International sanctions have fostered the creation of powerful interest groups within the Iranian state that profit from shadow economies, such as clandestine oil exports and smuggling, and consequently resist reforms.

Authors

• Person: Not available Organization: BTI Project
  Iran Country Report 2026 - BTI Transformation Index

Sources

• Iran Country Report 2026 - BTI Transformation Index bti-project.org BTI Project via serper

Referenced by nodes (1)

• Iran location