Knowledge Tree
Relations (1)
cross_type 7.70 — strongly supporting 195 facts
The European Union and China are both identified as major global powers that exert significant influence over geopolitical dynamics in regions like Central Asia and the Middle East, as evidenced by [1], [2], and [3]. Furthermore, they are both actively involved in international policy-making, such as the development of AI regulations [4], [5], and are recognized as key external actors in diplomatic and mediation efforts [6], [7].
Facts (195)
Sources
Strategic Rivalry between United States and China swp-berlin.org 123 facts
perspectiveThe European Union must strengthen its capabilities for supranational geopolitics, ideally with transatlantic coordination, to effectively stand up to China in the long term.
perspectiveThe European Union views China as a vital cooperation partner for tackling global challenges, particularly regarding climate protection.
perspectiveThe power rivalry between the United States and China is negatively impacting the interests of the European Union and Germany.
perspectiveThe European Union opposes a broad 'decoupling' or severing of technological and economic ties with China, a strategy that has been discussed and partially prepared in the United States.
perspectiveThe European Union rejects the option of equidistance between the United States and China due to significant differences regarding values, political systems, and the rules-based international order.
claimThe European Union has limited ability to bilaterally contain status conflicts between the United States and China, which have intensified following the end of the collective leadership model in China and the concentration of power under Xi Jinping.
claimTo effectively manage its relationship with China, the European Union needs to be united, conflict-capable, legitimate, and possess industrial and technological resilience.
perspectiveThe author argues the European Union needs to expand trade and investment defense instruments to protect European businesses from Chinese state-owned enterprises and excessive subsidies.
claimThe European Union faces a threat of global digital commons collapse if it fails to establish permanent security- and confidence-building measures with major powers, including China, regarding cybersecurity and Industry 4.0.
perspectiveThe European Union should expand its collective Asia diplomacy in the fields of rule of law, democracy, and human rights, ideally in coordination with the United States.
claimThe most competitive and largest exporters within the European Union are the primary drivers of the European Union's China policy.
claimThe European Union views Asia as a region encompassing more than just China.
claimEconomic factors are the dominant element in the increasingly conflictual relationship between the European Union and China.
claimThe European Union member states fear the consequences of escalating trade disputes and geopolitical confrontation between the United States and China.
claimThe United States, European Union, Japan, and Canada accuse China of systematically stealing intellectual property and imposing competition-distorting requirements on Western companies operating in the Chinese market.
perspectiveThe European Union should maintain an independent position in trade disputes and defend rules-based multilateralism, despite foreign policy and security reasons preventing equidistance between the US and China.
perspectiveThe European Union rejects the option of equidistance between China and the United States due to significant differences regarding values, political systems, and the rules-based international order.
claimThe United States and China imposed tit-for-tat tariffs, which reduced bilateral trade and increased import costs, leading importers to switch to alternative suppliers like Vietnam, Mexico, and the European Union.
perspectiveThe European Union's foreign policy exists within a new system of coordinates determined by the axis of conflict between the United States and China, requiring the European Union to find and hold its own position.
claimThe European Union accuses China of systematically subsidizing Chinese private and state-owned enterprises to provide them with competitive advantages on a global scale.
claimEuro-American trade disputes hinder the ability of the European Union and the United States to utilize World Trade Organization (WTO) mechanisms to enforce free trade principles, such as intellectual property protections and market access reciprocity, against China.
claimChina, Russia, and the European Union are pursuing data localization initiatives to repatriate their citizens' data from the United States as a step toward regaining control.
claimThe European Union views Asia as a region encompassing more than just China.
claimThe trade practices of the United States and China, along with the resulting welfare losses, negatively affect Germany and the European Union.
perspectiveThe European Union aims to develop a reciprocal economic and technological interdependency with China based on jointly agreed principles and rules.
claimThe United States, European Union, Japan, and Canada accuse China of systematically stealing intellectual property and imposing competition-distorting requirements on Western companies operating in the Chinese market.
claimThe European Union lacks binding rules-based dispute resolution mechanisms for more than half of its trade, specifically regarding trade with the United States, China, and India, which differs from the existing WTO framework.
