy by 2030.
claimThe United States perceives China's activities in the South China Sea as aggressive, views its trade practices as mercantilist, and observes a hardening of authoritarian tendencies in China.
measurementA study by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) found that imports from China accounted for approximately 25% of the decline in manufacturing jobs in the United States between 1990 and 2007.
claimChina's rise as the world's foremost industrial manufacturer and exporter has accelerated structural change in the United States and triggered social upheavals in America's 'Rust Belt' regions and sectors.
claimThe United States accuses China of engaging in unfair competition.
claimChinese savings have ceased to contribute significantly to financing the United States' domestic economy because China's purchases of US treasury bonds have fallen following shrinking current account surpluses.
claimThe United States has become reluctant to transfer technology to China.
claimThe United States accuses China of unfair competition, specifically citing the closure of markets through protectionist measures, discrimination against foreign suppliers, and direct, arbitrary influence on markets and businesses.
claimUS companies face increasing difficulty in increasing sales and profits in the Chinese market due to rising administrative restrictions and the continued closure of service branches where US businesses possess competitive advantages.
claimEconomic relations between the United States and China have shifted from cooperation to confrontation due to objective economic causes, status competition in the context of great power rivalry, and increasingly critical perceptions on both sides.
perspectiveChina views Europe as useful and as presenting little obstacle to its own development, in contrast to the United States.
claimChinese observers note that the United States' technology boycott could accelerate China's efforts to achieve technological autonomy.
claimBoth the United States and China are currently instrumentalizing trade policy for technology competition, foreign policy, and security purposes.
claimThe symbiotic economic relationship between the United States and China, sometimes referred to as 'Chimerica', no longer exists.
accountHistorically, Sino-American economic and finance relations acted as a stabilizing factor in the bilateral relationship, providing mutual benefits through US business profits from the Chinese market and China's accumulation of surpluses reinvested in US treasury bonds.
perspectiveA camp of Chinese America analysts believes that the shift in United States policy towards China is permanent and structural, driven by a bipartisan consensus in the United States that will determine the bilateral relationship for the foreseeable future.
perspectiveChinese experts suspect that the US Prompt Global Strike program's hypersonic glide vehicles are intended to target China's nuclear arsenal rather than North Korea's air defenses.
perspectiveOne camp of Chinese America analysts hopes that the United States and China will return to pragmatic and constructive relations, either through a trade agreement with President Donald Trump or through his defeat in the next election.
claimUnited States and Chinese companies are currently competing for leadership in the development and standard-setting of communications technology and artificial intelligence.
measurementA study by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) found that imports from China accounted for approximately 25% of the decline in manufacturing jobs in the United States between 1990 and 2007.
claimChina's rise as the world's leading industrial manufacturer and exporter has accelerated structural economic change in the United States and triggered social upheavals in the American "Rust Belt" region.
claimPoland signed bilateral treaties with the United States regarding missile defense and committed to excluding Chinese technology from its 5G network.
claimChinese observers interpret the United States' involvement in Hong Kong as an attempt to weaken the Chinese political system and achieve regime change in Beijing, citing that China's territorial integrity is at stake.
claimChinese official and published statements suggest that both the United States and China need to seek compromise in their economic disputes to avoid mutual harm.
claimEconomic competition between the United States and China has intensified, particularly within the manufacturing sector.
claimChinese savings no longer significantly contribute to financing the United States domestic economy because China's purchases of United States treasury bonds have declined due to shrinking current account surpluses.
quoteThe Global Times describes the prospect of a new Cold War between the United States and China as "unrealistic."
claimThe Global Times asserts that China can no longer be contained by the United States and that any attempt to do so would harm the United States more than it would harm China.
claimThe Chinese state-affiliated newspaper Global Times asserts that the United States has adopted a policy of containment against China, which is manifested in the United States' Indo-Pacific strategy.
accountIn 2005, then US Deputy Secretary of State Robert Zoellick demanded that China act as a 'responsible stakeholder' in the international system.
perspectiveChinese leaders are convinced that the United States and the West will never voluntarily grant China greater influence at the international level.
claimBeijing does not expect the United States to concede the international voice that China's economic and political weight would merit.
claimBeijing and Moscow share a threat perception regarding US, South Korean, and Japanese radar systems, which serves as a foundation for the 'comprehensive strategic partnership of coordination' between China and Russia.
claimChina's threat analysis centers on the expandability of the US missile defense system, specifically regarding flexibly deployable Aegis vessels and land-based systems.
perspectiveChinese discourse questions whether the United States' primary interest is maintaining American supremacy or if the U.S. would cede influence in specific areas if China underwent fundamental democratic change.
claimNorth Korea's successful tests of long-range missiles have not altered the Chinese assessment that US missile defense systems are primarily aimed at China and Russia.
perspectiveChinese observers question whether the United States would accept China's rise and leadership in technologies like artificial intelligence and 5G if China were a Western-style democracy.
claimBeijing's fear that the United States seeks regime change in China intensified following the 'colour revolutions' of the 2000s and the 2011 Arab Spring.
perspectiveThe Chinese leadership believes that United States assertions regarding North Korean missiles are a pretext to install missile defense systems capable of neutralizing Chinese and Russian nuclear deterrents.
perspectiveWhile some Chinese analysts view the relationship between rising and declining powers as a zero-sum game, they maintain that both the Chinese and U.S. governments have a responsibility to prevent conflict.
claimThe United States maintains ambiguity regarding the principle of mutually assured destruction in relation to China.
perspectiveChina fears that US missile defense initiatives and conventional force expansion threaten its second-strike capability and nuclear deterrent.
claimIn response to perceived U.S. containment efforts, Chinese leadership adopted rhetoric of 'win-win' cooperation and the concept of a 'new type of great power relations' based on mutual respect for core national interests.
claimChinese leaders concluded after the collapse of the Soviet Union that they must avoid open competition with the United States, including arms races or direct confrontation.
perspectiveChinese discourse consistently portrays the United States as an obstacle to China's goal of restoring its historical greatness.
accountThe Chinese government's fears of U.S.-led subversion were reinforced in 1989 following the Tiananmen Square massacre and the subsequent collapse of the Soviet Union.
perspectiveBeijing views the United States with mistrust, suspecting the U.S. of attempting to corrupt and transform China through 'peaceful evolution,' defined as internal infiltration and subversion.
claimBeijing's narrative of a rising China and a declining America is tempered by its self-assessment regarding the need to modernize and catch up to the United States.
perspectiveChina views its nuclear weapons as symbols of great power status and as a deterrent against military intervention or threats from the United States.
perspectiveThe United States views China's developing military capabilities in space and cyberspace as an imminent danger.
claimThe United States maintains a system of alliances and partnerships with countries that perceive China as a threat.
claimThe United States has become reluctant to transfer technology to China.
claimUnited States companies face increased difficulty in increasing sales and profits in the Chinese market due to rising administrative restrictions and the closure of service sectors where United States businesses hold competitive advantages.
claimThe United States views China's growing military capabilities as a threat to its military bases in Japan, South Korea, and the US territory of Guam.
claimChina's economic and technological rise has caused economic relations between the United States and China to become less complementary and more competitive.
claimThe economic advantages derived from cooperation between the United States and China have diminished.
claimBoth the United States and China utilize trade policy as an instrument for technology competition, foreign policy, and security purposes.
perspectiveThe rivalry between the United States and China is currently most openly confrontational at the economic level.
claimThe symbiotic economic relationship between the United States and China, known as "Chimerica," no longer exists.
perspectiveThe United States views China's increasing military capabilities as a threat because they may allow China to close down the US Navy's access to the Asia-Pacific region.
perspectiveThe United States views China's ongoing naval expansion as a challenge to its role as a world power.
claimChina will not be able to match the United States on the high seas and in complex operations involving carrier groups until long after the conclusion of the Chinese military modernisation programme in 2035.
claimOn December 14, 2018, the New York Times reported that United States lawmakers were pressuring President Donald Trump to take action against China regarding the detention of Uighurs.
claimAlastair I. Johnston's 2019 article, 'The Failures of the Failure of Engagement with China', challenges the prevailing United States interpretation that engagement with China has failed.
claimThe emergence of a Chinese technopolitical sphere of influence creates new political challenges for states that are technologically dependent on the United States or China.
claimThe United States and China both view technological superiority as a fundamental prerequisite for achieving economic and military strength and maintaining their respective positions in world politics.
perspectiveThe European Union should maintain an independent position in trade disputes between the United States and China to uphold the principles of the European Single Market, such as non-discrimination and rules-orientation.
claimThe struggle over techno-political spheres of influence may lead the United States to impose further sanctions and supplier boycotts against Chinese companies, potentially forcing third-party companies to choose between US and Chinese business standards.
claimThe United States and China may be tempted to stimulate their domestic economies through currency devaluation if economic growth declines or a recession develops.
claimThe United States and China have damaged the World Trade Organization (WTO); China by disregarding non-discrimination and transparency principles, and the United States by violating core treaty terms and imposing punitive tariffs.
claimBoth China and the United States are concerned with protecting strategically important routes to safeguard supplies in the event of a crisis.
perspectiveChinese leadership views the United States as the paradigm for modernization and believes China must reduce the development gap with the United States to create a fairer world.
perspectiveChina characterizes itself as an advocate for emerging economies and developing countries rather than as a systemic adversary of the United States and the West.
perspectiveChina views its geopolitical environment as one of the most difficult in the world, noting it lacks the 'insular' security enjoyed by the United States.
claimChina's waters adjoin those of six neighboring states, some of which host US military bases.
accountChina historically accumulated surpluses by exporting to the United States and reinvested those funds into United States treasury bonds, thereby co-financing the American consumption-driven economic boom.
claimThe relationship between the United States and China exhibits characteristics of a classical security dilemma, where efforts to increase security generate insecurity for both sides, exacerbated by the dynamic of a rising power encountering an established one.
claimBeijing accuses the United States of attempting to suppress China and impede its progress.
accountUnited States businesses historically generated profits from exports to and investments in China while transferring capital, management expertise, and technology to the Chinese market.
perspectiveThe US Administration and Congress view China as a 'revisionist power' that seeks to challenge the dominance of the United States and undermine the rules-based international order.
claimAny military conflict between the United States and China would have enormous regional and global impacts.
perspectiveThe reputation of the West in China has been eroded by the global financial crisis, United States military interventions in the Middle East, and the political style of Donald Trump.
perspectiveChinese views of the United States are ambivalent; there is respect and admiration for American innovation, economic strength, universities, military capabilities, and political system, but also mistrust due to historical negative experiences.
claimAssessing how the United States is perceived in China is difficult because official statements and public media are closely controlled, and academic publications are subject to self-censorship or intended to convey specific political messages.
perspectiveBeijing views the United States as a frustrated power seeking to preserve its own supremacy by geopolitically containing China and hindering its economic, technological, and military development.
perspectiveChinese experts suspect that the US Prompt Global Strike programme is actually intended to target China's nuclear arsenal, fearing the United States could launch a preemptive disarming attack in the event of a conflict.
claimThe Thucydides Trap, a historical process described by Thucydides where the rise of Athens made war with Sparta inevitable, is considered a real risk in the current relationship between China and the United States.
claimThe power of the United States is a source of both fascination and insecurity for China's political elites.
perspectiveGerman and European interests would benefit if US critics of a one-sidedly confrontative China policy gained more influence in Washington, as a balanced US policy would reduce pressure on European capitals to choose between the United States and China.
claimA strong US focus on the Indo-Pacific and competition with China may lead the United States to treat crises in Europe and the European periphery as secondary priorities.
claimThe strategic rivalry with China is expected to shape US foreign policy regardless of whether Donald Trump was reelected or a Democrat assumed the presidency in January 2021.
quoteRepublican Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell stated that the trade conflict with China could harm the United States.
claimThe United States private sector and both major political parties are concerned about the negative economic impacts of the trade conflict with China, particularly regarding American consumers and the agricultural sector.
claimThe US-China conflict forces Germany and the European Union to determine the extent and terms of their support for the United States against China.
claimA consolidated strategic rivalry between the United States and China could lead to deglobalization and the creation of two parallel international orders, one dominated by the United States and the other by China.
claimUnder the Trump administration, security logic replaced economic logic in US-China relations due to concerns about relative gains and the impact of economic interdependence on military technological superiority.
claimThe United States previously operated under the expectation that economic interdependence with China would promote cooperation and stabilize peace.
claimHistorically, the United States prioritized economic logic in relations with China as long as it did not fear China as a strategic rival, focusing on absolute gains rather than relative benefits.
claimThe United States' campaign against Huawei reflects a shift away from positive-sum logic in economic relations with China.
claimThe United States is applying pressure and incentives to dissuade other states from expanding their economic relations with China.
perspectiveThe United States government is convinced that China's growing global economic and political presence comes at the expense of the United States.
claimChina is using the South China Sea as a protected bastion for nuclear-armed submarines to safeguard its second-strike capability against the United States.
claimPoliticians from both the Republican and Democratic parties in the United States influenced public opinion regarding China prior to the election of Donald Trump.
claimChina and Russia share a threat perception regarding US, South Korean, and Japanese radar systems, believing that if these systems can track North Korean missiles, they can also track Chinese missiles.
perspectiveThe Chinese leadership believes that the United States uses the threat of North Korean missiles as a pretext to install missile defense systems capable of neutralizing Chinese and Russian nuclear deterrents.
claimThe United States maintains intentional ambiguity regarding the principle of mutually assured destruction with respect to China, which increases Chinese threat perceptions.
perspectiveChina fears that US missile defense initiatives and the expansion of conventional US forces threaten its second-strike capability and its nuclear deterrent against the United States.
claimChina uses its nuclear arsenal to deter the United States from military intervention or direct threats to the Chinese mainland.
perspectiveThe United States views China’s military capabilities in space and cyberspace as an imminent danger.
claimThe United States has declared that the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands, which are administered by Japan but claimed by China, fall under the bilateral defense agreement between the United States and Japan.
claimThe United States maintains a system of alliances and partnerships with countries that perceive China as a threat.
claimIn the South China Sea, the United States' insistence on unhindered access and freedom of navigation conflicts with China's efforts to create a security zone and counter American intervention capabilities.
perspectiveThe United States believes that China is seeking to establish an exclusive sphere of influence in East Asia.
referenceMarco Overhaus and Michael Paul analyze the security dimension of the Sino-American conflict in their contribution to the volume 'Strategic Rivalry between United States and China'.
referencePeter Rudolf authored the SWP Research Paper 'The Sino-American World Conflict', which examines the strategic conflict between the United States and China.
claimThe Trump Administration withdrew from the Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces Treaty with Russia partly in the hope that the withdrawal would enable the United States to better counter the Chinese military threat.
claimThe relationship between the United States and China is a complex strategic rivalry because they are potential military adversaries rather than merely systemic antagonists competing over status.
claimThe United States and China both perceive themselves as defensive, peaceful powers while suspecting the other of having aggressive, offensive intentions, which creates a security dilemma.
accountThe 1995/1996 Taiwan crisis, during which the United States deployed two aircraft carriers to force China to back down, served as the trigger for China's military capability-building process.
claimThe United States previously prioritized economic logic in relations with China because it profited from economic exchange in absolute terms, regardless of whether China derived relatively larger benefits.
perspectiveThe European Union rejects the option of equidistance between China and the United States due to significant differences regarding values, political systems, and the rules-based international order.
