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authoritarian parenting
Also known as: authoritarian parenting practices, authoritarian parenting style, authoritarian parenting styles
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Exploring the Impact of Parenting Styles on the Social Development ... acr-journal.com 29 facts
claimChildren raised by authoritarian parents often exhibit well-behaved conduct and follow directions effectively to achieve aims, but this parenting style may also lead to increased aggression, shyness, social awkwardness, and difficulty in decision-making.
claimIn a study of 37 participants using the Parenting Style Questionnaire (PSQ), authoritative parenting was the most frequently practiced style, followed by authoritarian and then permissive styles.
claimChildren raised by authoritarian parents may suffer from unease, sadness, anxiety, a lack of self-confidence, and poor communication capabilities, and may resort to physical violence due to rage.
claimChildren raised in authoritarian environments may comply with authority figures but struggle with peer relationships due to a lack of autonomy and emotional expression.
measurementParticipants in the study showed moderate endorsement of authoritarian parenting behaviors, with mean scores ranging from 2.27 to 3.97.
claimParticipants in the study showed a reluctance to adopt harsh disciplinary practices, as criticism-based and emotionally withholding behaviors received the lowest scores within the authoritarian parenting category.
claimThe research article 'Exploring the Impact of Parenting Styles on the Social Development of Students in Early Childhood Education Training' investigates the influence of authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive parenting styles on the social development of university-level students pursuing early years diplomas.
claimAmong the three parenting styles compared in the study, the authoritative approach was the most positively endorsed and statistically consistent.
claimA study of 37 participants surveyed views on authoritarian parenting styles, finding that participants showed moderate agreement with authoritarian parenting behaviors.
referenceChildren raised by authoritative parents are more likely to develop autonomy and internalized moral reasoning, whereas children raised by authoritarian parents often rely on external authority and may show outward compliance but inner resentment, as asserted by Baumrind (1991).
claimAuthoritarian parenting behaviors, such as using threats, criticism, or emotional withdrawal, scored significantly lower in the study, suggesting only a partial application of authoritarian traits among participants.
claimAuthoritarian and permissive parenting styles are associated with drawbacks in children's social development, characterized by excessive control or excessive leniency, respectively.
measurementThe standard deviation for responses regarding authoritarian parenting behaviors in a study of 37 participants ranged from 0.552 to 1.8195, indicating moderate to high variability.
claimDiana Baumrind, a parenting specialist from the University of California, Berkeley, proposed four parenting styles: authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and neglecting.
referenceAuthoritarian parenting is reported in literature to negatively impact children's social competence, often resulting in low self-esteem, poor social skills, and higher levels of anxiety or aggression (Hart et al., 2003; Milevsky et al., 2007).
claimAuthoritative parenting stands in contrast to the controlling tendencies of authoritarian parenting and the lax discipline of permissive parenting.
claimBaumrind (2013) asserts that authoritative parenting satisfies the general needs of teenagers and children, whereas authoritarian parenting does not.
referenceThe Parenting Style Questionnaire used in the study is adapted from Robinson et al. (1995) and assesses three parenting styles: Authoritative Parenting (13 items), Authoritarian Parenting (13 items), and Permissive Parenting (4 items).
claimThe study 'Exploring the Impact of Parenting Styles on the Social Development of Students in Early Childhood Education Training' found that authoritarian parenting received moderate endorsement for behaviors emphasizing obedience and rule enforcement, but was linked to issues such as low self-esteem and anxiety that may hinder social interactions.
measurementIn a study of 37 participants, the authoritarian parenting behaviors of demanding obedience without explanation ('When my child asks me why he/she has to do something I tell him/her it is because I said so, I am your parent') and using privilege removal as punishment both received the highest mean score of 3.97.
measurementIn a study of 37 participants, the authoritarian parenting behavior of using criticism to improve a child's behavior received the lowest mean score of 2.27.
claimStudies by Jadon & Tripathi (2017), Moghaddam et al. (2017), and Singh (2017) indicate that authoritative parenting has a positive effect on youth self-esteem, while authoritarian parenting has a negative effect.
