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• EAT-Lancet indices promote the intake of healthy animal and plant foods, which are sources of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds.
• Animal-based foods generally have higher greenhouse gas emission footprints than plant-based foods because they generate direct emissions from manure and digestion, as well as indirect emissions from feed production which requires significant land, water, and fertilizer resources.
• Most environmental impacts of diets occur at the production stage, with the largest differences in impact observed between animal-based and plant-based foods, regardless of the specific production system used.
• Hunter-gatherer populations globally derive approximately 50 percent of their caloric intake from plant foods and 50 percent from animal foods on average.
• The study titled 'Diet composition and staple-food dependence as structural...' investigates global patterns in diet diversity and the caloric contribution of plant- and animal-based foods using national food supply data (FBSs).
• The evolutionary success of humans is attributed to the addition of hunting to their dietary repertoire rather than the replacement of plant foods with animal foods.
• Animal-based foods generally have greater environmental impacts than plant-based foods.
• Research published since 2015 consistently indicates that reducing or substituting animal-source foods with plant-based foods in high-income countries provides beneficial impacts on human health, climate change emissions, and natural resource use.
• Dietary reliance on a limited variety of plant-based foods may lead to deficiencies in iron, zinc, vitamin A, B12, and omega-3 fatty acids, which are nutrients more readily available in animal-sourced foods.
• Animal-source foods generally have higher environmental footprints per product than plant-based foods.
• The ratio of the trace element strontium to calcium (Sr/Ca) in skeletal remains can be used for diet reconstruction, where a higher ratio indicates that more plant food than animal food was consumed.