Knowledge Tree
hypocretin
Also known as: hypocretin-1, hypocretin peptides, orexin, orexin-A
Facts (16)
Sources
Extent and Health Consequences of Chronic Sleep Loss and ... - NCBI ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 14 facts
claimAn unknown portion of narcolepsy cases may be caused by partial or complete hypocretin deficiency, according to research by Kanbayashi et al. (2002), Krahn et al. (2002), and Mignot et al. (2002a).
claimSome individuals with partial hypocretin cell loss may maintain normal levels of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) hypocretin-1, as hypothesized by Mignot et al. (2002a) and Scammell (2003).
claimThe loss of hypocretin cells in narcolepsy with cataplexy may be autoimmune in nature due to the association with the HLA-DQB1*0602 haplotype.
referenceMignot E, Lammers GJ, Ripley B, Okun M, Nevsimalova S, Overeem S, Vankova J, Black J, Harsh J, Bassetti C, Schrader H, and Nishino S published 'The role of cerebrospinal fluid hypocretin measurement in the diagnosis of narcolepsy and other hypersomnias' in the Archives of Neurology in 2002.
procedureNarcolepsy can be diagnosed clinically, by using the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT), or by measuring cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) hypocretin-1.
referenceKanbayashi et al. (2002) measured cerebrospinal fluid hypocretin-1 (orexin-A) concentrations in patients with narcolepsy (with and without cataplexy) and idiopathic hypersomnia.
claimIndividuals with narcolepsy with cataplexy experience severe neuronal loss in brain regions responsible for regulating the sleep-wake cycle, specifically losing approximately 70,000 hypothalamic neurons that produce the neuropeptide hypocretin (orexin).
claimLow levels of hypocretin-1 in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) can be used to diagnose narcolepsy in some cases.
referenceKrahn et al. (2002) analyzed hypocretin (orexin) levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with narcolepsy and their relationship to cataplexy and HLA DQB1*0602 status.
referenceMignot et al. (2002) established that cerebrospinal fluid hypocretin measurement is a relevant diagnostic tool for narcolepsy and other hypersomnias.
claimCurrent pharmacological treatments for narcolepsy do not aim to improve the defective neurotransmission caused by hypocretin deficiency, as noted by Mignot et al. (1993), Nishino and Mignot (1997), and Wisor et al. (2001).
referenceOvereem S, Scammell TE, and Lammers GJ published an article on the implications of hypocretin/orexin for the pathophysiology and diagnosis of narcolepsy in Current Opinion in Neurology in 2002.
claimA 2000 study published in Nature Medicine identified a mutation in a case of early-onset narcolepsy and observed a generalized absence of hypocretin peptides in human narcoleptic brains.
claimHypocretin is an excitatory neuropeptide that regulates the activity of other sleep regulatory networks.
Physiology, Sleep Stages - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf - NIH ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 2 facts
claimAcetylcholine, dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, histamine, and hypocretin peptides function together to maintain the waking state in the human body.
claimAdenosine promotes sleep by inhibiting hypocretin/orexin neurons in the basal forebrain, lateral hypothalamus, and tuberomammillary nucleus, while simultaneously activating neurons in the preoptic/anterior hypothalamic area and ventrolateral preoptic area.