claimThe four parenting styles are defined by the interaction of warmth and strictness: authoritative (warmth and strictness), indulgent (warmth but not strictness), authoritarian (strictness but not warmth), and neglectful (neither warmth nor strictness).
referenceJadon, P. S., & Tripathi, S. (2017) conducted a systematic review on the effect of authoritarian parenting style on the self-esteem of children.
referenceAccording to family attitudes theory, Diana Baumrind (1968) categorized parental attitudes into three types: permissive, authoritative, and authoritarian.
claimIntroverted children raised by authoritarian parents may exhibit aggression in social settings.
accountParticipants in the study showed a pattern of selective endorsement for authoritarian parenting, supporting structured control like setting limits and reinforcing rules, but were less inclined to agree with emotionally distant or punitive practices.
measurementIn the study of 37 participants, authoritarian parenting showed moderate agreement with mean scores ranging from 2.27 to 3.97, with the highest scores related to parental authority and enforcement, such as 'I punish my child by taking privileges away' and 'I tell my child it is because I said so.'
claimChildren raised by authoritarian parents can be socially adept, responsible, confident, cooperative, cheerful, self-reliant, and independent according to Önder & Gülay (2009).
Parenting styles: An evidence-based, cross-cultural guide parentingscience.com 17 facts
claimAuthoritative parenting is characterized by being both responsive and demanding, which distinguishes it from authoritarian (demanding but not responsive), permissive (responsive but not demanding), and neglectful parenting styles.
measurementAuthoritarian parenting is associated with at least one negative child outcome according to an international meta-analysis of 428 studies.
claimA child with a difficult or excitable temperament can cause parents to drift away from their initial intention to practice authoritative parenting toward more punitive, authoritarian, or permissive responses due to stress.
claimChild-rearing practices in hunter-gatherer societies do not align with standard definitions of authoritarian or authoritative parenting because parents reject punishment, particularly physical punishment.
claimThree studies (Fletcher et al. 1999; Simons and Conger 2007; McKinney and Renk 2008) focusing on American adolescents reported that teenagers were generally better off having at least one authoritative parent, even if the other parent was permissive or authoritarian.
referenceThe Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PDSQ) includes items measuring hostility and raw power assertion, such as 'I yell when I disapprove of my child’s behavior' and 'When my child asks me why he/she has to do something, I tell him/her it is because I said so, I am your parent, or because that is what I want,' which are associated with authoritarian parenting.
referenceDiana Baumrind (1966) described an authoritarian parenting style where parents expect children to obey without question, restrict a child's autonomy, and keep the child in their place without verbal give and take.
referenceThe Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PDSQ), developed by Robinson et al. in 1995, asks parents to rate statements addressing different aspects of authoritative, permissive, and authoritarian parenting.
referenceChen, Dong, and Zhou (1997) examined the relationship between authoritative and authoritarian parenting practices and the social and school performance of Chinese children.
claimA study tracking more than 400 children from the age of 3 found that if children showed early signs of ADHD, their parents tended to become more authoritarian over time.
perspectiveRuth Chao (1994) argues that the authoritarian parenting style, as defined by Western psychologists, lacks an exact counterpart in traditional Chinese child-rearing.
claimAuthoritarian parenting is defined as a style that emphasizes blind obedience, highly restricted autonomy, and the control of children through threats, punishments, shaming, hostile remarks, and the withdrawal of affection.
claimThere are cultures where authoritative parenting, as defined by Western psychologists, is largely absent, and it is not clear that individuals in these cultures meet the criteria for permissive or authoritarian parenting either.
referenceRobinson, Mandleco, Olsen, and Hart (1995) developed a new measure for assessing authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive parenting practices, as published in Psychological Reports (77: 819–830).
claimDiana Baumrind observed that many parents in the 1960s United States fell into the category of 'authoritarian' parents, who held their children to inflexible standards of conduct and used harsh measures like hostile remarks, threats, shaming, and severe punishment to ensure compliance.
referenceRuth Chao (1994) argues that the authoritarian parenting style should be understood through the cultural notion of 'training' when examining Chinese parenting practices.
claimThe authoritarian parenting style is characterized as strict and dictatorial, and researchers associate it with children who may struggle more with self-regulation and socioemotional functioning.