claimThe technological dimension of the rivalry between the United States and China runs deeper than trade disputes and will outlast any resolution of those disputes.
perspectiveThe European Union opposes a 'decoupling' strategy that would involve a broad severing of technological and economic ties with China, a strategy discussed and partially prepared by the United States.
claimThe United States' campaign against Huawei reflects a shift away from positive-sum logic in economic relations with China, moving toward a security-focused logic.
claimThe United States is applying pressure and incentives to dissuade other states from expanding their economic relations with China.
perspectiveThe United States government is convinced that China's growing global economic and political presence comes at the expense of the United States.
claimChina is reportedly turning the South China Sea into a protected bastion for nuclear-armed submarines to safeguard its second-strike capability against the United States.
claimIn the South China Sea, the United States' insistence on unhindered access and freedom of navigation conflicts with China's efforts to create a security zone and counter American intervention capabilities.
claimBoth the United States and China have violated the rules of the World Trade Organization.
claimThe rivalry between the United States and China in East Asia is dominated by perceptions of military threats and the American belief that China is seeking to establish an exclusive sphere of influence in the region.
claimThe US-China rivalry has global consequences, affecting relationships with other powers, regional dynamics in Europe, and the operations of international organizations like the G20 and the United Nations.
claimThe political debate within the United States regarding China is characterized by a fear of China's rise and the possibility of the United States being overtaken.
claimInternal political debates in regions like Europe are codetermined by the polarization between the United States and China.
referenceHilpert identifies a global competition between liberal democratic paradigms and authoritarian paradigms as a key dimension of the US-China rivalry.
claimThe competition between the United States and China involves a systemic opposition regarding internal order, specifically the relationship between state and society, and between government and governed.
claimTechnological competition between the United States and China is driven by security concerns, which has resulted in restricted exchange and cooperation in the technological sphere.
claimThe technological dimension of the US-China rivalry is deeper than trade disputes and will persist even if trade issues are resolved.
claimTrade conflicts between the United States and China are politically instrumentalized, though they represent the most easily resolvable aspects of the broader strategic rivalry.
claimBilateral trade between the United States and China no longer functions as a stabilizing factor capable of ameliorating political conflicts.
measurementHanns Günther Hilpert argues that the material benefits of economic cooperation between the United States and China have declined compared to the period between 1990 and 2015.
claimTrade and economic conflicts between the United States and China have domestic political relevance in both nations, possessing mobilising potential that is not solely dependent on the impact of global developments on specific employment sectors.
claimThe United States and China both perceive themselves as defensive, peaceful powers while suspecting the other of having aggressive offensive intentions, which creates a security dilemma.
claimHanns Günther Hilpert and Laura von Daniels argue that the U.S.-China trade conflict is linked to questions of world order that are vital from a European perspective, including the future of binding multilateral trade rules and institutions.
claimEconomic competition and conflicts over trade and financial policy between the United States and China predate the protectionist policies adopted by the United States under President Donald Trump.
claimThe United States perceives China's growing military capabilities as a threat to U.S. military bases in the Pacific, the U.S. system of partnerships and alliances in the Asia-Pacific region, and the U.S. nuclear deterrent.
claimThe escalation of hard security challenges between the United States and China has led to the emergence of a classical security dilemma.
claimPolitical debate within the United States regarding China is primarily focused on the methods of conducting the conflict rather than the nature of the rivalry itself.
claimThe United States views China as a revisionist power with the long-term goal of achieving global supremacy.
perspectiveHanns Günther Hilpert and Gudrun Wacker report that from the Chinese perspective, the United States will never voluntarily cede significant international influence to China.
referenceThe volume published by the SWP examines the repercussions of US-China rivalry on international institutions and on Europe, as well as the influence of both the United States and China on other states, regions, and societies.
perspectiveThe Chinese political elite believes the United States is attempting to prevent the further expansion of Chinese influence.
perspectiveThe rivalry between the United States and China is expected to remain a defining issue in international relations for the foreseeable future, regardless of cooperation in other policy fields.
claimThe publication 'Strategic Rivalry between United States and China' was written before the COVID-19 pandemic began.
claimFor the United States, strategic rivalry with China has replaced the 'War on Terror' as the prevailing paradigm for viewing international developments and events, a paradigm that had been dominant since 2001.
claimThe rivalry between the United States and China has become a paradigm of international relations over the past two years, shaping strategic debates and real political, military, and economic dynamics.
claimThe Sino-American rivalry undermines multilateral institutions such as the World Trade Organisation, with the United States withdrawing from institutions while China expands its influence in contexts like the United Nations.
claimThe trade conflict between the United States and China is politically instrumental and closely bound up with the development of the world order.
claimTechnological competition between the United States and China involves both absolute and relative gains, such as the ability to define technical standards, and is inherently linked to national security.
accountSince the Taiwan crisis of 1995/96, the United States and China have viewed each other as potential military adversaries and have aligned their military planning accordingly.
claimIdeological differences between the United States and China intensify mutual threat perceptions and strengthen the security dilemma between the two nations.
claimHighlighting ideological conflict is a strategy used to mobilize domestic support in the United States for a power competition with China, despite the associated economic costs.
claimThe systemic conflict between the United States and China is increasingly interpreted by the American side as a clash between liberal democracy and digital authoritarianism.
accountSince the Taiwan crisis of 1995/96, the United States and China have viewed each other as potential military adversaries and have aligned their military planning accordingly.
claimThe ideological difference between the United States and China intensifies threat perceptions and strengthens the security dilemma between the two nations.
claimHighlighting ideological conflict between the United States and China may be used to mobilize domestic support in the United States for a power clash that incurs economic costs.
claimThe systemic conflict between the United States and China is increasingly interpreted by the American side as a clash between liberal democracy and digital authoritarianism.
claimHuman rights groups in the United States feel their concerns about China are validated by Beijing's expansion of its surveillance state and the construction of reeducation camps in the Xinjiang autonomous region.
accountThe normative dimension of American criticism regarding China's threat to human rights and democratic values has been central to the US debate since the 1989 suppression of the student movement on Tiananmen Square.
claimCritics outside of the Trump administration attribute American deindustrialization and economic problems to China, though these issues are also linked to policy failures and technological change.
claimThe United States did not perceive China as an ideological antagonist as long as China's rise was not viewed as a global challenge and there was hope for China's eventual liberalization.
claimThe rise of China and its increasing influence across various policy areas and global regions have intensified fears and rejection within the United States.
claimThe competition for influence between the United States and China is combined with an ideological antagonism.
claimThe United States increasingly views the rise of China as a danger to its own dominant position in the international system, transitioning from a regional to a global challenge.
claimIf China acquires dominant global influence, the United States would lose its ability to guarantee its current level of security and prosperity.
claimChina's rise threatens the United States' status as the leading power and the associated material privileges and economic advantages.
claimChina's growing power has caused American concerns regarding the United States' status as the sole international superpower.
claimThe United States perceives China's activities in the South China Sea as aggressive, objects to its mercantilist trade practices, and is concerned by the hardening of authoritarian tendencies in China.
measurementOver the past decade, China has quadrupled its financial contributions to United Nations organizations, while the United States has gradually scaled back its contributions.
claimThe rivalry between the United States and China obstructs vital decision-making processes within the United Nations.
perspectiveChina views Europe as presenting little obstacle to its own development and as a useful entity, unlike the United States, which China views as a significant obstacle.
claimChinese observers of the economic conflict suggest that the United States' technology boycott could accelerate China's efforts to achieve technological autonomy.
claimThe growing rivalry between the United States and China is prominently displayed in the Bretton Woods institutions (the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund), the World Trade Organization, and the United Nations.
claimEconomic competition and conflicts over trade, economic, and financial policy between the United States and China predate the protectionist course adopted by the United States under President Donald Trump.
claimOfficial Chinese media state that ongoing trade disputes have bolstered China's determination to resist American pressure and defend its rights and interests.
claimThe material benefits accruing to both the United States and China from their economic cooperation have declined in comparison to the period between 1990 and 2015.
claimBilateral trade between the United States and China is no longer a stabilising factor capable of ameliorating political conflicts.
claimThe US-China rivalry has global consequences, affecting relationships with other powers, regional dynamics in Europe, and the functioning of international organizations like the G20 and the United Nations.
claimTrade conflicts between the United States and China are politically instrumentalized, though they represent the most easily resolvable aspects of the broader strategic rivalry.
claimA second group of Chinese America analysts believes that the shift in United States policy towards China is permanent and structural, driven by a bipartisan consensus in the United States that precludes a return to previous relations.
claimThe United States has withdrawn from a number of multilateral institutions, while China is expanding its influence in contexts like the United Nations.
claimOne group of Chinese America analysts hopes that the United States and China will return to pragmatic and constructive relations, either through a trade agreement with President Donald Trump or his loss in the next election.
claimChinese official narratives claim that the United States is seeking to weaken the Chinese system and achieve regime change in Beijing by intervening in Hong Kong, which China views as a core national interest involving territorial integrity.
perspectiveThe power transition theory is viewed by some as problematic and its explanatory value is contested, yet it influences perceptions in both the United States and China.
claimThe 'Thucydides Trap' is an interpretive framework discussed in the United States and China that highlights the risks of power transitions and the potential for regional conflicts to coalesce into a global hegemonic conflict.
claimChina is the only country with the potential to threaten the status of the United States.
claimSkeptics in China warn that a lasting and dependable trade peace between the United States and China is not possible under the administration of President Donald Trump.
claimIn the United States, the rise of China is widely perceived as a threat to the dominant position of the United States in the international system.
claimIf economic and security interests between the United States and China are re-evaluated, the level of global integration could decline to a point that resembles deglobalization.
claimOfficial and published statements in China suggest that both the United States and China need to seek compromise in their economic relations to avoid mutual harm.
claimConcerns regarding who benefits more from economic exchange and the security implications of economic interdependence have become increasingly important in the relationship between the United States and China.
claimThe Global Times expresses cautious optimism that a solution to the US-China trade dispute can be found and characterizes the idea of a new Cold War as unrealistic.
claimThe strategic rivalry between the United States and China is beginning to structure international relations and may lead to a new 'geo-economic world order'.
claimThe Global Times asserts that China can no longer be contained by the United States and that any attempt to do so would harm the United States more than China.
perspectivePeter Rudolf asserts that the strategic rivalry between the United States and China risks escalating into a multi-layered world conflict with significant economic and military dangers.
claimThe strategic rivalry between the United States and China will continue to exert decisive influence on international politics for the foreseeable future, regardless of whether Washington and Beijing resolve trade issues or conclude a trade agreement before the upcoming US presidential elections.
claimThe Global Times asserts that the United States has adopted a policy of containment against China, which is manifested in the United States' Indo-Pacific strategy.
claimThe United States' previous economic logic regarding China was based on the expectation that economic interdependence would promote cooperation and stabilize peace.
Strategic Decoupling and Its Implications for US-China Relations rsis.edu.sg 54 facts
claimUS-China relations under Donald Trump's second term have entered a fragile stalemate characterized by a shift toward strategic and psychological disengagement rather than complete economic decoupling.
accountDuring Donald Trump's first term as US President, the United States government labeled US-China relations as a strategic competition, initiated a trade war, and targeted Chinese high-tech companies such as Huawei.
accountIn Donald Trump's second term as US President, the United States restarted tariff battles, but unlike the first term, these tariffs target a broader range of countries beyond just China.
accountOn April 2, the United States government under Donald Trump imposed tariffs on most major economies, reflecting an economic nationalism that targets the global trading system rather than just China.
claimUS-China relations under the second term of President Donald Trump have entered a fragile stalemate characterized by strategic and psychological disengagement, where both nations are reducing reliance on each other's long-term strategies.
accountSince the beginning of Donald Trump’s second term as President, the United States and China have experienced a new round of intense trade conflict, followed by three rounds of negotiations in Geneva, London, and Stockholm.
claimUS tariffs on China are expected to remain significantly higher than those imposed on the European Union, the United Kingdom, or Japan, even if some tariff reductions occur.
perspectiveMany in China believe that the United States is not merely competing with China, but is actively trying to obstruct or delay China’s development.
claimExpectations in China that the United States might reverse its strategic course have dropped significantly after three consecutive US administrations.
measurementIn April, the United States escalated tariffs to 145 percent and China escalated tariffs to 125 percent.
claimNeither the United States nor China appears confident in de-escalating the current trade crisis.
perspectiveSome voices within China's public discourse argue that the United States is merely seeking to re-establish China’s dependence on American chips, and that China should remain committed to independent research and development.
claimStrategic and psychological decoupling may dampen the willingness of both the United States and China to engage in negotiations or de-escalate tensions.
claimStrategic decoupling could significantly affect security issues between China and the United States, particularly regarding Taiwan.
claimStrategic and psychological decoupling between the United States and China may reduce the willingness of both nations to engage in negotiations or de-escalate tensions in the short term.
perspectiveSome voices in Chinese public discourse argue that the US easing of export restrictions on NVIDIA chips is an attempt to re-establish Chinese dependence on American technology, and that China should instead commit to independent research and development.
perspectiveBoth US and Chinese leaderships are potentially prepared for the severance of trade ties, believing their development trajectories remain viable without bilateral trade.
measurementIn April, the United States escalated tariffs to 145 percent and China escalated tariffs to 125 percent.
accountThe initial US imposition of steep tariffs and suppression of Chinese technological advancement caused pessimism within China.
claimThe United States is undergoing a trend of partial decoupling from the rest of the world, which China cannot reverse.
claimExpectations within China that the United States might reverse its strategic course have dropped significantly after three consecutive presidential administrations.
perspectiveMany analysts and observers in China believe that the United States is actively trying to obstruct or delay China's development, rather than merely competing.
perspectiveWithin the United States policy community, adopting a tough stance on China has become both a strategic consensus and a form of political correctness.
claimStrategic competition has been the central pillar of United States policy toward China across three consecutive presidential administrations.
claimIf psychological and strategic decoupling between the United States and China takes root, Beijing's concern about breaking ties with Washington may recede, potentially leading to a more proactive posture regarding Taiwan.
perspectiveA strategy that focuses on internal resilience while seeking tactical connectivity in the economy, society, and technology may serve the long-term interests of both China and the United States.
perspectiveProfessor Da Wei argues that efforts should be made to preserve as much connectivity as possible in the economic, technological, and societal spheres for the benefit and wellbeing of both the American and Chinese peoples.
accountFollowing its reform and opening-up, China established a national consensus that long-term development and prosperity required integration with the global system, particularly with the West and the United States.
claimUS tariffs on China are expected to remain significantly higher than those imposed on the European Union, the United Kingdom, or Japan, even if some tariff reductions occur.
claimStrategic decoupling between the United States and China could negatively impact security issues, particularly regarding Taiwan, which is described as one of the most sensitive dimensions of the bilateral relationship.
claimChina maintains a robust manufacturing base, unlike the United States, which faces industrial hollowing-out.
claimTechnological decoupling has catalyzed genuine advances in China's science and technology sectors, with many viewing US pressure as an unexpected catalyst for indigenous innovation.
perspectiveProfessor Da Wei, the Director of the Center for International Security and Strategy (CISS) and a professor at the Department of International Relations at Tsinghua University, argues that if Chinese decisionmakers recognize that the United States' strategic shift is rooted in global recalibrations rather than just anti-China sentiment, it may lead to greater strategic composure and less securitization of economic and technological policymaking.