claimThe European Union views China as an economic competitor because China is strategically attempting to acquire segments of the European Union's high-tech research and manufacturing sectors, specifically artificial intelligence, robotics, and biotechnology.
perspectiveThe author argues that the European Union should maintain an independent position in trade disputes and defend rules-based multilateralism, despite security reasons preventing equidistance between the United States and China.
claimThe European Union faces a threat of a global collapse of the digital commons if it fails to work with major powers, including China, to establish security- and confidence-building measures for cybersecurity and Industry 4.0.
claimThe European Union's relationship with China is not focused on geostrategic containment and decoupling, unlike the United States' approach.
claimThe US-China conflict forces Germany and the European Union to determine the extent and terms of their support for the United States against China.
perspectiveThe European Union shares a broad range of economic, security, and normative interests with the United States, while maintaining a fundamental distance from China.
perspectiveThe European Union views China as a systemic rival that promotes alternative models of governance, in addition to being a negotiating partner and economic competitor.
perspectiveThe European Union shares broad economic, security, and normative interests with the United States, while maintaining a fundamental distance from China.
claimThe European Union's negotiating power and ability to pursue its interests regarding China increase as the member states become more unified.
claimChina operates primarily in the geo-economic arena, which aligns with the European Union's own power resources.
claimChina, Russia, and the European Union are pursuing data localization initiatives to repatriate their citizens' data from the United States as a means of regaining control.
claimThe European Union experiences direct and indirect negative impacts from the United States' policy of punitive tariffs against China, specifically regarding aluminum and steel directly, and diverted trade flows such as soybeans indirectly.
perspectiveThe power rivalry between China and the United States is increasingly affecting the interests of the European Union and Germany.
perspectiveTo stand up to China in the long term, the European Union must strengthen its capabilities for supranational geopolitics, ideally with transatlantic coordination and backing.
perspectiveThe European Union could utilize its expertise in non-digital economic sectors as a bargaining chip during times of escalating political conflict with the United States and China.
perspectiveThe European Union considers China a vital cooperation partner for addressing global challenges, particularly regarding climate protection.
perspectiveThe European Union views cooperation and competition as legitimate modes for a policy of self-assertion, alongside self-protection through a modern industrial policy designed to close the technology gap.
claimThe European Union and other powers must focus on upholding international rules and institutions, which are being harmed by both the United States and China.
claimUnlike the United States, the European Union does not treat China as an arch-enemy in a structural global conflict, nor does it focus its relationship on geostrategic containment and decoupling.
claimThe European Union is developing instruments for a confident European policy towards China, including foreign investment screening complemented by national legislation.
perspectiveEquidistance between China and the United States is not a viable option for the European Union due to significant gaps regarding values, political systems, and the rules-based international order.
perspectiveA strategic policy could aim to shape economic interdependence between the European Union, the United States, and China to incentivize all parties to avoid escalation, conflict, and the severance of relations.
claimEuropean Union member states are currently unwilling to relinquish powers or central coordination regarding China policy to the European Union level, which hinders the Union's ability to formulate coherent policies, particularly on human rights.
claimThe European Union accuses the Chinese government of systematically subsidizing private and state-owned enterprises to provide them with global competitive advantages.
claimThe next EU-China summit is scheduled for the second half of 2020, during the German EU presidency, and should be supplemented by a parliamentary component.
claimAt the April 2019 EU-China summit, certain European Union member states opposed a common stance on China due to fears that Beijing might respond with economic reprisals or sanctions regarding human rights criticisms.
claimThe European Union's strength in dealing with China and other great powers is derived from the democratic disposition of its member states, its supranational institutional order, its autonomous legal order, the size and potential of the Single Market, the common currency area, and its common trade and competition policy.
claimThe European Union's reliance on imported, strategically crucial technologies and resources causes sensitivity among member states, which delays decision-making in the Council and hinders the formulation of a coherent policy towards China, particularly on human rights issues.
perspectiveThe author argues the European Union must demand adequate concessions in bilateral talks with the United States regarding trade and tariffs, and with China regarding investment.
referenceIn a strategy paper published in March 2019, the High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, Federica Mogherini, defined China as an important partner in international cooperation, an economic competitor, and a systemic rival for the European Union.