The Relationship Between Parenting Style, Child Behaviour and ... gavinpublishers.com 10 facts
claimPermissive and authoritarian parenting styles can mediate the relationship between socioeconomic status factors and child behavior, but they tend to exacerbate rather than mitigate behavioral problems.
claimParenting styles, which include authoritarian, permissive, and authoritative styles, are characterized by varying levels of warmth/support, demands/control, and psychological pressure, and they influence child development and parental stress.
measurementIn a study of 1,393 participants, the mean scores for Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ) subscales were: Permissive (2.58), Authoritarian (2.24), Physical coercion (1.9), Non-reasoning/Punitive (2.05), Verbal hostility (2.77), Authoritative (3.86), Warmth and support (4.01), Autonomy granting (3.71), and Regulation (3.85).
measurementThe parents in the study most frequently engaged in an authoritative parenting style (mean = 3.86, SD = 0.51), followed by a permissive parenting style (mean = 2.58, SD = 0.56), and an authoritarian parenting style (mean = 2.24, SD = 0.54).
claimAuthoritarian and permissive parenting styles are associated with behavioural problems in children, as well as higher stress, depression, and irritability.
claimIn Hong Kong, traditional Chinese values, such as filial piety, emphasize authoritarian parenting styles focused on strict control, while contemporary progressive values promote more autonomy-granting approaches.
measurementIn the study's initial model, a higher number of children in the household is associated with an increase in authoritarian parenting style (B = 0.07, p = 0.015) and a decrease in authoritative parenting style (B = -0.09, p = 0.001).
claimAuthoritarian parenting, characterized by its strict nature, may inhibit the development of autonomy and social skills in children.
measurementRegarding monthly household income, permissive parenting exhibits a minor positive correlation with child difficulties (ab= 0.0166, p < 0.001), while authoritarian parenting shows a small negative relationship (ab= -0.0249, p < 0.001).
claimIn the study titled 'The Relationship Between Parenting Style, Child Behaviour and Socioeconomic Status: A Mediation Analysis', researchers found that higher parental educational level does not necessarily lead to better childhood outcomes unless paired with effective parenting practices, as evidenced by the negative correlation of the indirect effect of education on child difficulties through both permissive (ab= -0.1160, p < 0.001) and authoritarian (ab=-0.0950, p < 0.001) parenting styles.
Types of Parenting Styles and Effects on Children - StatPearls - NCBI ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Sep 18, 2022 8 facts
claimChildren of authoritarian parents may struggle with low self-esteem, which hinders their decision-making abilities.
claimAuthoritarian parenting is characterized by a one-way mode of communication where parents establish strict rules that children are expected to follow without question or negotiation, often with high standards, limited flexibility, and punishment for errors.
referencePong SL, Johnston J, and Chen V published 'Authoritarian Parenting and Asian Adolescent School Performance: Insights from the US and Taiwan' in the Int J Behav Dev in January 2010.
claimResearchers typically categorize parenting styles into 3, 4, or 5 psychological constructs, though the four main categories are authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, and uninvolved.
claimChildren raised with authoritarian parenting styles may exhibit higher levels of aggression, shyness, social ineptitude, and difficulty making their own decisions, though they often follow precise instructions effectively.
claimChildren raised by authoritarian parents often exhibit well-behaved behavior due to the consequences of misbehavior.
claimThe uncontrolled aggression observed in children of authoritarian parents may stem from challenges in managing anger due to a lack of proper guidance.
claimStrict parental rules and punishments associated with authoritarian parenting can drive children to rebel against authority figures as they grow older.