perspectiveProfessor Da Wei suggests that a strategy focusing on internal resilience while seeking tactical connectivity in the economy, society, and technology may serve the long-term interests of both the United States and China better than zero-sum confrontation.
claimNegotiations between the United States and China resumed in Geneva following the April 2, 2025, tariff exchanges, indicating that complete decoupling in the trade domain remains unfeasible.
measurementTariffs on Chinese goods reached as high as 145 percent earlier this year, following nearly eight years of trade disputes between the United States and China.
claimThe United States and China are increasingly embracing a form of strategic and psychological decoupling, marking a shift in their bilateral relationship.
claimStrategic decoupling is defined as the gradual disengagement of China and the United States at the level of national development strategy, where each country plays a diminishing role in the other's long-term strategic planning.
accountSince the 1980s, China and the United States have developed deep interdependence across financial, economic, and societal spheres.
perspectiveThe United States considers China to be the most consequential player in the Asia-Pacific region and therefore central to American long-term interests.
claimChina has maintained a national consensus since the beginning of its reform and opening-up that long-term development and prosperity require integration with the global system, particularly with the West and the United States.
claimSince the 1980s, China and the US have developed deep interdependence across financial, economic, and societal spheres.
perspectiveFrom the perspective of China, economic decoupling may force necessary policy changes, specifically by energizing the domestic market and improving the innovation and business environment.
claimUnlike the United States, which faces industrial hollowing-out, China maintains a robust manufacturing base.
claimTechnological decoupling has catalyzed genuine advances in China's science and technology sectors, with many observers viewing United States pressure as an unexpected catalyst for indigenous innovation.
claimIf Chinese decision-makers recognize that the United States' strategic shift is rooted in broader global recalibrations rather than just anti-China sentiment, this realization could lead to greater strategic composure and reduce the securitization of economic and technological policymaking.
claimPsychological decoupling in US-China relations is a state where policymakers and the broader public grow more accepting of a worsening relationship, leading to a lack of expectation or motivation for meaningful improvement.
claimThe incentive for the United States and China to pursue economic reconnection or stabilization diminishes if economic interdependence is perceived as undesirable by the United States, unattainable by China, or expendable by both.
perspectiveWithin the United States policy community, a tough stance on China has become both a strategic consensus and a form of political correctness across three consecutive administrations.
claimStrategic decoupling is defined as the gradual disengagement of China and the US at the level of national development strategy, where each country plays a diminishing role in the other's long-term strategic planning.
measurementThe US imposed tariffs as high as 145 percent on Chinese goods earlier in 2025.
claimThe US-China relationship has entered a relatively stable phase following three rounds of negotiations held in Geneva, London, and Stockholm.
accountThe administration of US President Joe Biden maintained or escalated the policies of the previous Trump administration regarding China, including coordinating with allies to tighten technological restrictions.
claimThe Trump administration announced 'Liberation Day' tariffs on April 2, 2025, which triggered a round of tariff exchanges between the US and China.
U.S.-China Relations cfr.org 41 facts
claimExperts expressed hope that the 2014 joint climate commitments by the United States and China would increase momentum for global negotiations ahead of the 2015 UN-led Climate Change Conference in Paris.
referenceIn a Foreign Policy essay, U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton outlined a U.S. “pivot” to Asia, calling for increased diplomatic, economic, and strategic investment in the Asia-Pacific region to counter China’s growing influence.
claimAt the fourteenth annual Shangri-La Dialogue on Asian security, U.S. Secretary of Defense Ashton Carter called on China to halt land reclamation efforts in the South China Sea and stated that the United States opposes any further militarization of the disputed territory.
claimPresident Bill Clinton signed the U.S.-China Relations Act of 2000 in October, which granted Beijing permanent normal trade relations with the United States and facilitated China's entry into the World Trade Organization in 2001.
claimGoldman Sachs chief economist Jim O’Neill projected in 2010 that China was on track to overtake the United States as the world’s largest economy by 2027.
measurementIn September 2008, China surpassed Japan to become the largest holder of U.S. debt, with holdings of approximately $600 billion.
accountIn September 2021, Meng Wanzhou reached a deal with U.S. prosecutors and returned to China, and the Chinese government subsequently released the two detained Canadian citizens.
quotePresident Xi Jinping stated that the United States and China need to explore the right way to get along, according to a Chinese foreign ministry readout.
quotePresident Joe Biden stated that the United States will compete vigorously with China but is not looking for conflict.
claimDirector of National Intelligence John Ratcliffe characterized China as the greatest threat to America in late 2020.
perspectiveA Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesperson stated that the United States will only hurt and isolate itself by implementing restrictions on China's chip industry.
claimPresident Donald Trump and members of his administration asserted that China was "ripping off" the United States by taking advantage of free trade rules to the detriment of U.S. firms operating in China.
claimU.S. Vice President Mike Pence delivered a speech on October 4, 2018, articulating a policy shift where the United States would prioritize competition over cooperation with China, utilizing tariffs to combat what he termed "economic aggression."
measurementIn 2006, China surpassed Mexico to become the United States' second-largest trade partner, following Canada.
accountPresident Joe Biden and President Xi Jinping held their first formal virtual meeting, which lasted more than three hours, to discuss guardrails to avoid conflict between the United States and China.
quoteChinese climate envoy Xie Zhenhua stated, "There is more agreement between the United States and China than divergence."
claimThe United States and China signed a joint statement at the UN climate summit in Glasgow, agreeing to boost cooperation on combating climate change, increasing renewable energy use, developing regulatory frameworks, and deploying carbon capture technologies over the next decade.
perspectiveChinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi blamed the United States for tensions between the two countries.
accountThe United States ordered China to close its consulate in Houston, Texas, alleging that the facility was a hub of espionage and intellectual property theft.
perspectiveThe Chinese government denounced the United States' announcement declaring most of Beijing’s claims in the South China Sea illegal, labeling it as interference in China’s internal affairs.
accountThe United States and China agreed to ease restrictions on journalists working in each other’s countries in November 2021.
claimPresident Barack Obama and President Xi Jinping agreed to establish a "new model" of relations, referencing Xi Jinping's concept of a "new type of great power relations" between the United States and China.
accountThe United States and China averted a diplomatic crisis regarding Chen Guangcheng by allowing him to visit the United States as a student rather than as an asylum seeker.
accountU.S. diplomats and Chinese officials negotiated an agreement allowing Chen Guangcheng to stay in China and study law near Beijing, but Chen subsequently requested shelter in the United States.
claimThe United States and its allies contended that China's quota on rare earth metal exports violated international trade norms and forced multinational firms to relocate to China.
accountIn March 2012, the United States, the European Union, and Japan filed a request for consultations with China at the World Trade Organization regarding China's restrictions on exporting rare earth metals.
measurementThe U.S. trade deficit with China increased from $273.1 billion in 2010 to $295.5 billion in 2011, accounting for three-quarters of the growth in the total U.S. trade deficit for 2011.
accountChina intervened in the Korean War in support of North Korea after U.S., UN, and South Korean troops approached the Chinese border.
accountThe United States threatened a nuclear attack on China in the spring of 1955 during the First Taiwan Strait Crisis.
measurementAs of April 11, 2025, China imposed a 15 percent tariff on U.S. energy, a 10 percent tariff on crude oil and agricultural machinery, and a 10–15 percent tariff on U.S. agricultural products.
measurementAs of April 11, 2025, U.S. tariffs on all Chinese goods were 145 percent, while Chinese tariffs on all U.S. goods were 125 percent.
claimThe Chinese Foreign Ministry stated that the expulsion of American journalists was a response to the U.S. government's decision to limit the number of Chinese journalists from five state-run media outlets in the United States to 100 and designate those outlets as foreign missions.
claimThe Trump administration barred all non-U.S. citizens who had recently visited mainland China from entering the United States due to the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak originating in Wuhan.
claimThe United States dropped its designation of China as a currency manipulator days before the signing of the 'Phase One' trade deal.
claimPresident Donald Trump and Chinese Vice Premier Liu He signed the 'Phase One' trade deal, which relaxed some U.S. tariffs on Chinese imports and committed China to purchasing an additional $200 billion worth of American goods, including agricultural products and cars, over two years.
claimChina announced plans to increase tariffs on $60 billion worth of American goods in retaliation to U.S. trade policies.
accountFollowing the accidental bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade by NATO, the United States and NATO apologized for the intelligence errors, but Chinese demonstrators protested throughout China and attacked official U.S. property.
claimIn 1996, the United States and China agreed to resume the exchange of officials.
accountIn 1995, China recalled its ambassador to the United States after President Bill Clinton authorized a visit by Taiwanese leader Lee Teng-hui, which reversed a fifteen-year-old U.S. policy against granting visas to Taiwan's leaders.
accountChinese Vice Premier Deng Xiaoping, who led China through major economic reforms, visited the United States shortly after the establishment of formal diplomatic ties in 1979.
claimThe United States and China have maintained a bilateral relationship characterized by periods of both tension and cooperation regarding trade, climate change, and Taiwan since 1949.
Advancing U.S.-China Coordination amid Strategic Competition - CSIS csis.org 36 facts
claimThe diplomatic relationship between the United States and China dates to 1844, when the two countries signed the Treaty of Wanghia following the conclusion of the Opium Wars.
accountThe CSIS Freeman Chair in China Studies and the Brookings John L. Thornton China Center launched a project in November 2022 to explore safe and effective methods for collaboration among nonstate actors on key challenges facing the United States and China.
claimThe United States and China currently lack a broadly shared purpose that could help the bilateral relationship weather shocks and generate resilience.
claimNonstate actors attempting to collaborate with counterparts in the United States and China in the current contentious environment should explicitly articulate the national interest case for their initiatives to policymakers.
claimSome U.S. officials and experts worry that greater U.S.-China cooperation on shared challenges could dampen U.S. tolerance for friction, potentially causing Washington to pull back from competitive actions intended to counter Chinese ambitions.
claimThe Chinese government has become more volatile in recent years and is generally reactive rather than proactive regarding opportunities for coordination with the United States.
claimThe CSIS report asserts that if the United States and China do not find ways to coordinate on transnational challenges like food security, public health, and climate change, the consequences will include uncured diseases, worsening environmental catastrophes, increased stress on food systems, greater migration, and a higher likelihood of global conflicts.
quoteSteve Davis, chair of the project’s advisory council, stated: “game-changing opportunities for social impact across health, climate change, and food security are within reach, but [they] will depend on new mechanisms and narratives that enable collaborations between partners in the United States and China to proceed in smart, informed, and geopolitically sensitive ways.”
claimDue to a lack of trust in commitments or words, U.S. and Chinese officials are increasingly supporting a policy of 'dialogue by facts'.
claimThe current U.S.-China relationship is characterized by the belief that strength is the only language understood by either side, similar to the dynamic between the United States and the Soviet Union in the late 1940s.
perspectiveDiplomatic engagement between the United States and China can at best provide buffering, but it cannot resolve sources of friction or create space for bilateral coordination.
claimNationalist fervor in both the United States and China has contributed to the politicization of bilateral relations, reducing the political space available for cooperative efforts.
claimLeaders in the United States and China face incentives to demonstrate toughness and resolve, creating a disincentive for actions that could be perceived as weak or soft.
claimU.S. leaders have become more cautious about offering protocol pomp to Chinese leaders, often requiring commitments to substantive actions that align with U.S. interests in exchange for such diplomatic gestures.
claimThe track 2 dialogue in Bellagio identified four areas for potential U.S.-China cooperation in climate-smart agriculture: promoting sustainable agricultural production in water-stressed regions, reducing food loss and waste, developing mutually agreed-upon standards for measuring agricultural climate impacts, and accelerating investments in alternative proteins for animal feed and human consumption.
claimThe current political environment makes it difficult to imagine a U.S. leader hosting a Chinese counterpart for a state visit.
accountHistorically, former officials and experts from the United States and China used unofficial 'track 2' dialogues to test ideas before official deliberation, but these settings now face roadblocks to cooperation.
claimMany Chinese former officials and experts are wary of traveling to the United States due to fears of being stopped and interrogated by U.S. Customs and Border Patrol regarding their links to the Chinese government.
claimFormer U.S. and Chinese officials and experts have become less enthusiastic about traveling to China due to concerns regarding physical safety, specifically citing the extrajudicial detention of two Canadian citizens between 2018 and 2021 and instances of U.S. citizens being barred from departing China.
claimThe mutual wariness between the United States and China has led to many track 2 interactions being conducted virtually or in third countries.
claimPersonal relationships between U.S. and Chinese counterparts have less depth in the post-2017 era compared to previous periods, due to Covid-19 pandemic travel restrictions and limited channels for official and unofficial interaction.
claimEffective negotiation of major issues between the United States and China over the past 45 years has historically relied on empowered officials who developed personal relations to understand each other's backgrounds, motivations, and political constraints.
claimAs of 2025, there are fewer relationships between U.S. and Chinese officials or track 2 participants that involve the deep personal understanding required for effective negotiation compared to the past.
claimU.S. and Chinese track 2 meeting participants report a diminished demand from both governments to explore new ideas for addressing challenges or unlocking cooperation.
perspectiveBeijing remains focused on its relationship with the United States, viewing the United States as the only country capable of obstructing China's national ambitions.
claimBeijing analyzes the core source of stress in the U.S.-China relationship as shifting power dynamics, specifically asserting that the United States seeks to prevent China’s rise to preserve the United States' status as the world’s leading power.
claimClimate-smart agriculture was selected as a topic for U.S.-China collaboration because leaders in both nations have expressed interest in the area, yet it remains a challenging topic due to U.S. congressional scrutiny of Chinese investments in U.S. agricultural land and Beijing's goal to reduce dependence on U.S. agricultural imports.
claimTransnational challenges such as pandemics, food insecurity, and environmental degradation will worsen unless the United States and China find ways to coordinate actions.
claimEngagement between China’s minister of health and the U.S. health and human services secretary was vital in establishing memoranda of understanding that enabled cooperation among doctors, research institutions, and nongovernmental organizations.
claimThe United States and China are in an era of strategic competition that is unlikely to end soon because both nations are unwilling to yield on the terms of global and regional leadership in the coming century.
perspectiveThe United States and China must exercise flexibility and adaptability to find mutually acceptable venues to address transnational challenges, such as future pandemics, that require the contributions of both nations.
claimThe United States and China supported a neutral third party (the Gavi vaccine alliance) to solve global problems because they were unable to work directly with each other.
claimThe United States and China contributed substantially to the Gavi vaccine alliance instead of pooling capabilities to respond to the Covid-19 pandemic.
accountA bipartisan congressional delegation led by Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer appealed directly to President Xi Jinping in October 2023 to prioritize curbing the flow of fentanyl precursors from China to the United States.
claimThe CSIS report recommends that political leaders in the United States and China set priorities, secure high-level buy-in, and use summits as action-forcing events to drive progress on shared challenges.
claimThe CSIS report states that the United States and China share a responsibility as global leaders to steward solutions to transnational challenges, even while competing vigorously in other areas.
