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pro-inflammatory cytokine
Also known as: pro-inflammatory mediators, pro-inflammatory cytokines, inflammatory cytokine, inflammatory cytokines, proinflammatory cytokine, pro-inflammatory cytokine
Facts (40)
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Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines Overview | Thermo Fisher Scientific - US thermofisher.com 20 facts
claimPro-inflammatory cytokines signal via type I cytokine receptors (CCR1), which are structurally divergent from other cytokine receptor types.
claimInterferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine produced by T Cells and NK cells that binds to CDw119 (IFNG R1) and functions in anti-viral defense, macrophage activation, increasing neutrophil and monocyte function, and regulating MHC-I and -II expression.
claimTumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages that binds to CD120a and CD120b receptors on macrophages to induce phagocyte cell activation and endotoxic shock.
claimTumor necrosis factor-beta (TNF-β) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine produced by T Cells that binds to CD120a and CD120b receptors on phagocytes and tumor cells, acting as a chemotactic and phagocytic agent that also induces other cytokines.
claimPro-inflammatory cytokines regulate growth, cell activation, differentiation, and the homing of immune cells to sites of infection to control and eradicate intracellular pathogens like viruses.
referenceIL-11 is classified as a pro-inflammatory cytokine, is produced by bone marrow stromal cells, binds to IL-11Ra and CD130 receptors, targets B cells, and functions in differentiation and the induction of acute phase proteins.
claimActivated macrophages, dendritic cells, other immune cells, and endothelial cells release pro-inflammatory cytokines.
referenceIL-6 is classified as a pro-inflammatory cytokine, is produced by Th cells, macrophages, and fibroblasts, binds to CD126 and CD130 receptors, targets B cells and plasma cells, and functions in B-cell differentiation.
claimPro-inflammatory cytokines promote inflammation, while anti-inflammatory cytokines reduce inflammation and support healing by opposing the actions of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
claimIn the context of viral lung infections, resident macrophages phagocytose apoptotic cells and subsequently release pro-inflammatory cytokines, which recruit other immune cells, cause acute inflammation, and provoke fever and fibrosis.
claimPro-inflammatory cytokines are secreted by Th1 cells, CD4+ cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells.
claimPro-inflammatory cytokines include IL-1, IL-2, IL-12, IL-17, IL-18, IFN-γ, and TNF-α.
referenceIL-8 is classified as a pro-inflammatory cytokine, is produced by macrophages, binds to the IL-8R receptor, targets neutrophils, and functions in chemotaxis for neutrophils and T cells.
claimIL-1β is a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine induced primarily by lymphocytes, macrophages, and monocytes in response to microbial molecules.
claimDuring viral infections such as SARS-CoV-2, RSV, Parvovirus B19, and Influenza, levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines are elevated and decrease upon viral clearance.
claimInterferon-beta (IFN-β) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine produced by fibroblasts that binds to CD118 (IFNAR1, IFNAR2) and functions as an anti-viral and anti-proliferative agent.
claimInterferon-alpha (IFN-α) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages, neutrophils, and some somatic cells that binds to CD118 (IFNAR1, IFNAR2) and functions as an anti-viral agent.
referenceIL-18 is classified as a pro-inflammatory cytokine, is produced by macrophages, dendritic cells, and epithelial cells, binds to the CD218a (IL-18Ra) receptor, targets monocytes and T cells, and functions in recruiting monocytes and T lymphocytes, synergizing with IL-12 to induce IFN-gamma production, and inhibiting angiogenesis.
referenceIL-17 is classified as a pro-inflammatory cytokine, is produced by Th17 cells, binds to the IL-17R receptor, targets monocytes and neutrophils, and functions in recruiting monocytes and neutrophils to the site of infection and activating downstream cytokines and chemokines including IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-21, TNF-beta, and MCP-1.
claimIL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α are considered key pro-inflammatory cytokines.