Impact of Parenting Style on Early Childhood Learning - Frontiers frontiersin.org Jun 29, 2022 7 facts
claimAuthoritarian parents utilize strict rules and constraints driven by an excessive level of authority to control their children's behavior, prioritizing unquestioning obedience and active interference in the child's actions.
claimAuthoritarian parents use both verbal and physical sanctions to penalize a child’s unwanted behavior while failing to appreciate positive behavior.
claimAuthoritarian and permissive parenting styles have a negative impact on children's academic achievement in Western cultures, according to research by Huang and Prochner in 2003.
claimChildren raised by authoritative parents generally experience the best developmental outcomes, while children raised by authoritarian or permissive parents experience the worst outcomes.
claimAuthoritarian parents place unrealistic expectations on their children.
claimChildren raised by authoritarian parents may experience anxiety, sadness, and uneasiness, resort to physical aggression when furious, struggle with communication, lack self-assurance, and be introverted or confrontational in social situations.
claimAuthoritarian parents are characterized as being resistant to change and making swift decisions.
The Impact of Maternal Childhood Trauma on Children's Problem ... dovepress.com Nov 4, 2024 3 facts
referenceCalzada, Sales, and O’Gara (2019) examined how maternal depression and acculturative stress impact Mexican-origin children through the mechanism of authoritarian parenting.
claimAuthoritarian and permissive parenting styles exacerbate children's problem behaviors, whereas authoritative parenting styles reduce them.
claimMaternal depression negatively affects parenting behaviors, often resulting in emotional abuse, neglect, and authoritarian parenting.
Associations between media parenting practices and early ... - Nature nature.com Jun 5, 2024 3 facts
claimAuthoritarian parenting is defined as having high control and low receptiveness.
claimThe four general parenting styles defined in literature are authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent/permissive, and neglectful/uninvolved parenting.
claimAuthoritative parenting is defined by high control and high receptiveness; authoritarian parenting by high control and low receptiveness; indulgent/permissive parenting by low control and high receptiveness; and neglectful/uninvolved parenting by low control and low receptiveness.
Parenting Styles and Their Effect on Child Development and Outcome academia.edu 2 facts
referenceCheung, Cheung, and Wu (2014) studied the relationship between career unreadiness, anxiety, and authoritarian parenting among undergraduates in the International Journal of Adolescence and Youth.
referenceKing, Vidourek, and Merianos (2016) conducted a national study finding a link between authoritarian parenting and youth depression.
Effects of Various Parenting Style on Children at Different Age Group ijfmr.com Nov 25, 2024 2 facts
claimDevelopmental psychologist Diana Baumrind defined the four primary parenting styles: authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and neglectful.
claimParenting styles, including authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and neglectful, play a crucial role in shaping children's emotional, social, and cognitive development, influencing their behavior, self-esteem, academic performance, and overall well-being.
Cultural Influences on Parenting Styles and Child Development carijournals.org Mar 29, 2024 2 facts
referenceLamborn, Mounts, Steinberg, and Dornbusch (2002) studied patterns of competence and adjustment among adolescents from authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and neglectful families, published in Child Development.
referenceSorkhabi published 'Authoritative and authoritarian parenting practices and social and school performance in Iranian children' in the Journal of Family Psychology in 2017.
The Effect of Parenting and the Parent-Child Relationship on ... - OUCI ouci.dntb.gov.ua 2 facts
measurementThe most common parenting style applied by parents in the study was authoritative (86.8%), followed by permissive (11.8%), and authoritarian (1.3%).
claimAuthoritarian parenting styles were found in families with lower socioeconomic conditions.
The Effects of Culture and Economics on Parenting Style and ... digitalcommons.sacredheart.edu 1 fact
claimParenting styles, including authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive approaches, influence childhood development and success in adulthood in different ways.
East and West parenting values are migrating and shaping each other childandfamilyblog.com 1 fact
claimOver the past 15 years, Chinese parents have become less authoritarian and less power-assertive, while becoming more sensitive to their children's feelings and needs and encouraging greater independence and autonomy.
Cross-cultural similarities and variations in parent-child value ... nature.com Nov 26, 2025 1 fact
referenceRudy and Grusec (2006) investigated authoritarian parenting in individualist and collectivist groups.
THE IMPACT OF DIFFERENT PARENTING STYLES ON THE ... ijssbulletin.com Nov 21, 2025 1 fact
claimAuthoritarian parenting is associated with increased aggression, particularly within the Chinese population.
The Impacts of Parenting Styles on Child Development research-archive.org Aug 4, 2024 1 fact
claimThere are four main parenting styles: authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, and neglective.