The U.S.-China Trade Relationship | Council on Foreign Relations cfr.org 34 facts
measurementThe United States and China combined comprised 43 percent of the global gross domestic product (GDP) and nearly 48 percent of global manufacturing output in 2023, according to the World Bank.
measurementChina is the third-largest export market for the United States, with U.S. exports to China exceeding $195 billion in 2024.
measurementThe U.S. trade deficit with China was $295 billion in 2024, which is the lowest since 2009 but remains the largest trade deficit the United States has with any country.
measurementChina holds roughly $760 billion in U.S. treasury bonds, making it the second-largest foreign creditor to the United States after Japan.
perspectiveCFR Fellow for Trade Policy Inu Manak states that tariffs largely fail to divert trade away from China in a global economy because China moves production to other countries, leading the United States to purchase Chinese goods from other trade partners like Mexico and Vietnam.
measurementPresident Donald Trump agreed to lower the overall tariff rate on Chinese imports to the United States from 57 percent to 47 percent as part of an effort to pressure cooperation on combatting the fentanyl crisis.
claimMany experts assert that trade war escalations between the United States and China have not subsided since 2018, when Donald Trump imposed tariffs on hundreds of billions of dollars worth of Chinese goods.
claimPresident Donald Trump claimed that trade levies would decrease the U.S. trade deficit with China, bring manufacturing jobs back to the United States, and force China to reform trade practices such as intellectual property theft.
claimResearch by David Autor, David Dorn, and Gordon Hanson indicates that political polarization increased in U.S. regions most harmed by trade competition with China, which some analysts suggest contributed to the rise of Donald Trump and populist political forces.
perspectiveExperts from the Carnegie Endowment of International Peace suggest that U.S. decoupling from China could reach its limits in the next decade because the two economies remain greatly interdependent.
quoteA 2024 report by the Carnegie Endowment of International Peace argues: "Both China and the United States have an interest in preserving much of their economic relationship."
accountThe United States and China normalized diplomatic relations in 1979 as Chinese policymakers under Deng Xiaoping sought to increase international trade and investment.
accountChina joined the World Trade Organization in December 2001 after negotiations with the United States and other members, agreeing to economic reforms including tariff cuts, intellectual property protections, and increased regulatory transparency.
measurementThe value of U.S. goods imports from China increased from approximately $100 billion in 2001 to over $400 billion in 2023.
measurementEconomists Xavier Jaravel and Erick Sager found in a 2019 study that increased trade with China boosted the annual purchasing power of the average U.S. household by $1,500 between 2000 and 2007.
claimExperts assert that a complete decoupling of the United States and China, the world's two largest economies, is likely impossible.
claimThe United States and China are the world's two largest economies and are currently facing significant trade tensions that impact the global economy, supply chains, and the international trading system.
measurementChina is currently the second-largest export market for U.S. goods and services, trailing only Mexico, while the United States is the top export market for China.
claimTrade with China has provided U.S. consumers with lower prices and U.S. corporations with higher profits, but has also contributed to the loss of American jobs due to import competition, automation, and the relocation of manufacturing overseas.
accountOn October 26, U.S. Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent announced that U.S. and Chinese trade negotiations reached a "substantial framework" during a meeting at the Association for Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, and that China would delay and reexamine its export controls.
claimThe United States and China agreed to continue efforts to crack down on illicit drugs entering the United States.
measurementA 2023 report by the U.S.-China Business Council found that exports to China supported more than one million jobs in the United States, representing approximately 0.5 percent of the U.S. civilian labor force.
claimAmerican companies earn hundreds of billions of dollars annually from sales in China, which provides capital for investment in their U.S. operations.
measurementSince 2001, China’s economy has grown more than five-fold when adjusted for inflation, making it the world’s second-largest economy behind the United States.
perspectiveCFR fellows Jennifer Hillman and Inu Manak argue that U.S.-led changes to international rules on subsidies would provide the United States with a powerful tool to address concerns regarding competition with China.
referenceEconomists David Autor, David Dorn, and Gordon Hanson studied the effects of increased trade with China on U.S. workers in a series of papers.
measurementThe United States exported 34 million metric tons of soybeans to China following the signing of the Phase One trade agreement in 2020.
claimAnalysts assert that China's control over rare earth minerals creates a 'chokehold' that increases global vulnerability to geopolitical tensions between the United States and China.
claimU.S. policymakers have expressed increasing concern regarding Chinese efforts to collect sensitive information on Americans and spread disinformation, fearing that U.S. companies utilizing Chinese technology may compromise national security.
claimU.S. lawmakers have targeted the Chinese-owned social media app TikTok to restrict Chinese access to American user data.
claimThe United States, European Union members, and Japan share concerns regarding Chinese trade practices.
claimThe increase in U.S. imports from China is partially attributed to China's role in global supply chains, where Chinese factories assemble products using components sourced globally.
claimThe U.S.-China trade relationship has become more combative as U.S. policymakers have adopted an assertive stance in response to China's failure to comply with World Trade Organization rules.
claimU.S. consumers have benefited from lower prices and U.S. companies have profited from access to the Chinese market.
How China is responding to escalating strategic competition with the ... brookings.edu 22 facts
claimWang Yi, the State Councilor and Foreign Minister of China, has promoted “peaceful coexistence and win-win cooperation” with the United States.
claimThe election of Joe Biden as President of the United States has increased the urgency of China's concerns regarding allied blocs, given Biden's emphasis on coordinating with allies and partners to push back against Chinese behaviors.
claimGuo Shengkun, a Politburo member and domestic security chief, has warned of the likelihood of a long-term struggle between China and the United States.
claimChina's leadership has concluded that it can no longer base national plans on expectations of generally stable relations with the United States, according to a well-informed policy advisor.
claimChina implemented an economic pressure toolkit mirroring that of the United States, which includes laws and regulations for export controls, national security investment screening, policy-related visa sanctions, and extraterritorial legal provisions.
claimThe United States and China finalized a 'phase-1' trade deal in January 2020.
quoteA pattern became very clear in 2018: in the face of confrontational U.S. statements and actions, China maintained substantial engagement with a wide variety of Americans, made very careful public statements, and advocated negotiated solutions. Calibration and proportionality were driving China’s playbook far more than the tactics of opprobrium, isolation, and push-back.
quoteChina’s reaction [to President Trump’s overtly hostile China strategy] was far more cautious – and even conciliatory at times – than confrontational. Beijing was primarily focused on limiting down-side risk and, to a limited extent, exploring opportunities for upside gains.
claimChina is pursuing a three-pronged medium-term strategy: maintaining a non-hostile external environment to focus on domestic priorities, reducing dependence on the United States while increasing the rest of the world’s dependence on China, and expanding the reach of Chinese influence overseas.
claimChinese spokespeople and official state media are actively setting public expectations for a long-term struggle between China and the United States.
claimChinese leaders have accelerated plans to implement a 'dual circulation' economic strategy as a result of re-evaluating long-term trends in relations with the United States.
claimThere is a convergence of views among Chinese experts that there will be continuity in the strategic orientation of the United States toward China during the transition from the Trump administration to the Biden administration.
claimFollowing the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the United States and China engaged in a tit-for-tat pattern of actions, including the expulsion of journalists, the closure of consulates, mutual recriminations regarding the origin of COVID-19, and the sanctioning of high-level officials.
claimIn 2020, the ASEAN bloc became China's primary trading partner, the European Union became the second-largest, and the United States fell to third place.
claimChina became the largest recipient of foreign direct investment in 2020, displacing the United States from its customary position as the largest magnet for foreign capital.
claimThe Chinese government has encouraged the European Union to pursue strategic autonomy, specifically by resisting United States efforts to form a trans-Atlantic front in opposition to China.
claimChina's domestic security chief warned that the tense rivalry with the United States will foster political volatility in China, according to a report in the South China Morning Post on November 13, 2020.
measurementChina's economy is only 30 percent as productive as the world's best-performing economies, such as the United States, Japan, or Germany, according to the International Monetary Fund.
perspectiveJiang Jinquan, head of the Communist Party’s Central Policy Research Office, asserts that technological self-reliance is essential for China to overcome American efforts to impede its scientific and technological development.
quoteWang Yi (Chinese State Councilor and Foreign Minister) stated in a January 2, 2021 interview with Xinhua: "In recent years, China-US relations have run into unprecedented difficulties. Fundamentally, it comes down to serious misconceptions of U.S. policymakers about China. Some see China as the so-called biggest threat and their China policy based on this misperception is simply wrong. What has happened proves that the U.S. attempt to suppress China and start a new Cold War has not just seriously harmed the interests of the two peoples, but also caused severe disruptions to the world. …China policy toward the United States is consistent and stable."
claimMany Chinese experts believe that American anxiety regarding its relative decline drives the United States to reflexively attempt to undermine China's rise.
claimOfficials and experts in China generally agree that the power of the United States in the international system is declining relative to China.
Competing with China Explained: What Americans Need to Know rand.org 19 facts
perspectiveThe United States could pursue collaboration with China on health and climate issues, such as the ecology of infectious diseases, as well as green energy, tariff-for-market-access swaps, and a return to multilateralism, according to Bouey.
perspectiveJennifer Bouey asserts that the United States must compete with China without compromising American values, economy, or security, while maintaining high-level communication channels to negotiate on new threats such as AI and biosecurity.
perspectiveShanshan Mei argues that the United States must ensure policy consistency toward China to improve predictability, better define the end goal of 'strategic competition,' and balance the globalist and isolationist pulls in U.S. foreign policy.
claimThe securitization of economic and trade relations with China under both the Trump and Biden administrations has created leverage for the new U.S. administration to negotiate more favorable terms for U.S. businesses and interests.
perspectiveThe United States could potentially improve its trade balance with China by advancing its strengths in the service sector rather than focusing narrowly on tariffs.
perspectiveTo deter China and maintain a military edge, the United States should bolster regional alliances and partnerships, enhance the defenses of allies and partners, and increase the likelihood of U.S. military access to partner countries in the event of conflict.
perspectiveThe United States does not necessarily need to match China's influence-building efforts dollar-for-dollar or in every location, as soft power can effectively compete with Chinese efforts.
claimThe strengthened military relationship between the United States and the Philippines has likely deterred Chinese leaders from initiating a kinetic conflict with the Philippines, according to Gunness.
perspectiveThe United States should develop precise counterstrategies toward China rather than relying on one-size-fits-all approaches, prioritizing a deeper understanding of the specific needs and concerns of allies and partners in disputed regions, according to Mei.
claimTariffs on manufacturing and goods have negatively impacted China's economy and deterred foreign investors, but they have not significantly benefited the economies of the United States or its allies.
perspectiveThe United States should encourage allies and partners to invest in defensive systems like missile defense or unmanned systems to complicate Chinese military planning in the event of a conflict, while also leveraging regional relationships to secure military access, according to Gunness.
perspectiveBouey argues that the United States can counter China's influence by maintaining its values and better understanding the needs of recipient countries for economic transformation.
perspectiveKristen Gunness argues that the United States must prioritize addressing China's support for Russia, countering Chinese influence operations and disinformation campaigns, and deterring Chinese military aggression in the Indo-Pacific region.
claimThe U.S. defense industry is characterized by its scale, innovativeness, and integration with the private sector.
procedureThe United States should modernize its military capabilities, enhance cyber warfare and space-based assets, streamline procurement processes, and improve its understanding of the military capability gap between the United States and China.
procedureThe United States should design and implement a national security education initiative for for-profit entities in sensitive industries targeted by China and accelerate the implementation of zero-trust strategies across the government.
perspectiveGunness recommends that the United States monitor tensions between China and Taiwan and carefully calibrate official visits and statements regarding Taiwan to avoid unnecessary escalation.
claimMei asserts that Taiwan's domestic politics and vibrant democracy drive its policy toward China and the United States, making the situation inherently volatile.
perspectiveGunness argues that the United States should not feel compelled to match China's soft power spending dollar-for-dollar, but should instead prioritize key sectors and locations where U.S. efforts provide the greatest comparative advantage.
U.S.-China Relations in 2024: Managing Competition without Conflict csis.org 18 facts
claimFollowing the November 2023 summit, the United States and China agreed to resume military-to-military dialogue through various channels and on specific topics.
claimChina policy is expected to be a central topic of discussion in the lead-up to the United States’ congressional and presidential elections in November 2024.
perspectivePreventing the escalation of tensions and outright conflict in the Taiwan Strait and the South China Sea is an urgent priority for the United States and China.
claimCommunication between the United States and China provides pathways for reducing misunderstandings regarding policies and broader developments, though it does not guarantee momentum for extensive cooperation.
accountA United States congressional delegation visited China in October 2023, with expectations for further delegations to occur in 2024.
measurementThe governments of the United States and China have established approximately twelve working groups covering a wide range of topics and have resumed normal interactions at both the cabinet and working levels.
claimThe resumption of people-to-people ties, track 2 dialogues, and official consultations between the United States and China serves as a stabilizer for bilateral relations following the collapse of these interactions during the Covid-19 pandemic.
claimEconomic interconnectivity between the United States and China creates vulnerabilities such as overdependence for critical goods and the potential transfer of dual-use technologies, while simultaneously providing economic and national security benefits that raise the costs of conflict.
claimThe United States' credibility in providing defensive support to Taiwan and its allies has been strengthened by the development of the Quad and AUKUS, improved bilateral relations with countries around China's periphery, and U.S. support for Ukraine.
claimThe United States and China began consultations aimed at renewing the U.S.-China Science and Technology Cooperation Agreement, which is scheduled to expire in late February 2024.
claimThe United States and China agreed to push for more direct flights between the two countries and expand people-to-people exchanges.
claimThe United States and China are engaged in a comprehensive contest for power and over setting global rules, though guardrails are being created to reduce the likelihood of disastrous outcomes.
claimThe United States and China committed to accelerate efforts to expand renewable energy and reduce carbon emissions, including methane and other greenhouse gases, following a joint statement issued at Sunnylands.
claimThe United States and China agreed to restore and expand cooperation on countering the production and trafficking of fentanyl and other narcotics.
claimThe United States and China agreed to increase discussions aimed at minimizing risks related to artificial intelligence.
claimThe tempering of stresses in the relationship between the United States and China is rooted in three structural characteristics of the relationship.
claimThe credible military deterrents maintained by the United States and China against each other serve as a primary source of stability in their bilateral relationship.
claimDespite stagnant bilateral trade and investment, the United States and China remain embedded in a complex web of economic and societal interdependence that extends globally.
