concept

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

Also known as: WCST

Facts (37)

Sources

Investigating the impact of sleep quality on cognitive functions ... frontiersin.org Frontiers 37 facts

measurementIn the moderation analysis of university students in Tokyo and London, the interaction terms for the Stroop Test (β = -0.10, p = 0.21), Raven's Progressive Matrices (RPM) (β = -0.05, p = 0.32), and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) (β = -0.12, p = 0.09) were not statistically significant.

claimThe Wisconsin Card Sorting Test measures cognitive flexibility and set-shifting ability by recording the number of categories achieved and perseverative errors made by participants when sorting rules change periodically.

measurementStudents in London score higher on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) compared to students in Tokyo, regardless of sleep quality (β = 0.18, p = 0.03).

claimThe study suggests a potential trend where the negative impact of poor sleep quality on Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) performance is stronger in Tokyo than in London, though the effect remains inconclusive.

measurementUniversity students in Tokyo scored lower on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) with a mean of 50.1 (SD = 9.0) compared to university students in London, who scored a mean of 54.7 (SD = 10.0).

referenceThe study 'Investigating the impact of sleep quality on cognitive functions' utilized a moderation analysis to test whether the relationship between sleep quality (PSQI scores) and cognitive performance (measured by RAVLT, Stroop Test, RPM, and WCST) differs significantly between university students in Tokyo and London.

claimCultural factors such as conformity and adherence to rules influence cognitive flexibility and set-shifting abilities in Japanese students, which exacerbates the impact of poor sleep quality on Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) performance.

measurementIn a moderation analysis of university students in Tokyo and London, the interaction term (PSQI x City) for the WCST cognitive measure was β = -0.12 (SE = 0.07, t = -1.71, p = 0.09).

procedureThe study used the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), actigraphy, and a battery of cognitive assessments including the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), Stroop Test, Raven's Progressive Matrices (RPM), and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) to measure sleep and cognitive performance.

measurementUniversity students in London outperformed university students in Tokyo on cognitive assessments, including the RAVLT (56.6 vs 53.8), Stroop Test (78.4 vs 73.2), RPM (28.7 vs 27.5), and WCST (54.7 vs 50.1).

imageThe study comparing Tokyo and London students found the following Pearson correlation coefficients (r) between PSQI scores and cognitive measures: RAVLT (Tokyo: -0.40, London: -0.25), Stroop Test (Tokyo: -0.35, London: -0.20), RPM (Tokyo: -0.30, London: -0.15), and WCST (Tokyo: -0.42, London: -0.28).

measurementThe correlation between Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scores and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) performance is −0.35, which is statistically significant at p < 0.001.

measurementHigher Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scores, which indicate poorer sleep quality, are associated with lower performance on the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), Stroop Test, Raven's Progressive Matrices (RPM), and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) (p < 0.001).

referenceThe study utilized the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test to measure verbal learning and memory, the Stroop Test to assess attention and cognitive flexibility, Raven's Progressive Matrices to measure abstract reasoning, and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test to evaluate executive functioning.

referenceThe Wisconsin Card Sorting Test typically uses a set of 128 cards featuring four stimulus attributes: color (red, green, blue, yellow), form (triangle, star, cross, circle), and number (one, two, three, four).

measurementThe correlation between Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scores and WCST performance is −0.42 (p < 0.001) for students in Tokyo and −0.28 (p < 0.001) for students in London.

referenceHartman et al. (2003) studied the role of working memory in Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance among individuals with schizophrenia, published in Schizophrenia Research.

claimThe interaction between sleep quality and city on Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) performance is not statistically significant at the conventional p < 0.05 level, though it approaches significance at p = 0.09.

claimIt is recommended to conduct pre-testing of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test cards in Tokyo and London to ensure that the symbols and colors used do not carry negative cultural associations.

procedureThe Wisconsin Card Sorting Test procedure involves presenting participants with a deck of cards and asking them to sort the cards according to a rule that they must infer based on feedback provided as 'correct' or 'incorrect'.

claimPoor sleep quality correlates negatively with performance on the Stroop Test and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), suggesting that sleep deprivation impairs attention, executive functions, and information processing efficiency.

measurementThe correlation between Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scores and the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) is r = -0.32 (p < 0.001); the correlation with the Stroop Test is r = -0.28 (p < 0.001); the correlation with Raven's Progressive Matrices (RPM) is r = -0.25 (p < 0.001); and the correlation with the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) is r = -0.35 (p < 0.001).

formulaThe Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) scores represent the number of categories achieved.

measurementIn regression analyses predicting cognitive performance from Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scores, the standardized regression coefficient (β) for the RAVLT is -0.20 (SE 0.05, p < 0.001), for the Stroop Test is -0.15 (SE 0.04, p < 0.001), for the RPM is -0.12 (SE 0.03, p < 0.01), and for the WCST is -0.23 (SE 0.06, p < 0.001).

measurementThe correlation between Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scores and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) performance is -0.42 in Tokyo and -0.28 in London, indicating a stronger negative relationship between sleep quality and cognitive flexibility in Tokyo.

measurementThe Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) score significantly predicts performance on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) (β = -0.23, p < 0.001) after controlling for demographic variables, indicating that sleep quality independently impacts cognitive flexibility and set-shifting abilities.

claimThe Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) evaluates executive functioning by assessing a participant's ability to adapt sorting strategies based on changing rules that must be inferred from feedback, as described by Hartman et al. (2003).

claimThe negative relationship between sleep quality and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) performance is stronger in Tokyo than in London, suggesting that cultural factors modulate the impact of sleep on cognitive load.

claimRegression analyses indicate that Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scores significantly predict performance on cognitive measures (RAVLT, Stroop Test, RPM, and WCST) even after controlling for demographic variables (age, gender, socioeconomic status) and actigraphy-measured sleep duration and efficiency.

measurementThe correlation between Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scores and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) performance is -0.35 (p < 0.001).

measurementThe interaction term (PSQI x City) for the impact of sleep quality on Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) performance was measured at β = −0.12 with a p-value of 0.09, indicating the result is not statistically significant at the conventional p < 0.05 level.

measurementThere is a significant positive effect of city location on Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) performance (β = 0.18, p = 0.03), indicating that students in London score higher on the WCST compared to students in Tokyo, regardless of their sleep quality.

claimHigher Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scores are associated with lower Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) scores, indicating that poorer sleep quality is linked to poorer cognitive flexibility and more perseverative errors.

claimPoor sleep quality, as measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), is significantly associated with lower cognitive performance across domains including verbal learning and memory (measured by the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test), attention and executive function (measured by the Stroop Test), non-verbal reasoning (measured by the Raven's Progressive Matrices), and cognitive flexibility (measured by the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test).

measurementThe regression analysis for the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) showed a standardized regression coefficient (β) of -0.23, a standard error (SE) of 0.06, a t-statistic of -3.83, and a p-value < 0.001.

claimA study investigating university students in Tokyo, Japan, and London, UK, found significant negative associations between sleep quality (measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index) and cognitive performance across domains including verbal learning and memory (RAVLT), attention and executive function (Stroop Test), non-verbal reasoning (RPM), and cognitive flexibility (WCST).

measurementThe interaction term between sleep quality (measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index) and city location (Tokyo vs. London) on Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) performance resulted in β = −0.12 and p = 0.09, indicating the result is not statistically significant at the conventional p < 0.05 level.