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open design
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Seven observations and research questions about Open Design ... cambridge.org Oct 19, 2021 67 facts
claimOpen Source Hardware and Open Source Product Development (OSPD) may only gain a significant audience and ecosystem of participants if a 'Linux-like product'—defined as an essential infrastructure product that generates significant economic activity—emerges.
claimThe use of CNC sheet cutting in Open Design is based on an integrated product-process design approach that accounts for the limited production capabilities of stakeholders involved in product creation.
claimAlthough distributed design leads to viable product ideas, relatively few products developed in Open Design settings reach market readiness.
claimCurrent practices in Open Source Hardware, Open Source Product Development (OSPD), and Open Design are primarily focused on early-stage design processes, such as prototyping and technology development, and on distributed, low-tech manufacturing.
claimOpen Design practices vary in their level of ideological commitment.
claimWhen Open Design is used in combination with participative prototyping or production, where non-professionals are expected to reproduce designs with DIY means, recurrent design principles and styles emerge.
claimSome Open Design practices can be understood as a re-contextualization of preindustrial practices enhanced by contemporary technology.
claimPractices characterized by citizen involvement in product and technology development are often referred to as Open Design.
claimOpen Design is a component of postindustrial visions driven by digitalization and increased individual access to fabrication capabilities.
perspectiveWhile the sequence of development phases like conceptual, embodiment, and detailed design may be conserved in Open Design, it may challenge configurational aspects of the Product Development Process (PDP) and require new explicative and prescriptive design process models.
claimThe term Open Design covers a rich landscape of heterogeneous practices rather than a clearly identified and precise phenomenon.
claimThe applicability of existing design process models to Open Source Product Development (OSPD) is uncertain because these models reflect 'orthodox' industrial practices that Open Design often challenges.
claimIn the context of the article, 'Open Design' is defined as a general field of practices involving either product or process openness, while 'OSPD' (Open Source Product Development) refers specifically to practices implying both product and process openness.
claimThe diversity of practices within Open Design makes it difficult to generate reliable, transferable knowledge, often leading to unreliable generalizations based on isolated observations.
perspectiveOpen Design and Open Source Hardware aim to challenge the current growth-driven society and the modern division of roles between industries and customers.
claimInvestigating extreme forms of Open Design is a method for testing the limits of practicability and determining the extent to which design processes can be distributed without central orchestration.
claimA common design principle in Open Design is the use of CNC sheet cutting to create volumes, which avoids complicated free-forming processes when materials or part sizes are incompatible with 3D printing.
referenceKadushin (2010) states that for a product to qualify as Open Design, it must be produced directly from a file by CNC machines without the use of special tooling.
claimProduct and process openness in Open Design are distinct from the physical design of the product (appearance, composition, or purpose), yet the physical design can significantly influence both product and process openness.
claimOpen Design is part of a broader industrial shift away from mass production and monolithic organizational structures.
claimOSPD projects contribute to an online corpus of product documentation and development activity traces, allowing for more extensive study of the phenomenon compared to other forms of Open Design.
claimOpen Design is unlikely to challenge the core premises of well-established design theories and models, despite its differences from conventional product development.
claimOpen Design and Open Source Hardware are competing terms that can be partially explained by their different contexts of emergence.
claimPerforming large-scale studies of Open Design under Open Science standards increases the discoverability of examined projects and simplifies data acquisition for future research.
claimThe authors of 'Seven observations and research questions about Open Design and Open Source Hardware' identify Open Design as an expression of postmodernity and a critique of progress.
quoteTooze et al. (2014) qualified the term Open Design as a 'catchall term for various on- and offline design and making activities'.
claimOpen Design represents the convergence of firm inclination toward external collaboration and individual appetite for technical empowerment.
perspectiveOpen Design visions assert that production should respond to local needs flexibly and occur near the end-user, potentially involving the end-user directly or with support from local makerspaces.
claimOpen Design and FLOSS (Free/Libre and Open Source Software) both contain a mix of ideologically driven and practical initiatives.
claimOpen Design is a term created by scholars to comment on new forms of product development, whereas Open Source Hardware is a term that emerged from practice and was coined by hardware developers to indicate compliance with the ethos of the open source movement.
claimOpen Source Hardware data provides an empirical anchor for studying Open Source Product Development (OSPD) practices, offering an alternative to speculative or programmatic research contributions in the Open Design literature.
accountThe authors of 'Seven observations and research questions about Open Design and Open Source Hardware' developed seven observations based on six years of research on Open Design and Open Source Hardware, which they intend to serve as an agenda for further research.
claimOpen Design is linked to the renaissance of the Do-It-Yourself (DIY) movement and the maker movement.
claimThe term Open Design has imposed itself as the greatest common denominator for various practices, but this has come at the expense of explicative power.
claimLarge-scale comparative studies of Open Design initiatives could address the challenge of practice diversity by allowing for the generation of typologies that increase study comparability and result reusability.
perspectiveThe authors of 'Seven observations and research questions about Open Design and Open Source Hardware' suggest investigating the role of product architecture in supporting Open Design strategies because it is independent of process and governance models and may apply across all types of Open Design initiatives.
claimOpen Design and Open Source Hardware are rooted in values of economic sustainability, local autonomy, and human-centricity.
claimThe authors of 'Seven observations and research questions about Open Design and Open Source Hardware' define 'process openness' as the collective nature of processes that allow the participation of any interested person.
claimHuizingh (2011) defines three cases of Open Design: 'public innovation', 'private open innovation', and 'open source innovation'.
claimAitamurto, Holland, and Hussain (2015) suggest that different forms of Open Design are appropriate for different phases of the product development process.
