In 2012, China initiated the 16+1 framework, a cooperation format between Beijing and 16 central and eastern European countries, 11 of which are European Union member states.

Authors

• Person: Not available Organization: European Council on Foreign Relations
  Independence play: Europe's pursuit of strategic autonomy

Sources

• Independence play: Europe's pursuit of strategic autonomy ecfr.eu European Council on Foreign Relations via serper

Referenced by nodes (3)

• China entity
• European Union entity
• framework concept