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Evolutionary psychologists use three primary strategies to develop and test hypotheses about whether a psychological trait is an evolved adaptation: (1) Cross-cultural Consistency, which presumes that human universals like smiling and crying are adaptations; (2) Function to Form, which uses known problems like paternity uncertainty to predict solutions like male sexual jealousy; and (3) Form to Function, which uses reverse-engineering to identify the function of traits like morning sickness.

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