Knowledge Tree
Cognitive Flexibility
Facts (25)
Sources
Investigating the impact of sleep quality on cognitive functions ... frontiersin.org 12 facts
claimThe Wisconsin Card Sorting Test measures cognitive flexibility and set-shifting ability by recording the number of categories achieved and perseverative errors made by participants when sorting rules change periodically.
claimCultural factors such as conformity and adherence to rules influence cognitive flexibility and set-shifting abilities in Japanese students, which exacerbates the impact of poor sleep quality on Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) performance.
claimThere is a stronger negative relationship between sleep quality and cognitive flexibility and set-shifting abilities in Tokyo compared to London.
procedureThe cognitive assessment methodology involves periodically changing sorting rules without warning, requiring participants to adapt their strategies. Researchers record the number of categories achieved and perseverative errors, defined as continuing to sort according to the previous rule, to measure cognitive flexibility and set-shifting ability.
claimCultural factors such as conformity and adherence to rules may influence the cognitive flexibility and set-shifting abilities of Japanese students.
referenceThe Stroop Test assesses attention and cognitive flexibility by requiring participants to name the color of ink used to print words that denote different colors, a method described by Scarpina and Tagini in 2017.
measurementThe correlation between Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scores and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) performance is -0.42 in Tokyo and -0.28 in London, indicating a stronger negative relationship between sleep quality and cognitive flexibility in Tokyo.
measurementThe Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) score significantly predicts performance on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) (Ξ² = -0.23, p < 0.001) after controlling for demographic variables, indicating that sleep quality independently impacts cognitive flexibility and set-shifting abilities.
claimHigher Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scores are associated with lower Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) scores, indicating that poorer sleep quality is linked to poorer cognitive flexibility and more perseverative errors.
claimCognitive flexibility and set-shifting ability are measured by the number of categories achieved and the frequency of perseverative errors, which occur when participants continue to sort according to a previous rule after the rule has changed.
claimPoor sleep quality, as measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), is significantly associated with lower cognitive performance across domains including verbal learning and memory (measured by the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test), attention and executive function (measured by the Stroop Test), non-verbal reasoning (measured by the Raven's Progressive Matrices), and cognitive flexibility (measured by the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test).
measurementStudents in London scored significantly higher on cognitive measures, including verbal learning, memory, attention, executive function, non-verbal reasoning, and cognitive flexibility, compared to students in Tokyo (p < 0.01).
Psychedelics, Sociality, and Human Evolution frontiersin.org 5 facts
claimCompromised default-mode network (DMN) function, induced by psychedelics, leads to an inhibition or reduction of personhood and agency, resulting in enhanced cognitive flexibility and emotional lability.
referenceNilsson et al. (2019) authored 'Chapter eight - Serotonin and cognitive flexibility' in the book 'The Serotonin System', which examines the relationship between serotonin and cognitive processes.
claimThe ingestion of 5-HT-mimicking psychedelics was potentially beneficial and adaptive for humans because it supported social tolerance and cognitive flexibility, traits regulated by 5-HT (Tricklebank and Daly, 2019).
measurementIn a study of 20 subjects (4 females), LSD was shown to increase cognitive flexibility and optimism for up to two weeks following administration.
claimPsychedelic brain states exhibit higher signal complexity (entropy) and higher cognitive flexibility, but lower cause-effect information.
Neuroimaging in psychedelic drug development: past, present, and ... nature.com Sep 27, 2023 2 facts
claimAn open-label study of patients with major depressive disorder found that psilocybin treatment led to increased cognitive flexibility (measured by perseverative errors on a set-shifting task) and neural flexibility (measured by functional connectivity via fMRI) that persisted for up to four weeks post-treatment.
claimPsilocybin therapy increases cognitive and neural flexibility in patients diagnosed with major depressive disorder, as reported in a 2021 study.
How Is Language Connected to Identity? β Question lifestyle.sustainability-directory.com Sep 13, 2025 1 fact
claimBrain imaging studies suggest that multilingualism influences brain structure and function, which may impact cognitive flexibility and perspective-taking abilities.
The evolution of human-type consciousness β a by-product of ... frontiersin.org 1 fact
referenceThe article 'The evolution of human-type consciousness β a by-product of mammalian innovation mechanism β a preliminary hypothesis' cites Uddin (2021), which examines the neural mechanisms and clinical considerations of cognitive and behavioural flexibility.
How Lack of Sleep Impacts Cognitive Performance and Focus sleepfoundation.org Jul 29, 2025 1 fact
claimLack of sleep hinders cognitive flexibility, which reduces the ability to adapt to uncertain or changing circumstances.
Psychedelics and Consciousness: Distinctions, Demarcations, and ... ouci.dntb.gov.ua 1 fact
claimRitter et al. found that diversifying experiences enhance cognitive flexibility, as published in the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, volume 48, page 961.
Published Studies β Johns Hopkins Center for Psychedelic and ... hopkinspsychedelic.org 1 fact
referenceThe study 'Patterns of Internalizing Problems, Substance Use and Cognitive Flexibility Before and After Naturalistic Psilocybin Use: A Repeated Measures Latent Profile Analysis' was published in the International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction in 2025 by Richard, J., Scott, J., Nayak, S.M., Sepeda, S., Lowe, M. X., Jackson, H., and Garcia-Romeu, A.
Self-awareness, self-regulation, and self-transcendence (S-ART) frontiersin.org 1 fact
claimEllen Langer attributes mindfulness to cognitive flexibility, which is an executive function that allows for ease in switching sets.