referenceConcepts and movements associated with Open Design include commons-based peer production (Benkler & Nissenbaum, 2006), personal fabrication (Kohtala, 2014), direct digital manufacturing (Chen et al., 2015), bottom-up economy (Redlich, Moritz, & Wulfsberg, 2019), distributed economy (Johansson, Kisch, & Mirata, 2005), open manufacturing (Gasparotto, 2020), and the motto 'design global, manufacture local' (Kostakis et al., 2015).
claimThe authors of 'Seven observations and research questions about Open Design and Open Source Hardware' investigate how Open Design practices challenge available descriptive theories of design and established prescriptive design methods.
perspectiveVisions associated with Open Design advocate for the use of regional resources and small-scale production units as sustainable alternatives to dominant industrial production modes like globalization and capitalistic concentration.
claimThe term Open Design embraces practices that share some form of openness but diverge in fundamental aspects, such as Open Source Hardware and crowdsourcing.
referenceCommentators, including Hamalainen & Karjalainen (2017), Troxler & Wolf (2017), and Hamalainen, Mohajeri, & Nyberg (2018), have praised the potential of Open Design practices for benefits such as the democratization of production, localized production, and higher innovation rates.
claimAitamurto, Holland, and Hussain (2015) inconsistently use the term 'Open Design' to refer to both a specific combination of process and product openness and the broader family of practices including crowdsourcing.
referenceDafermos and Söderberg (2009) argue that modularity in Open Design is a form of task decomposition that influences the organization of production and development.
referenceAitamurto, Holland, and Hussain (2015) define Open Design as 'public access to participation in the design process and to the product resulting from that process, as well as the data created in the design process, including technical details and other data and content gathered or generated during the process'.
claimTo explain the concept of process openness, the authors of 'Seven observations and research questions about Open Design and Open Source Hardware' utilize terms including 'community', 'participation', 'volunteer', 'external people', and 'core team'.
perspectiveStandardization efforts for Open Source Hardware need to be extended to include the definition of process openness to achieve transparency in both dimensions of Open Design.
claimThe authors of 'Seven observations and research questions about Open Design and Open Source Hardware' recommend six actions for research and policy to support Open Design and Open Source Product Development (OSPD): (i) encourage business involvement and industry-led open industrialization, (ii) clarify definitions through large-scale comparative studies, (iii) experiment with extreme openness, (iv) generate practical guidance for OSPD processes, (v) push standardization for both product and process openness, and (vi) consolidate the understanding of OSPD and Open Design as a socio-technical phenomenon.
accountThe authors of the article 'Seven observations and research questions about Open Design and Open Source Hardware' collaborated for six years within European research projects on the topic of Open Design.
referenceBoisseau et al. (2018) suggest representing Open Design as a field of practices along two continuous openness dimensions, while Bonvoisin & Mies (2018) suggest representing it along cumulative openness factors.
claimThe definition of success for Open Design initiatives and their participants varies significantly.
claimProduct characteristics, such as form, functionality, architecture, aesthetics, and complexity, are largely absent from debates regarding Open Design in literature and standards for Open Source Hardware.
perspectiveThe authors of 'Seven observations and research questions about Open Design and Open Source Hardware' suggest that design processes where requirement management and product architecting are decentralized among a swarm of participants need to be experimented with at a larger scale to understand their relevance.
quoteCruickshank & Atkinson (2014) defined Open Design as 'an umbrella term for a wide range of approaches to design and creativity where professional design is challenged'.
claimProduct modularity is hypothesized to be a success factor for Open Design projects, based on the expected correspondence between product and organizational structure.
claimOSPD (Open Source Product Development) is the form of Open Design that deviates most from industrial mainstream practice, making it significant from a design science perspective.
claimThe authors of 'Seven observations and research questions about Open Design and Open Source Hardware' define 'structure openness' as an aspect of openness that is often disregarded in design literature but has practical implications for Open Design.
referenceHuizingh (2011) introduced the opposition between product openness and process openness in the context of Open Design.
claimOpen Design, Open Source Hardware, and OSPD are emerging phenomena attempting to gain maturity and move beyond marginality to offer alternatives to conventional proprietary product creation.
claimProduct design aspects such as complexity and discipline specialization influence the ability to break down tasks for volunteer contributions in Open Design.
claimThe article 'Seven observations and research questions about Open Design and Open Source Hardware' addresses three essential questions: What is the definition of Open Design, how does Open Design work and differ from closed design, and when is Open Design a successful practice?
claimDesign science research can support the emergence of Open Design by establishing foundations for public discourse, defining terminology, identifying success factors, highlighting challenges, and testing potential solutions.
claimThe community-driven perspective of Open Design implies a process that belongs to a community of people rather than an individual company, where ownership is not bound to organizational affiliation.
claimThe dimensions defined in contributions regarding Open Design and Open Source Hardware are currently vague, arbitrary, and lack validation from practice or academia.
Open-source hardware - Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org 3 facts
referenceJérémy Bonvoisin, Robert Mies, and Jean-François Boujut published 'Seven observations and research questions about Open Design and Open Source Hardware' in the journal Design Science in 2021.
claimThe process of developing open-source hardware in a community-based setting is also referred to as open design, open source development, or open source product development.
claimResearchers have questioned whether open design and open-source hardware design processes require new design practices or tools, and whether openness is the key factor in open-source hardware.
Does the combination of sustainable business model patterns lead ... link.springer.com Feb 20, 2023 1 fact
referenceBeltagui, Kunz, and Gold (2020) published 'The role of 3D printing and open design on adoption of socially sustainable supply chain innovation' in the International Journal of Production Economics, volume 221, pages 1–16.