Immunity In Depth | Linus Pauling Institute lpi.oregonstate.edu 5 facts
measurementCLA supplementation was associated with a decrease in levels of two pro-inflammatory cytokines and an increase in levels of an anti-inflammatory cytokine in a study of 28 men and women.
claimMacrophages are specialized leukocytes that respond to invading pathogens by initiating phagocytosis and synthesizing and releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines.
claimTryptophan derivatives can inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
claimZinc supplementation decreases C-reactive protein, lipid peroxidation, and inflammatory cytokines in elderly subjects, suggesting zinc may act as an atheroprotective agent, as reported by Bao B, Prasad AS, Beck FW, et al. in 2010.
claimZinc plays a role in the regulation of inflammatory cytokines, which has implications for cardiometabolic disease, according to Foster M and Samman S in a 2012 study.
Medicinal plants and human health: a comprehensive review of ... link.springer.com Nov 5, 2025 4 facts
claimAnti-inflammatory phytochemicals influence macrophage polarization towards anti-inflammatory phenotypes, diminish inflammatory cytokine production, and fortify the fibrous cap via increased collagen synthesis.
claimCurcuminoids and gingerols inhibit Nuclear Factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways by inhibiting the nuclear translocation of NF-κB subunits, thereby decreasing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines.
claimCurcumin, resveratrol from red grapes, and piperine from black pepper reduce the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 while preserving neuronal integrity.
claimBioactive compounds from garlic, onion, and Andrographis paniculata enhance glucose metabolism by modulating cellular metabolism to favor glucose utilization, minimizing inflammatory cytokine generation, and augmenting insulin receptor sensitivity.
The Role of Immune Cells in Inflammation jmolpat.com 3 facts
claimAs the acute phase of inflammation subsides, the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines decreases, and the influx of immune cells into the affected tissue diminishes.
claimChronic inflammation is characterized by the sustained production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the persistent recruitment of immune cells to the affected tissue, leading to tissue damage, fibrosis, and impaired tissue function.
claimUpon activation of Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs), innate immune cells produce pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines that attract and activate additional immune cells to the site of inflammation.
Healthy vs. Infected Wounds: A Clinician's Guide - Net Health nethealth.com Jun 24, 2025 2 facts
claimPersistent inflammation in infected wounds leads to an increased release of pro-inflammatory cytokines that can damage healthy tissue, excessive redness and swelling that hinders nutrient and oxygen delivery, and impaired migration of fibroblasts and other cells essential for tissue repair.
claimBacterial toxins and inflammatory cytokines can inhibit the formation of new blood vessels, which compromises the supply and delivery of oxygen and nutrients to healing tissue.
Phytochemical and Pharmacological Studies of Traditionally Used ... heraldopenaccess.us 2 facts
referenceSilibinin, a compound from Silybum marianum seeds, inhibits confluent-induced keratinocyte differentiation as effectively as retinoic acid without inducing inflammatory cytokines, according to a 2009 study by Kitajima and Yamaguchi.
claimEstragole, methyl cinnamate, methyl eugenol, α-bergamotene, α-cadlnol, linalool, eugenol, and linoleic acid in Ocimum basilicum Linn. exhibit anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting pro-inflammatory mediators, stimulating anti-inflammatory cytokines, decreasing nitric oxide production, and inhibiting lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase enzymes, according to Mueller et al., Umamageswari et al., and Eftekhar et al.
Research reveals devastating impact of Western diet on human health news-medical.net Jun 18, 2023 1 fact
claimThe imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants in the Western diet facilitates the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
Pharmacological Uses of New Bioactive Compounds from Medicinal ... academia.edu 1 fact
claimNair et al. (2006) found that the flavonoid Quercetin inhibits proinflammatory cytokine (Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha) gene expression in normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells by modulating the NF-κβ system.
What are Cytokines? Types & Function - Cleveland Clinic my.clevelandclinic.org Jan 3, 2023 1 fact
claimPro-inflammatory cytokines trigger or heighten inflammation to coordinate the immune response against attackers like germs.
The Montreal model: an integrative biomedical-psychedelic ... frontiersin.org 1 fact
referenceSpencer et al. studied the effects of an intravenous ketamine infusion on inflammatory cytokine levels in male and female Sprague–Dawley rats, published in the Journal of Neuroinflammation in 2022.