China-U.S. Relations in 2024 chinausfocus.com 18 facts
perspectiveChina should pursue a pragmatic and flexible foreign policy to expand scientific, technological, and economic cooperation with Europe, Japan, South Korea, and Australia to mitigate containment efforts from the United States or other hostile forces.
perspectiveIn the current international political context dominated by power politics from the United States, Russia, Europe, and Japan, China must prioritize strength, participation, and intervention over rhetoric.
claimEconomic relations between China and the United States have undergone substantial changes, unprecedented since the start of China's reform and opening-up policies.
claimChina-U.S. competition is a long-term process centered on economic and technological prowess, the stable development of both nations, and the well-being of their respective populations.
claimChina-U.S. relations will not return to their pre-2016 state due to domestic changes in both countries and shifts in global power dynamics.
claimThe United States' strategy toward China has fundamentally shifted from containment to decoupling and de-risking.
perspectiveChina views the Taiwan question as a bargaining chip used by the United States to strategically suppress China.
claimThe United States continues to cause trouble for China on issues regarding Taiwan, Xinjiang, and Hong Kong.
claimThe core issue in the strategic competition between China and the United States has expanded beyond the Taiwan question.
claimChina should establish cross-departmental teams to coordinate all aspects of its relations with the United States.
claimChina should consider the role of the United States when evaluating the strategic, security, and economic benefits of foreign investment, foreign aid, and procurement of critical materials, because Washington closely monitors projects strategically significant to China.
claimWestern politicians and media, particularly those in the United States, have sought to smear and disrupt key projects under China's Belt and Road Initiative and certain resource projects.
claimThe United States continues to contain China at a strategic level by enhancing its comprehensive deterrence and strategic deployment in the Asia-Pacific region in line with its Indo-Pacific Strategy.
perspectiveThe United States aims to achieve long-term containment of China, while China seeks to promote mutual respect, peaceful coexistence, and win-win cooperation through dialogue.
claimA pattern of strategic competition and confrontation has emerged between China and the United States, representing the most significant change in relations since the establishment of diplomatic ties in January 1979.
perspectiveThe United States aims to stabilize the bilateral relationship with China to prevent it from spiraling into direct confrontation.
claimChina should include vital resources, commodity supply channels, and transportation channels critical to national and industrial security in its strategic considerations of China-U.S. relations.
claimDue to political and economic shifts in the United States and a tougher U.S. policy stance, China should open up opportunities for two-way people-to-people exchanges and academic and business interactions.
Talking Points: US–China Competition and the International Order usali.org 16 facts
perspectiveRyo Sahashi, a professor of international relations at the University of Tokyo’s Institute for Advanced Studies on Asia, outlined four strategic options for Japan: Plan A (maintaining its core alliance with the United States), Plan A+ (maintaining the alliance while developing other relationships), Plan B (embarking on a foreign policy independent of the United States), and Plan C (linking more closely with China).
perspectiveFor forty years, the United States engaged China with the expectation of democratization, a strategy the speaker characterizes as an illusion.
claimThe United States and China have engaged in great power competition since the first Trump administration.
claimProfessor Sahashi claims that the post-Cold War order has ended because the European Union is disintegrating, China and Russia no longer underpin the international order as previously agreed, and the United States has changed its willingness to use its power to shape the international order.
claimProfessor Sahashi defines the post-Cold War order as having three elements: the United States as a unipolar or dominating power, the importance of regional integration (such as the EU and ASEAN), and the agreement between China and Russia to underpin the international order.
claimMiddle powers, rather than the United States or China, are increasingly playing a role in shaping the international legal and economic order in the post-Cold War era.
perspectiveThe speaker expresses concern that a loss of political stability in Japan could lead to domestic calls for national independence from both the United States and China.
perspectiveSahashi expresses concern that if the United States and its allies lose their basis of credibility, many countries will act more independently, potentially leading to a chaotic international political environment.
claimSahashi observes that attitudes toward China differ among the United States, Asian nations like Japan and Korea, and European powers due to varying levels of economic reliance on China and geographic distance.
claimThe United States has begun to relax economic security restrictions against China, allowing companies like NVIDIA and AMD to sell chips, such as the H20 model, to Chinese entities.
claimSahashi notes that the lack of a unified message from the United States regarding decoupling from the Chinese economy makes it difficult for other nations to find common ground with the United States.
perspectiveIt is unlikely that Japan will move toward Beijing to displace the presence of the United States in its strategic alignment, as China currently lacks high credibility among the Japanese public.
claimThe United States implemented economic security measures against China during the Trump and Biden administrations, including regulating Chinese investment and restricting the export of important goods and technology.
claimMany Japanese companies and strategists value maintaining good relationships with China, but this does not imply that China could replace the United States in Japan's overall strategy.
claimThe rivalry between the United States and China is reshaping the international order, while the transactional diplomacy of the Trump administration is accelerating the erosion of post-World War II institutions, relationships, and norms.
claimThe United States and China held three ministerial-level discussions in Geneva, London, and Stockholm, with potential for a future summit meeting.
The United States and China's complex cooperation and rivalry ... eastasiaforum.org 15 facts
claimChinese commerce officials are preparing for an inaugural vice-ministerial meeting in early 2024 to better understand US strategies and concerns while conveying China's commitment to maintaining robust bilateral economic ties.
claimChina is expected to further open its market to attract US businesses and investment in 2024 to alleviate trade tensions and promote a more cooperative economic environment.
claimIn 2024, Chinese local governments are expected to improve their treatment of foreign firms, including US companies, specifically regarding government procurement, bidding processes, and the establishment of industry standards.
claimThe United States government is likely to escalate pressure on China, particularly within the high-tech sector, driven by national security concerns.
claimBoth political parties in the United States are expected to focus heavily on China policy during the 2024 presidential election, with a tougher stance on China's high-tech industry serving as a key political narrative.
claimSome voices in the United States may advocate for the revocation of Permanent Normal Trade Relations with China in an effort to reverse the decline of US manufacturing.
claimTo mitigate economic friction with the United States and support exports, Chinese policymakers are strategizing to strengthen commercial ties in Southeast Asia, the Middle East, Latin America, and Africa, including countries involved in the Belt and Road Initiative.
claimIn response to escalating external pressure from the United States, terms such as 'struggle' and 'fight' resurfaced in China's strategic discourse.
claimIn 2023, the United States and China maintained substantial bilateral trade volumes despite a nominal dip in US imports from China.
measurementUS exports to China totaled US$135.8 billion, and US imports from China totaled US$393.1 billion for the period of January through November 2023.
claimPolicymakers in the United States and China have begun to avoid economic decoupling due to the inherent perils associated with it.
claimThe United States and China established economic and financial working groups in September 2023 to facilitate high-level communication.
accountUS President Joe Biden and Chinese President Xi Jinping held a meeting in November 2023, which highlighted China's willingness to partner with the United States.
claimThe ongoing tariff war and stringent export controls on critical technologies are key issues underscoring the intense rivalry between the United States and China.
claimIn 2023, the United States reinforced its global stance against China's ascendancy, a position supported by US political parties.
Quest for Strategic Autonomy? Europe Grapples with the US - China ... realinstitutoelcano.org 14 facts
accountIn 2020, the European Think Tank Network on China (ETNC) examined how European countries were positioning themselves amid the intensifying geopolitical rivalry between the United States and China.
claimMost European countries maintain significantly deeper ties with the United States across security, economic, and societal dimensions compared to their ties with China.
claimChina ranks ahead of the United States as a source of goods imports for most European countries, with the exceptions of Belgium, Ireland, the Netherlands, and Lithuania.
claimEuropean countries are experiencing a growing push for greater strategic autonomy in response to US-China tensions and broader geopolitical challenges.
claimIf Donald Trump's trade policies reduce the European Union's trade surplus with the United States, the European Union may lose its economic cushion, potentially exacerbating tensions with China unless Beijing adopts a more open trade stance.
claimThe European Think-tank Network on China (ETNC) assessed in 2020 that neither the European Union nor its Member States were equidistant between the United States and China, a position the network maintains remains valid.
referenceThe United States National Security Strategy (2022) and the Indo-Pacific Strategy (2022) confirmed a consensus in Washington that China’s actions undermine United States interests across multiple domains.
measurementThe European Union's economic links with China are significantly stronger than with the United States only in the area of goods imports, a pattern that has persisted since 2020.
claimIn 2024, the United States overtook China to become Germany's largest trading partner for the first time in nearly a decade.
claimThe European Union's trade deficit with China is currently offset by a large surplus with the United States.
claimEuropean countries' efforts to define coherent instruments and policies are hindered by differing national priorities and varying positions regarding China and the United States.
claimThe United States is expanding export controls on sensitive and dual-use technologies to slow China’s progress in critical areas such as semiconductors and artificial intelligence.
claimThe overall geopolitical trend for the European Union is characterized by increased distrust toward the United States, cautious and selective re-engagement with China, and a greater willingness to pursue strategic autonomy.
claimNational approaches to economic security and the reassessment of dependencies on China and the United States remain inconsistent across European countries, with some nations showing signs of skepticism or limited engagement.
From Economic Cooperation to Strategic Competition - Academia.edu academia.edu 13 facts
claimThe US-China economic relationship evolved from a symbiotic but asymmetric state between 2001 and 2008 toward an increasingly competitive state following the 2008 global financial crisis.
claimThe 2008 global financial crisis served as a pivotal transition point in the economic dynamics between the United States and China.
claimRecent trade tensions between the United States and China are embedded in and symptomatic of growing strategic competition between the two countries, rather than being mere economic disagreements.
claimUnited States policy has shifted toward strategic competition, with the U.S. government viewing China as a significant threat to its global leadership.
referenceChina Daily reported on May 21, 2009, that Wen Jiabao rejected allegations that China and the United States were monopolizing world affairs.
referenceShulong Chu and Liwei Fang published 'Long-term trend of Sino-US relations' in Contemporary International Relations, volume 6, pages 20-24, in 2010.
claimChina's ambition for global leadership, pursued through initiatives such as the Belt and Road Initiative and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, has intensified economic competition with the United States.
referenceIn the 2010 book 'U.S.-Chinese relations: Perilous past, pragmatic present', Robert Sutter examines the history and current state of US-China relations.
referenceIn the 2012 book 'Tangled titans: The United States and China', David Shambaugh explores the complex relationship between the United States and China.
referenceIn the 2000 article 'Sino-American strategic relations: From partners to competitors', David Shambaugh analyzes the shift in US-China relations from partnership to competition.
referenceIn the 2019 article 'Worse China-US relations: An Indian view', Shivshankar Menon provides an Indian perspective on the deterioration of US-China relations.
referenceIn the 2008 article 'A strategic economic engagement: Strengthening U.S.-Chinese ties', Henry M. Paulson discusses the importance of strategic economic engagement between the United States and China.
referenceIn the 2016 book 'The hundred-year Marathon: China's secret strategy to replace America as the global superpower', Michael Pillsbury argues that China has a long-term strategy to surpass the United States as the global superpower.
Consequences of the Russia-Ukraine War and the Changing Face ... rand.org 12 facts
claimGreater alignment on European security could facilitate increased U.S.-European cooperation on other strategic issues, such as confronting the risk of Chinese aggression against U.S. allies in the Pacific region.
claimRussia is adapting to economic coercion tools used by the United States and its allies, and China is learning from Russia’s experiences with these tools.
referenceMeredith Reid Sarkees and Frank Wayman documented a list of historical conflicts and their major participants in their 2010 book 'Resort to War: 1816–2007', including the Crimean War (1853–1856, France/Great Britain/Ottoman Empire/Russia), the Lopez War (1864–1870, Argentina/Brazil/Paraguay/Uruguay), the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878, Russia/Ottoman Empire), the Boer War (1899–1902, Great Britain/Boers), the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905, Japan/Russia), the Russo-Polish War (1919–1921, Poland/Soviet Union), the Italo-Ethiopian War (1935–1936, Ethiopia/Italy), the Korean War (1950–1953, United States/North Korea/China/South Korea), the Vietnam War (1965–1975, United States/South Vietnam/North Vietnam), the Sino-Vietnamese War (1979–1987, Vietnam/China), the Soviet-Afghan War (1979–1989, Soviet Union/Afghanistan), and the Iran-Iraq War (1980–1988, Iran/Iraq).
perspectiveChina views United States-led alliances as vulnerable because it perceives them as being built on drummed-up crises rather than common interests.
referenceThe Korean War (1950–1953) involved the United States, North Korea, China, and South Korea.
perspectiveThe United States and its allies should refine economic coercion tools because Russia is adapting to current sanctions and China is learning from Russia's experiences in mitigating these tools.
claimIf China provides lethal military support to Russia, the development could suggest that Beijing perceives the United States' capacity for sustained conflict as stronger than expected and would challenge international humanitarian law.
perspectiveChina perceives a relative advantage in preparations for a protracted war, assessing that such a conflict would erode United States technological advantages because the United States defense industrial base cannot sustain a protracted war.
claimThe failure of Russian hybrid warfare, which includes military and nonmilitary tools like information campaigns, to deter military escalation has cast doubt on China's ability to deter war with the United States.
perspectiveChina has redoubled its interest in undermining United States alliances, which China views as vulnerable because it perceives them as being built on drummed-up crises rather than common interests.
claimThe Russia-Ukraine war has weakened relationships between Europe and Russia, and between Europe and China, while strengthening relationships between the United States and its European allies.
claimThe relationship between Russia and China has expanded and gained urgency because both countries perceive benefits from cooperating to weaken United States–led initiatives.
U.S. Trade and Tariffs: A Long-Term Perspective - UW-Stevens Point | blog.uwsp.edu 11 facts
measurementAs of October 2024, Mexico, Canada, and China were the top three trading partners for the United States, accounting for 15.9%, 14.4%, and 10.9% of total trade, respectively.
measurementThe decline in trade between the United States and China from 2017 to 2023 was driven by a 15.4% drop in imports from China to $427.2 billion, despite a 13.3% increase in exports to China to $147.8 billion.
measurementTotal trade between the United States and China decreased by 9.6% from 2017 to $575 billion in 2023.
claimThe combination of tariffs and increasing political tensions with China has significantly impacted sourcing decisions by United States firms since 2017.
claimThe tariffs implemented by the United States in 2018, particularly those targeting China, caused many U.S. companies to shift sourcing away from China toward other countries with low labor costs.
accountThe Trump administration initiated a wave of tariffs between the United States and several countries in 2018 and 2019, with a specific focus on imports from China.
measurementBetween 2017 and 2023, U.S. imports from China declined by $77.8 billion, or 15.4%.
claimThe Trump administration initiated a wave of tariffs between the United States and several countries in 2018 and 2019, with a specific focus on imports from China.
measurementIn both 2017 and 2023, the top three trading partners for U.S. goods were Mexico, Canada, and China, collectively comprising over 40% of total U.S. trade.
claimPresident Donald Trump has indicated an intention to implement a minimum tariff of 10-20% on all imports to the United States and a tariff of at least 60% on goods imported from China.
claimPresident Donald Trump has indicated an intention to implement a minimum 10-20% tariff on all U.S. imports, with a minimum 60% tariff on goods imported from China.
The crises in the Middle East: reshaping the region's geopolitical ... link.springer.com 11 facts
claimThe expansion of Russian and Chinese influence in the Middle East may exacerbate tensions with traditional power brokers like the United States and the European Union, potentially leading to increased competition, proxy conflicts, and arms races.
claimGlobal powers including the United States, Russia, China, and European Union nations are intricately involved in the Middle East, navigating the region's multifaceted crises with diverse interests and strategies.
claimMiller (2022) argues that external interventions by global powers, including the United States, Russia, China, and the European Union, have complicated Middle Eastern geopolitical dynamics by worsening existing conflicts and fueling regional rivalries through military interventions, arms sales, and diplomatic maneuvering.
perspectiveThe United States aims to maintain the status quo and preserve its position as a unilateral power in the Middle East, while China and Russia seek to end this unipolar order in favor of a multipolar order where regional and global powers share influence.
claimThe United States is struggling to establish a new order in the Middle East due to a decline in its hegemony and the rising influence of Russia and China.
claimThe significant presence of Russia and China in the Middle East poses challenges for the United States in implementing its new regional order.
perspectiveGlobal powers Russia and China are seeking to diminish the hegemony of the United States and NATO.
perspectiveThe United States aims to maintain the status quo and continue acting as the unilateral pole of power, while Russia and China seek to end this era of US hegemony.
claimThe current global order is characterized by the influence of global powers such as the United States, the European Union, Russia, and China on conflicts and crises, alongside the significant impact of regional state and non-state actors in reshaping the geopolitical map.
claimChina and Russia are utilizing the BRICS platform and regional powers like Iran and Turkey to support Russian strategic plans and undermine United States hegemony.
referenceInternational actors (the US, EU, China, and Russia) and regional powers (Iran, Turkey, and Egypt) have not played a constructive role in facilitating meaningful negotiations or supporting confidence-building measures for the Arab-Israeli conflict due to their own conflicts of interest and hegemonies, according to Kochavi (2024).
World Trade Without the US | Cato Institute cato.org 9 facts
claimChina has diversified its exports and reduced its reliance on the US market since 2017, in response to trade wars initiated by Donald Trump and continued by Joe Biden.
claimAmerican firms have redirected sourcing from China to Southeast Asia and Mexico, while Chinese exporters are increasingly rerouting goods through third countries to bypass US duties.
measurementWhile the United States conducts a larger share of its total trade with countries within its geographical region than it did in 2016, all other G7 countries and China are doing the opposite.
claimCountries are increasingly forming trade agreements with China that exclude the United States to offset lost exports and diversify suppliers to reduce trade risks.
accountAs Chinese exports to the United States became more costly due to trade conflict, China began shipping more subsidized exports to other countries rather than increasing domestic consumption, causing those countries to bear the economic burden of the US-China trade conflict.
claimThe United States' departure from World Trade Organization disciplines and the Trump administration's trade war with China have exacerbated trade disputes involving industrial subsidies.
claimUS tariffs are pricing foreign countries out of the US market, which encourages them to trade with China instead.
measurementThe US trade deficit with China has narrowed since 2016, while the US trade deficit with other major trading partners has widened.
claimThe COVID-19 pandemic, the Russian invasion of Ukraine, and worsening relations between the US and China have disrupted global supply chains and contributed to a reconfiguration of world trade.
The International Implications of the Russo-Ukrainian War link.springer.com 9 facts
claimThe European Union's ability to broker peace deals or influence the outcome of the Russo-Ukrainian War is limited by internal divisions and its complex relationships with China and the United States.
perspectiveIn February 2023, France and Germany viewed China's peace proposal for Ukraine cautiously, while the United States dismissed the proposal as a superficial diplomatic maneuver.
claimPakistan's historically close ties to both China and the United States have complicated its geopolitical position regarding the war in Ukraine.
perspectiveThe United States seeks to rally European allies to take a tougher stance on China regarding economic decoupling and technology restrictions, whereas some European Union nations prefer maintaining open channels of dialogue and trade.
claimPakistan's position regarding the Russia-Ukraine war is complicated by its historically close ties to both China and the United States.
claimThe Atlantic Council published research in 2022 analyzing how the war in Ukraine is influencing Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates to re-evaluate their diplomatic strategies regarding United States pressure concerning China.
perspectiveFrench President Emmanuel Macron and German Chancellor Olaf Scholz have pursued diplomatic engagements with China that reflect a preference for maintaining open channels of dialogue and trade, contrasting with the United States' push for a tougher stance on China regarding economic decoupling and technology restrictions.
claimBy 2023, Japan conducted several joint military exercises with the United States, South Korea, and Australia to counterbalance China’s growing regional influence.
claimThe war in Ukraine prompted Japan and South Korea to reevaluate their geopolitical priorities, resulting in a closer alignment with United States policies regarding Russia and China.
U.S.-China Economic Competition: Gains and Risks in a ... - RAND rand.org 8 facts
claimThe United States and China are the first- and second-largest national economies in the world and are deeply intertwined in all aspects of international exchange.
claimBecause separating from China will be costly, a central policy challenge for the United States will be determining how to allocate those costs, either to the government through subsidies and tax changes or to the private sector through laws and regulations.
claimThe United States would benefit by building critical mineral processing capabilities domestically and in friendly countries, supporting the expansion of the domestic nuclear industry for commercial use, and continuing to cooperate with China in selected energy areas of mutual benefit.
claimInvesting in technology with allies, lowering trade costs with allies, and developing alternative goods can be an efficient way for the United States to de-integrate from China and assure the security of production networks in the long run.
claimThe return migration of Chinese students to China could benefit the United States by strengthening productivity-enhancing economic ties, but it also raises security concerns regarding intellectual property transfer or theft.
claimCooperative measures between the United States and China have not transformed the overall relationship but have achieved circumscribed goals and may have generated positive externalities with few costs.
claimThe Chinese concept of economic security is broader than that of the United States, overlaps with other aspects of national security, and has become central to the legitimacy of the Chinese Communist Party.
claimThe United States faces a challenge in ensuring its economy meets national needs under conditions of coupled, strategic competition with China.
Tariffs: Estimating the Economic Impact of the 2025 Measures and ... richmondfed.org 7 facts
claimFollowing the 2018-19 U.S. tariffs on Chinese imports, many firms shifted supply chains to countries such as Mexico and Vietnam rather than returning production to the United States.
measurementA 2024 working paper estimates that when accounting for China's retaliatory tariffs on U.S. exports, the total employment reduction from the 2018-19 trade measures rises to approximately 2.6 percent, equivalent to about 320,000 jobs.
measurementAs of March 2025, the United States has introduced new tariffs, including an additional 20 percent on all imports from China and a 25 percent tariff on aluminum and steel imports from several countries.
accountThe share of United States imports originating from China decreased from 22.0 percent in 2017 to 13.8 percent in 2024, reflecting business adjustments to the 2018-2019 tariffs by shifting supply chains to alternate trade partners.
measurementBetween 2018 and 2019, the United States imposed tariffs ranging from 10 percent to 25 percent on hundreds of billions of dollars of imports from China.
claimThe 2018-19 U.S. tariffs on Chinese imports disrupted global supply chains, increased input costs for American businesses, raised consumer prices, contributed to a decline in manufacturing employment, and heightened investment uncertainty.
claimUnder the Richmond Fed's 'Scenario 2' tariff model, U.S. industries such as leather, apparel, and textile products face steep tariff increases due to their reliance on imports from China and USMCA partners in categories not covered by trade agreements.
Why the US and the WTO should part ways - CEPR cepr.org 7 facts
claimBilateral trade deals pursued by the second Trump administration, such as those with the United Kingdom and China, violate the most-favoured nation (MFN) non-discrimination clause found in Article I of the GATT because these deals are not applied to all WTO members.
claimGovernment market interventions in China were held to have led to a large trade surplus, contributing to unease in the United States regarding the lack of transformation of the Chinese economy into a regular market economy, according to Mavroidis and Sapir (2021).
accountRetaliatory tariffs often lead to an escalation of US trade barriers in the short run, as observed when the US imposed its first tariffs against China and China retaliated.
claimA counterargument to the US leaving the WTO is that the United States is needed as a counterweight to China, which also threatens the integrity of the WTO.
claimThe European Union and the United States have different attitudes toward China, with the EU believing it can resolve issues with China within the WTO framework, while the United States does not share this belief (Allison 2017, Kefferpütz 2020, Liboreiro 2025).
perspectiveA bipartisan consensus has emerged in the United States that the WTO does not serve US economic interests and that the organization benefits China in the broader strategic contest between the two nations.
claimThe Phase One agreement between the United States and China, which committed China to purchasing specific quantities of US goods, was characterized by Hufbauer (2020) as “managed trade” and violated both the letter and the spirit of the World Trade Organization (WTO) rules.
The Impact and Implications of the Ukraine Crisis - Interpret interpret.csis.org 7 facts
claimSome scholars predict the global energy landscape will evolve into two hemispheres and two energy circles: a 'Pan-Atlantic Energy Circle' consisting of the United States and Europe seeking supplies from the Middle East, Africa, and the Americas, and an 'Asian Energy Circle' consisting of Russia, China, India, and other Asian countries.
claimThe United States and Europe are expanding the definition of national security to impose multiple rounds of sanctions on Russia and forcibly decouple from the Russian economy, while Russia is hedging by strengthening cooperation with China, Iran, Turkey, and other countries.
claimThe United States' strategic actions are crossing China's red lines, creating a hazardous situation in the Taiwan Strait and threatening the peace and stability of the Asia-Pacific region.
claimThe author asserts that the Ukraine crisis is a conflict between Russia and Ukraine, whereas the Taiwan issue is an internal affair of China, though both are influenced by United States expansion and provocation.
claimThe United States is implementing the 'Indo-Pacific Strategy' to contain China by strengthening bilateral alliances, the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QUAD) among the United States, Japan, Australia, and India, the Australia-UK-United States Trilateral Security Partnership (AUKUS), and the 'Indo-Pacific Economic Framework' (IPEF).
perspectiveThe author argues that the Ukraine issue is a conflict between Russia and Ukraine, whereas the Taiwan issue is an internal and domestic affair of China, though both are linked to United States expansion and provocation.
perspectiveOn the first anniversary of the Ukraine crisis, Russia and Ukraine are engaged in a protracted war, Europe is facing significant geopolitical difficulties, and the United States is pursuing its own interests, while China is actively promoting peace talks.
Principles for managing U.S.-China competition - Brookings Institution brookings.edu 7 facts
claimThe record of the 18 months preceding the publication of the Brookings Institution article does not suggest that leaders in the United States or China will take the necessary steps to put the relationship on a firmer foundation.
perspectiveThe Brookings Institution proposes that U.S. and Chinese leaders establish principles for managing their rivalry to build guardrails around the relationship, allowing competition to occur within accepted bounds rather than stifling it.
perspectiveWithout presidential-level intervention to change course, the U.S.-China relationship is likely to continue to deteriorate, increasing the risk of future confrontation or conflict.
claimBoth the United States and China blame the other for the downturn in bilateral relations and believe the other country bears the responsibility for reversing the negative trajectory.
claimThe U.S.-China relationship has deteriorated further and faster than at any point since the establishment of official diplomatic ties in 1979.
claimDonald Trump and Xi Jinping have both publicly praised their relationship with each other and expressed support for the healthy development of U.S.-China relations.
procedureTo manage U.S.-China competition, leaders could develop a shared narrative for the relationship, revive the use of summits as action-forcing mechanisms, implement a 'no surprises' policy on actions impacting the bilateral relationship, reinvigorate risk reduction work-streams, and take practical steps to manage acute irritants like trade, cyber issues, Taiwan, and North Korea.
Rethinking Espionage in the Modern Era cjil.uchicago.edu 6 facts
claimThe United States and China signed a bilateral treaty curtailing economic espionage.
claimThe current state of international affairs regarding cyber espionage has not reached an unacceptable tipping point that would necessitate a treaty or regulation, unlike the Cold War nuclear and space arms races or recent economic espionage between the U.S. and China.
accountThe United States and China reached a historic agreement regarding economic espionage on September 25, 2015.
measurementThe United States and China successfully negotiated an economic espionage treaty, which resulted in a 90% drop in breaches in the United States.
accountThe United States attempted to prosecute five alleged agents of China’s People’s Liberation Army Unit 61398 for hacking multiple American companies.
claimThe United Nations International Convention Against the Recruitment, Use, Financing, and Training of Mercenaries (G.A. Res. 44/34) was adopted on December 4, 1989, but notably lacks ratification from the U.S., China, Russia, India, France, Japan, and the U.K.
Political and social trends in the future of global security. A meta ... link.springer.com 6 facts
claimA potential future 'black swan' event is an open armed conflict between China and the United States in the Asia Pacific region, which could draw in other regional countries and destabilize the global economy and global security.
claimFrance's Direction des Affaires Stratégiques (DAS) predicts the United States will remain the most powerful actor in 2040, but considers it likely that China will assume the United States' policing role in the Asia Pacific region.
claimThe United States is expected to remain a primary player in the international system, though its supremacy will likely be eroded by the rise of other major powers, particularly China.
measurementThe UK Ministry of Defence estimates that China could match United States military spending by 2045, with both nations combined accounting for 45% of the global defense budget.
claimThe ESPAS report projects that China could surpass the United States in defense spending before the end of the 2020s, though this may not result in a genuine military advantage starting from 2030.
claimThe United Kingdom government projects that the United States will continue to be the world's leading military power in 2035, despite facing increasing competition from China.
The Evolution of Tariffs: The United States' Historical Implementation ... thefinplangroup.com 5 facts
measurementIn 2024, the United States imported over $3 trillion worth of goods, with the top trading partners being Mexico ($509 billion), China ($462 billion), and Canada ($422 billion).
claimThe United States government imposed tariffs on China in 2018-2019, citing China's forced technology transfers, intellectual property theft, and state subsidies as distortions of fair competition.
measurementIn 2018, the United States government applied a 25% tariff on steel and a 10% tariff on aluminum imports to most countries, and placed additional 10% tariffs on $50 billion worth of Chinese goods.
measurementIn response to 2018 U.S. tariffs, the European Union imposed tariffs on $3.2 billion worth of U.S. goods, and China imposed tariffs on $110 billion worth of U.S. goods.
measurementIn 2024, the top U.S. import partners were Mexico ($509 billion), China ($462 billion), and Canada ($422 billion).
Policy Paper: Decoding the United States on Tariffs and Trade freiheit.org 5 facts
perspectiveSome policymakers in Washington D.C. believe that the United States is viewed as saving the world from the distortionary and predatory economic policies of China.
claimCoercive United States trade agreements that demand countries choose between the United States and China tend to portray China in a friendlier light.
claimFew countries in Asia and elsewhere want to make binary choices between the United States and China, despite the existence of an American anti-China crusade.
claimWhile many countries are concerned about Chinese economic competition, few countries view United States tariffs as a positive or 'saviour' intervention.
perspectiveUnited States trade and economic policies justified by arguments regarding China risk being hypocritical, hollow, hypersensitive, and ineffectual because there is no singular definition of either China or America.
Transatlantic Trade, the Trump Disruption and the World ... - ECPS populismstudies.org 5 facts
claimA return to WTO-consistent trade policies by the United States may depend on reforms in contested WTO rules and dispute settlement procedures, particularly regarding China's trade policies.
claimLarge regional trade alliances such as the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) and the European Union could potentially merge to provide the critical mass for a new global trade institution, eventually drawing in China and the United States.
claimThe United States failed to rally other countries to common action regarding China’s opaque trade interventions through the negotiation and reform of World Trade Organization rules.
claimThe EU considered strategies for dealing with the evolving institutional environment of global trade, including leading a reformed WTO-like global trading order, enhancing bilateral trade agreements, or 'muddling through' to bring the United States and China back into a reconstituted WTO.
claimThe growth in World Trade Organization (WTO) membership among developing countries, including China, created trade pressures on both the United States and European Union member states as global trade competition increased.
Navigating market and political uncertainties in the age of energy ... brookings.edu 5 facts
claimEurope, the United States, China, and Japan are driving the changing global energy system while simultaneously competing for leadership in new energy technologies.
perspectiveIt is an open question whether the new United States administration will view European industries as a threat or as a source of joint advantage against China.
claimTrade tensions and divisions in energy products would disproportionately harm countries and regions that are large net importers of all types of energy, such as Europe and Japan, compared to countries with greater capacity to produce diverse energy products, such as the United States and China.
claimThe United States has enacted a 100% tariff on Chinese electric vehicles to keep them out of the U.S. market entirely.
claimChina has banned the export of three critical minerals to the United States.
U.S.-China Relations Enter a New Phase of Strategic Rivalry thesciencesurvey.com 5 facts
claimFormal trade negotiations between the United States and China have stalled, with Beijing demanding the rollback of tariffs and Washington insisting on tangible reforms from China as preconditions.
measurementThe tit-for-tat trade conflict between the U.S. and China contributed to a slight contraction in U.S. GDP during the first quarter of 2025.
claimChina has restricted the export of rare earth minerals, which are crucial to advanced manufacturing and defense technologies, in response to U.S. tariffs.
perspectiveU.S. officials characterize China’s behavior as “revisionist and coercive,” while Chinese officials characterize the United States’ actions as “containment and suppression.”
perspectiveWashington accused China of subsidizing coal expansion under the guise of energy security.
Tracing the geopolitical influence and regional power dynamics in ... link.springer.com 5 facts
claimCentral Asia is positioned strategically between Asia and Europe, making it a key arena for competition among China, Russia, the European Union, and the United States due to its vast resources and energy reserves.
procedureThe study uses a qualitative research design grounded in interpretive analysis to examine the shifting geopolitical landscape of Central Asia and the interactions of external powers including China, Russia, the United States, and the European Union.
claimThe United States military presence in Central Asia faced increasing resentment from host countries and opposition from regional powers like China and Russia.
claimGreat powers, including the US, China, Russia, Turkey, and the EU, influence Central Asia through military cooperation, investments in energy and transportation corridors, and diplomatic initiatives to incorporate the region into geoeconomic frameworks like the Eurasian Economic Union or the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).
referenceKim Y. and Indeo F. authored 'The new great game in Central Asia post 2014: The US “New Silk Road” strategy and Sino-Russian rivalry', published in Communist and Post-Communist Studies in 2013, volume 46, issue 2, pages 275–86.
Advancing energy efficiency: innovative technologies and strategic ... oaepublish.com 4 facts
referenceCao et al. explored energy use and efficiency in China, the United States, and the European Union in 2012, focusing on Zero Energy Buildings (ZEBs) as a potential model for reducing consumption.
referenceLu and Lai examined energy policies in the United States, China, Australia, and the UK up to 2015.
referenceAllouhi et al. analyzed energy use data from 2011 across the United States, Australia, China, and the European Union, emphasizing the need for more detailed data to effectively target policies due to the variability of energy use across nations.
measurementEfficiency initiatives in nine major nations and regions, including the US, China, and the EU, saved nearly 1,500 TWh of electricity in 2018, an amount equivalent to the total electricity produced by wind and solar power combined in those locations that year.
Quest for Strategic Autonomy? Europe Grapples with the US - Ifri ifri.org 4 facts
claimThe overall trend in European Union foreign policy is characterized by increased distrust toward the United States, cautious and selective re-engagement with China, and a greater willingness to pursue strategic autonomy.
claimThe European Union's economic relations with the United States and China have experienced general continuity in recent years, despite the potential for instability caused by the Trump Administration's aggressive foreign and trade policies and the implementation of the European Union's emerging economic security agenda.
claimEconomic security has become a central focus for European nations, resulting in stricter national regulations and enhanced EU-level policy coordination, though national approaches to reassessing dependencies on China and the US remain inconsistent.
claimTrade tensions between Europe and China are exacerbated by Europe's widening trade deficit with China and are further compounded by renewed United States protectionism.
How the war in Ukraine changed Russia's global standing | Brookings brookings.edu 4 facts
claimVladimir Putin advocates for a tripartite Yalta-style system where Russia, the United States, and China divide the world into spheres of influence.
perspectiveRussia and China view the United States as their principal adversary and see the war in Ukraine as an opportunity to increase their own international leverage.
claimRussia has increased its influence in the Global South since the invasion of Ukraine, with support from China, by appealing to countries that are wary of the United States and its allies and refuse to choose sides in the war.
claimVladimir Putin's ultimate geopolitical goal is to establish a 'multipolar' world order by joining with China, the BRICS nations, and other countries to diminish the United States' ability to shape international rules.
The EU's Open Strategic Autonomy and the challenge of ... globalpolicyjournal.com 4 facts
claimThe United States under the second Trump administration has endorsed a 'dirty growth' policy course, which creates missed opportunities for the European Union to lead in clean industrial transitions and risks making China the only pole of attraction for emerging market countries.
claimThe Critical Raw Materials Act (CRMA) is a reactive European Union measure designed to reduce dependency on China as a rare-earths supplier and regain centrality in design and fabrication segments relative to the United States, utilizing selectively protectionist trade measures and targeted investment for 17 critical raw materials.
claimThe implementation of the Carbon Border Adjustment Measure (CBAM) has led to competitive approximation by China, gradual adjustment by the United States (pre-Trump II), and diplomatic openings for joint schemes with Canada, the UK, and Türkiye.
claimThe European Union's New Export Control Regime restricts exports incorporating dual-use technologies, specifically targeting China and Russia, and functions as a catch-up response to pre-existing US restrictions.
Cybersecurity Trends and Predictions 2025 From Industry Insiders itprotoday.com 3 facts
claimChina may escalate cyber operations against U.S. critical infrastructure as tensions regarding Taiwan rise.
claimChina is targeting U.S. infrastructure systems through hidden network access points, particularly in compromised routers, to establish strategic assets for potential future conflicts.
claimThe next U.S. presidential administration will face a surge in cyber aggression from China, Iran, Russia, and North Korea.
Can the U.S. Move from Multilateral to Bilateral Trade Agreements? southernagtoday.org 3 facts
claimDue to trade tensions, China is no longer the top destination for U.S. agricultural exports, having fallen behind Mexico and Canada.
measurementChina is the largest destination for U.S. agricultural products, accounting for 17.25 percent of total U.S. agricultural exports, with agricultural products making up 23.98 percent of all U.S. products imported by China.
measurementThe European Union is the largest market for U.S. products, accounting for 17.51 percent of exports, followed by Canada (17.07 percent), Mexico (14.51 percent), and China (8 percent).
Tracking Trump's Trade Deals | Council on Foreign Relations cfr.org 3 facts
perspectiveWill Freeman, a Council on Foreign Relations fellow for Latin America studies, stated that the trade deal will boost flows of Ecuadorean bananas, cocoa, and coffee to the United States and reduce barriers to U.S. machinery, health products, ICT goods, and chemicals, though it may complicate Ecuador’s relations with China.
perspectiveWill Freeman, a Council on Foreign Relations fellow for Latin America studies, stated that the trade deal with Argentina is likely to boost U.S. exports of chemicals, medicines, IT products, cars, and agricultural goods, as well as Argentine exports of beef and minerals, but noted that the economic security provisions may complicate Argentina's relationship with China and risk increasing frustration among U.S. farmers and ranchers.
claimArgentina agreed to cooperate with the United States on lithium and copper mining, prioritizing the United States as a partner over "market manipulating economies," which refers to China.
How Tariffs Are Reshaping Global Supply Chains in 2025 supplychainbrain.com 3 facts
claimThe Trump administration in the United States has imposed import duties as high as 25% on goods from China, specifically targeting sectors such as electronics, steel, textiles, and semiconductors.
measurementU.S. soybean exports to China dropped by 25% since 2023, resulting in an annual loss of $2 billion for U.S. farmers due to retaliatory tariffs imposed by China.
measurementU.S. firms are increasingly sourcing from Mexico because labor costs there are 20% to 30% lower than in China.
Geopolitics of the energy transition: between global challenges and ... geoprogress-edition.eu 3 facts
perspectiveThe global energy transition is characterized by both competition and collaboration among key actors, with China and Russia consolidating influence over critical resources while the European Union and the United States strive to establish global standards for a sustainable future.
claimBoth the European Union and the United States are seeking to reduce their dependence on China for critical raw material supply chains.
claimThe ecological transition is increasingly becoming a central element of global power strategies, with the United States, China, and Europe competing for control over critical resources and green technologies.
US-China competition, world order and economic decoupling indiasworld.in 3 facts
claimThe vision of a cooperative, rules-based international order under joint U.S.–China leadership is becoming increasingly implausible.
claimAcross recent U.S. administrations, economic interdependence with China is increasingly viewed as a liability rather than a stabilizer.
claimDr. Naoise McDonagh argues that the United States now views China as a revisionist power, leading to the securitization of trade and investment policy, with the Inflation Reduction Act and the CHIPS and Science Act serving as case studies of this geoeconomic shift.
5 key factors shaping Iran's foreign policy calculus mei.edu 3 facts
perspectiveIran's diplomatic overtures to the United States, Saudi Arabia, Russia, and China likely signify pragmatic moves for short-term benefit rather than fundamental ideological shifts in foreign policy.
claimIran's growing ties with Russia and China are primarily a strategy to counter United States sanctions.
claimIran uses partnerships with Russia and China to maintain leverage while engaging in cautious dialogue with the United States.
Iran Responds to Operation Epic Fury with Layered Military, Cyber ... hstoday.us 3 facts
claimIran's response to Operation Epic Fury is a pre-planned, multi-domain framework that combines kinetic attacks, cyber disruption, proxy activation, and geopolitical alignment with China and Russia to impose costs while avoiding overwhelming U.S. retaliation.
claimChina has reportedly provided Iran with satellite imagery and early warning data on U.S. force deployments, and Chinese surveillance vessels have monitored U.S. naval operations in the region.
claimIran's potential acquisition of China's CM-302 supersonic anti-ship missiles would significantly increase the risk to U.S. naval assets in the Persian Gulf.
Twenty questions (and expert answers) about the Iran war atlanticcouncil.org 3 facts
claimThe National Defense Strategy emphasizes a ruthless prioritization on homeland defense and China, alongside the rebuilding of the US defense industrial base.
claimThe war in Iran is degrading US military readiness for homeland defense and for potential conflicts involving China.
claimThe United States is moving some of its most advanced missile defense units from the Indo-Pacific to the Middle East, a move that Beijing views as removing a direct threat to China's security interests in the Indo-Pacific region.
UFOs and the U.S. government: The push towards greater ... - WBUR wbur.org 3 facts
claimThe United States government rebranded UFOs as UAPs (unidentified anomalous phenomena) to acknowledge that while some sightings may be secret advanced aerial craft from the United States, China, Russia, or other nations, many sightings likely reflect basic principles of physics, meteorology, and astronomy.
claimThe U.S. government rebranded UFOs (Unidentified Flying Objects) as UAPs (Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena) to reflect the distinction between secret advanced aerial craft from nations like the U.S., China, or Russia, and phenomena attributable to physics, meteorology, and astronomy.
claimThe U.S. government rebranded UFOs (Unidentified Flying Objects) as UAPs (Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena) to reflect the understanding that sightings may be secret advanced aerial craft from the U.S., China, Russia, or other nations, or simply basic principles of physics, meteorology, and astronomy that are currently mysteries.
Wild edible plants for food security, dietary diversity, and nutraceuticals frontiersin.org 2 facts
claimResearch into wild edible plants is currently led by India and China, with significant developments also occurring in the USA, Europe, and Africa.
measurementIndia leads global research on wild edible plants with 440 studies, followed by China, the USA, Turkey, and Spain, based on a Web of Science analysis.
Open-source software - Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org 2 facts
claimThe United States government focuses on national security regarding open-source software implementation due to perceived threats from increased open-source software activity in China and Russia.
measurementIn 2021, the countries with the highest volume of open source software contributions were, in descending order, the United States, China, Germany, India, and the UK.
Policymakers Overlook How Open Source AI Is Reshaping ... techpolicy.press 2 facts
perspectivePolicymakers focus on closed 'frontier model' competition between the United States and China, overlooking the influence of the open-source ecosystem in AI development, according to Lucie-Aimée Kaffee and Shayne Longpre.
claimEuropean contributions to the open-weight AI ecosystem are characterized by a higher proportion of participation from universities, nonprofits, and distributed research groups compared to the United States or China.
History of tariffs in the United States - Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org 2 facts
claimHeather Long reported in The Washington Post on May 31, 2018, that President Donald Trump had officially imposed more tariffs on United States allies than on China.
claimDavid H. Autor, David Dorn, and Gordon H. Hanson authored 'The China Syndrome: Local Labor Market Effects of Import Competition in the United States', published in the American Economic Review in 2013.
U.S. tariff outcomes dependent on trading partner responses dallasfed.org 2 facts
accountThe United States granted a 90-day pause on tariff hikes above the 10 percent minimum to facilitate negotiations, which resulted in a first agreement with the United Kingdom, while China's retaliatory tariffs escalated sharply before being scaled back during trade talks.
claimChina responded to United States tariff increases with tit-for-tat escalation, while the retaliatory responses of other affected countries remain uncertain.
A comprehensive overview on demand side energy management ... link.springer.com 2 facts
claimChina, Ontario, Italy, the USA, and Malaysia have implemented Time of Use (TOU) pricing to minimize costs and energy consumption in residential structures, as documented by researchers including Zeng et al. (2008), Adepetu et al. (2013), Torriti (2012), Faruqui and Sergici (2010), and Hussin et al. (2014).
claimTime of Use (TOU) pricing has been implemented in countries including China, Ontario, Italy, the USA, and Malaysia to minimize costs and energy consumption patterns in residential structures.
Energy asset stranding in resource-rich developing countries and ... frontiersin.org 2 facts
claimGermany maintains energy partnership agreements with Algeria, Angola, Australia, Brazil, Chile, China, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Mexico, Morocco, Nigeria, Norway, Russia, South Africa, South Korea, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, USA, and Uzbekistan.
claimEconomic diversification is less challenging or not a challenge at all in countries that use their abundant fossil fuel reserves primarily for domestic consumption, such as the United States and China, because the fossil energy wealth directly spurred industrialization and the creation of non-extraction sectors.
Global perspectives on energy technology assessment and ... link.springer.com 2 facts
Transitioning Away from Fossil Fuels - CEBRI cebri.org 2 facts
claimIndustrialized economies, including the United States, China, Russia, and Germany, are among the largest contributors to global emissions and face stronger expectations to accelerate reductions due to their weight on the global carbon budget.
claimThe first cluster of countries identified by CEBRI is well-positioned to navigate energy and economic transitions, characterized by high economic diversification, strong macroeconomic fundamentals, and robust capabilities to conduct an orderly transition, despite vulnerability to stranded assets and fossil fuel dependence. Examples include the US, China, and Germany.
The Power of Change: Innovation for Development and Deployment ... nationalacademies.org 2 facts
referenceThe Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN) and the Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations (IDDRI) have conducted an ongoing analysis of deep decarbonization pathways for 15 nations: Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Mexico, Russia, South Africa, South Korea, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
claimThe global light water reactor-based nuclear energy industry is shifting away from the United States, with suppliers in Russia, Korea, and China gaining competitiveness in international markets previously dominated by American, European, and Japanese vendors.
New Research Introduces “Competitive Interdependence ... - LinkedIn linkedin.com 2 facts
claimThe research study 'Strategic Competition in an Interdependent World' argues that economic interdependence simultaneously enables and constrains strategic rivalry between the United States and China.
quoteProfessor Habib Al Badawi stated: 'Traditional power transition theory fails to capture the reality of contemporary great power competition. Our research demonstrates that China and the US have developed a relationship of competitive interdependence—simultaneously competing for strategic advantage while remaining economically intertwined.'
US-China Strategic Competition Amidst the Paradox of Decoupling econpapers.repec.org 2 facts
claimChina has emerged as a significant player in the global arena, challenging the traditional dominance of the United States, driven by its remarkable economic growth.
claimEconomic indicators suggest a trend toward recoupling between the United States and China, highlighting a paradox where intense strategic rivalry and economic cooperation coexist.
US-China Strategic Competition in Each Domestic Context link.springer.com 2 facts
referenceGraham Allison's book 'Destined for War: Can America and China Escape Thucydides’s Trap?' applies the theory of hegemonic war to the U.S.-China rivalry.
perspectiveKurt M. Campbell and Jake Sullivan propose that the United States can both challenge and coexist with China without causing a catastrophe in their 2019 Foreign Affairs article.
U.S.-China: Managing Competition Without Conflict - RealClearWorld realclearworld.com 2 facts
European Union | Springer Nature Link link.springer.com 2 facts
referenceBiba, S. (2025) published 'The European union’s place in United States–China strategic competition: How role dynamics drive Brussels towards Washington' in the JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 63(1), 71–88.
claimThe European Union's geopolitical power is rooted in rules, standard setting, and multilateralism, which allows the Union to influence international affairs and position itself relative to other great powers like the United States, China, and Russia.
Global dietary quality in 185 countries from 1990 to 2018 show wide ... nature.com 1 fact
measurementAmong the most populous countries, the largest absolute improvement in the AHEI score between 1990 and 2018 occurred in Iran (+12.0), the United States (+4.6), Vietnam (+4.5), and China (+4.3).
Analysis of study Global Burden of Disease in 2021 - Frontiers frontiersin.org 1 fact
claimWhile mortality rates for nutritional deficiencies declined in China, India, Nigeria, Mexico, and the Philippines between 1990 and 2021, rates increased in the United States and Zimbabwe.
Global overview of dietary outcomes and dietary intake assessment ... link.springer.com 1 fact
measurementStudies on diet in maritime settings were conducted in the UK, Germany, Denmark, Iran, India, China, Croatia, Italy, Brazil, the Philippines, Lithuania, and Poland, in addition to the United States.
Dietary Guidelines and Quality - Principles of Nutritional Assessment nutritionalassessment.org 1 fact
claimThe global version of the Global Diet Quality Score (GDQS) was developed for population-level use using data sets from Africa, India, China, Mexico, and the United States.
Private Wealth Migration 2025 | Press Release - Henley & Partners henleyglobal.com 1 fact
quoteAndrew Amoils, Head of Research at New World Wealth, stated: "If one reviews the fastest growing wealth markets in the world over the past decade, it is noticeable that most of these countries are either popular destinations for migrating millionaires — such as Montenegro, the UAE, Malta, the USA, and Costa Rica — or emerging market tech hubs like China, India, and Taiwan. This demonstrates the importance of millionaire migration in driving new wealth formation in a country."
United States Foreign Intelligence Relationships everycrsreport.com 1 fact
claimForeign intelligence partners may provide the United States with intelligence on U.S. persons acquired through special collection techniques even without a specific request from U.S. counterparts, particularly when alerting U.S. intelligence or law enforcement to counterintelligence concerns regarding mutual adversaries like Russia or China.
What is Trump's 'America First' trade policy agenda? | Brookings brookings.edu 1 fact
claimBilateral negotiations between the U.S. and China have focused less on demanding changes to core features of China's economic model and more on delivering managed, discrete commercial outcomes such as market access, purchase commitments, and sector-specific commercial concessions.
Tariffs 101: What are they and how do they work? - Oxford Economics oxfordeconomics.com 1 fact
claimThe Trump administration justified imposing tariffs on Canada, Mexico, and China to pressure foreign governments into addressing illegal immigration and drug trafficking, and to address the size of the United States' trade deficit.
GEO-LAC: The Future of U.S. Trade Policy and Its Implications for ... americas.georgetown.edu 1 fact
claimLatin America is positioned at the center of growing geopolitical competition regarding critical and rare earth minerals, a situation intensified by China's imposition of export controls and expansion of influence in mineral processing, while the United States is investing in supply chain diversification.
The Tariff Tug-of-War: A Look at Protectionism and Free Trade Over ... wita.org 1 fact
claimThe Trump Administration's tariffs triggered retaliatory actions from trading partners including China and the European Union, which led to global supply chain disruptions and increased costs for United States businesses and consumers.
USTR Launches Broad Section 301 Investigations Into Excess ... dwt.com 1 fact
claimInvestigations initiated in the second half of 2025 into Brazilian digital trade practices and China's adherence to its 2020 trade agreement with the United States remain incomplete.
Free Trade Protectionism: U.S. Tariffs Are Creating a New Trade ... itif.org 1 fact
claimUnited States allies are seeking trade deals with China due to concerns that United States tariffs against China will result in a flood of cheap, subsidized Chinese goods into their domestic markets.
Associations Between Sleep Duration and Cognitive Function ... humanfactors.jmir.org 1 fact
referenceLiu et al. (2005) compared sleep patterns and sleep problems among schoolchildren in the United States and China.
Parent–child attachment and adolescent problematic behavior frontiersin.org 1 fact
referenceJessor et al. (2003) conducted a cross-national study of psychosocial protective factors regarding adolescent problem behavior in China and the United States, published in the Journal of Research on Adolescence.
https://api.drum.lib.umd.edu/server/api/core/bitst... api.drum.lib.umd.edu 1 fact
measurementThe United States is the world's largest internet user, followed by China and India, according to Cirjak (2020).
East and West parenting values are migrating and shaping each other childandfamilyblog.com 1 fact
claimThe US emphasizes individuality and self-confidence as cornerstones of economic success, whereas Japan, China, and Korea emphasize traditional values such as self-control, modesty, and compliance as potential drivers of greater achievement.
Cultural Influences on Parenting Styles and Child Development carijournals.org 1 fact
referenceTobin, Hsueh, and Karasawa authored the book 'Preschool in three cultures revisited: China, Japan, and the United States,' published by the University of Chicago Press in 2013.
Designing Carbon Pricing Policies Across the Globe link.springer.com 1 fact
claimEqual lump-sum transfers are consistent with a laissez-faire policy approach popular in the United States, while transfers to affected firms align with interventionist policies often found in European countries, and renewable energy subsidies are typical for China's strategy to expand its renewable energy sector.
THE IMPACT OF DIFFERENT PARENTING STYLES ON THE ... ijssbulletin.com 1 fact
claimThe study compared parenting styles in the United States (an individualistic culture) and China (a collectivist culture) to determine the effects of parenting on child outcomes.
Congressional testimony of Bob Perciasepe on advanced nuclear ... c2es.org 1 fact
claimThe U.S. civilian nuclear power industry faces challenges to its historical global market leadership, particularly from Russia and China.
The potential land requirements and related land use change ... nature.com 1 fact
referenceLiu and van den Bergh (2020) analyzed differences in CO2 emissions of solar PV production among technologies and regions, specifically applying the analysis to China, the EU, and the USA.
ESS Subtopic 6.2: Climate change – Causes and Impacts mrgscience.com 1 fact
claimDeveloped nations, including the United States, China, and European Union countries, contribute the largest share of current global greenhouse gas emissions due to industrial activities, energy consumption, and transportation.
Parenting Styles and Their Effect on Child Development and Outcome academia.edu 1 fact
referenceWang, Pomerantz, and Chen (2007) published 'The role of parents' control in early adolescents' psychological functioning: A longitudinal investigation in the United States and China' in the journal Child Development.
Hydrogen in Oil and Gas: Decarbonizing the Industry Through ... - JPT jpt.spe.org 1 fact
claimMost hydrogen projects currently under construction or in operation are concentrated in Europe, China, Australia, and the United States.
Scientific consensus on climate change - Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org 1 fact
claimIn 2005, the science academies of Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States issued a joint statement referring to the conclusions of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) as the international scientific consensus and urged prompt action on climate change mitigation and adaptation.
The Role of Hydrogen in Decarbonizing Major Sectors - IDTechEx idtechex.com 1 fact
claimThe United States, Brazil, China, and Australia have notable incentives for green steel, while the majority of the world currently has no recognized regulatory activity for the sector.
The technical, geographical, and economic feasibility for solar ... ideas.repec.org 1 fact
referenceJingjing Zhang, Yan Yan, and Jiancheng Guan published 'Scientific relatedness in solar energy: a comparative study between the USA and China' in the journal Scientometrics in 2015.
The geopolitics of energy transition, part 1: Six challenges for the ... ine.org.pl 1 fact
measurementThe share of renewable energy in satisfying national energy demand has reached approximately 12% in the United States, 20% in the European Union, and 26% in China.
The European Union's Strategic Autonomy, Transatlantic Shifts and ... frictions.europeamerica.de 1 fact
claimThe European Union's economic competitiveness is a growing concern in Brussels because the bloc lags behind the United States and China in key sectors such as digital technology, artificial intelligence, and green energy.
The European quest for autonomy at a time of shifting paradigms tepsa.eu 1 fact
measurementSixty World Trade Organization member states, including China but excluding the United States and India, have adopted a new, functional dispute settlement mechanism.
Emilio Planas - U.S.-China Relations in 2024 - LinkedIn linkedin.com 1 fact
perspectiveScott Kennedy notes that Chinese President Xi Jinping adopted a more conciliatory stance toward the United States in 2023 due to domestic challenges and international criticism.
US-China Strategic Competition Amidst the Paradox of Decoupling redfame.com 1 fact
claimDespite political rhetoric in Washington advocating for the decoupling of the US and Chinese economies, trade and investment data indicate a trend toward recoupling and a revival of bilateral ties.
U.S.-China Relations in a New Era of Competition, Interdependence ... fsi.stanford.edu 1 fact
claimSusan Thornton plans to outline prospects for limited cooperation between the United States and China on global challenges, such as combatting pandemics and nuclear security, while addressing the strategic choices both nations face regarding competition and interdependence.
A Status Quo Power in a Changing Region: Iran's Regionalism in ... cambridge.org 1 fact
claimGreat power competitions are currently unfolding in three regions: the Euro-Atlantic region (centered around the USA), the post-Soviet space (centered around Russia), and East Asia (centered around China).
Regional Powers Still Matter! - Giga- Hamburg giga-hamburg.de 1 fact
claimThe rise of China and the rhetoric in the United States' December 2017 National Security Strategy create a risk that the United States and China might impose a logic of bipolar power competition on different world regions.
Iran: Background and U.S. Policy - DTIC apps.dtic.mil 1 fact
claimThe Iranian government poses challenges for the United States through its support for armed proxies and terrorist groups, its human rights violations, and its increasingly close relationships with Russia and China.
Cyber Warfare in 2026: Trends, Threats, AI & Global Risks eccu.edu 1 fact
claimThe cyber threat landscape includes nation-states (specifically the United States, China, Russia, Iran, and North Korea) operating alongside anonymous hacking groups, private cyber mercenary firms, ideologically motivated hacktivists, and organized cybercriminal syndicates.
Strategic analysis of cyber conflicts: A game-theoretic modelling of ... securityanddefence.pl 1 fact
referenceThe authors of the study 'Strategic analysis of cyber conflicts: A game-theoretic modelling of global cyber' selected six significant cyber conflict cases for analysis: Russian cyber interventions in the 2016 US elections (Jamieson, 2018), Venezuela’s cyberattack on Brazil’s energy grid in 2015 (Bronk and Tikk-Ringas, 2013), the 2007 Estonia–Russia cyber conflict (Herzog, 2011), cyber tensions during the 2020 China–India border crisis (Sharma, 2020), the Stuxnet attack on Iran in 2010 (Farwell and Rohozinski, 2011), and cyber manipulation attempts in the 2019 South African elections (Garnett and James, 2020).
War in the Middle East and the Role of AI-Powered Cyberattacks manaramagazine.org 1 fact
claimJapan, the European Union, and China are currently drafting rules regarding AI transparency and third-party audits, while the United States has established military ethics guidelines for autonomous systems.
Beyond Missile Deterrence: The Rise of Algorithmic Superiority trendsresearch.org 1 fact
referenceThe EPIS Think Tank published the report 'Algorithmic Deterrence: U.S.–China AI Arms Race' in 2024.
Domestic and International Factors Affecting Iranian Foreign Policy ... academia.edu 1 fact
referenceM. Eshari Ahrari published 'Iran, China and Russia: The Emerging Anti-US Nexus?' in Security Dialogue in 2001, which examines the potential anti-US relationship between Iran, China, and Russia.
The path forward on Iran and its proxy forces - Brookings Institution brookings.edu 1 fact
accountSeveral American presidents have hoped to downsize the United States' role in the Middle East to focus on Russia’s threat and China’s pacing challenge.
The Middle East Conflict and the Future of the Region's Political Order internationalaffairs.org.au 1 fact
accountThe Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) was concluded in 2015 between Iran and the P5+1 powers, which included the United States, United Kingdom, France, Russia, China, and Germany.
David Icke and the Rise of the Lizard People - Stuff They Don't Want ... iheart.com 1 fact
claimGrace's grandfather believed that his interception of Soviet intelligence regarding the Chinese border was the first step toward improved relations between the United States and China.
The influence of psychological factors on investment decision making exsys.iocspublisher.org 1 fact
referenceNaseem, Mohsin, Hui, Liyan, and Penglai (2021) studied investor psychology and stock market behavior in China, Japan, and the United States during the initial era of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Navigating Cross-Cultural Communication in International Business globibo.com 1 fact
measurementGlobibo maintains international office locations and contact numbers in Australia (+61 28317 3495), China (+86 10 87833258), France (+33 6 1302 2599), Germany (+49 (030) 8093 5151), Hong Kong (+852 5801 9962), India (+91 (11) 7127 9949), Malaysia (+603 9212 4206), Philippines (+63 28548 8254), Singapore (+65 6589 8817), Spain (+34 675 225 364), Vietnam (+84 2444 582 144), the UK (+44 (20) 3468 1833), and the US (+1 (718) 713 8593).
Steven M. Greer - Wikiquote en.wikiquote.org 1 fact
claimSteven M. Greer asserts that interests in Europe, the Vatican, and Asia, particularly France and China, are urging Disclosure regarding UFOs and that if the United States does not move forward, these other entities will.
UFOs and the U.S. government: The push towards greater ... - LAist laist.com 1 fact
claimThe U.S. government rebranded 'UFOs' (Unidentified Flying Objects) to 'UAPs' (Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena) to reflect the understanding that sightings may involve secret advanced aerial craft from the U.S., China, Russia, or elsewhere, or may simply be phenomena related to physics, meteorology, and astronomy.
Media Coverage - News Center - Baruch College newscenter.baruch.cuny.edu 1 fact
claimCharlotte Brooks was featured in The Nation discussing how US-born children in China will have to choose between rival superpowers on February 16, 2022.
Alien abduction - Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org 1 fact
accountNotable alien abduction claims include: Elizabeth Klarer (1956, South Africa), Antônio Vilas Boas (1957, Brazil), Betty and Barney Hill (1961, US), the Lonnie Zamora incident (1964), the Pascagoula Abduction (1973, US), Travis Walton (1975, US), the Valentich disappearance (1978, Australia), the Robert Taylor incident (1979, Scotland), Whitley Strieber (1970s–1980s, US), Robert Salas (1985, US), and the Meng Zhaoguo incident (1994, China).