claimEuropean Union member states are currently unwilling to relinquish central coordination or powers regarding policy towards China to the EU level.
claimThe European Union's relationship with China is characterized by a mix of cooperation, competition, and conflict, requiring the reconciliation of diverging interests among member states and market participants.
claimThe European Union's efforts to implement rules for the Digital Single Market face limitations when dealing with China and the United States.
perspectiveThe European Union must consider compensating for its dependency on the United States and China in core digital technologies by leveraging its strengths in other economic sectors.
claimBoth China and the United States have threatened the European Union and European businesses with disadvantages if they do not align with their respective demands.
claimPoland and Hungary have prevented European Union member states from presenting a united front at the United Nations regarding China.
claimExcluding Huawei from the European Union Single Market would accelerate the European Union's efforts to achieve digital sovereignty relative to China.
perspectiveThe European Union should maintain an independent position in trade disputes between the United States and China to uphold the principles of the European Single Market, such as non-discrimination and rules-orientation.
claimThe European Union views China as an economic competitor because China is strategically attempting to acquire stakes in European high-tech research and manufacturing sectors, specifically artificial intelligence, robotics, and biotechnology.
perspectiveCompanies and organizations in Germany and France, which maintain significant economic relations with China, have advocated for a strong and assertive European Union policy against China's unfair economic practices.
claimThe European Union derives its strength in dealings with China and other great powers from the democratic disposition of its member states, its supranational institutional order, its autonomous legal order, the size and potential of the Single Market, the common currency area, and its common trade and competition policy.
perspectiveThe European Union's connectivity strategy serves as a counter-approach to the one-sided dependencies that many Asian and African nations fear from China's Belt and Road Initiative.
perspectiveEuropean policy toward China can no longer rely on the transatlantic relationship as it did in the past, but must instead operate within a new system of coordinates defined by the conflict between the United States and China.
perspectiveIn a strategy paper published in March 2019, the High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, Federica Mogherini, defined China as an important partner in international cooperation, an economic competitor, and a systemic rival.
perspectiveThe European Union's connectivity strategy towards Asia is a sensible approach to address concerns about one-sided dependencies on China.
perspectiveThe European Union and its member states view China as a 'systemic rival promoting alternative models of governance' in addition to being a negotiating partner and economic competitor.
perspectiveThe European Union, as the world's largest internal market, should avoid joining the United States' strategy of containment or the decoupling of entire economic spaces in its approach to China.
perspectiveThe European Union considers China a vital cooperation partner for addressing global challenges, particularly regarding climate protection.
claimTo effectively pursue its interests regarding China, the European Union requires unity, conflict-capability, legitimacy, and industrial/technological resilience.
claimThe European Union aims to develop a reciprocal economic and technological interdependency with China based on jointly agreed principles and rules.
claimThe European Union's political impact and ability to formulate coherent policies toward China, particularly regarding human rights, are weakened by member states' sensitivity to dependencies on imported technologies and resources, which delays decision-making in the Council.
claimAt the April 2019 EU-China summit, certain European Union member states opposed a common stance on China due to fears of economic reprisals or sanctions from Beijing in response to human rights criticisms.
perspectiveStrategic interdependence, rather than decoupling, is the more promising approach for the European Union to deal with China.
perspectiveThe European Union should communicate to China that EU member states are united behind principle-based policies and reciprocity across all levels and policy areas.
claimThe European Union benefits from the fact that China operates primarily in the geo-economic arena, which is the same arena where the European Union's power resources lie.
perspectiveThe European Union must demand adequate concessions in its bilateral talks with the United States and China.
perspectiveThe European Union views China as a 'systemic rival promoting alternative models of governance' in addition to being a negotiating partner and economic competitor.
perspectiveThe European Union could utilize its expertise in non-digital sectors as a bargaining chip during times of escalating political conflict with the United States and China.
measurementTrade between China and the European Union grew by a factor of 250 between 1975 and 2018, reaching a total volume of $680 billion in 2018.
claimChina, Russia, and the European Union are pursuing data localization initiatives to repatriate their citizens' data from the United States as a step toward regaining control.
perspectiveChina's commitment to increase imports from the United States is likely to reduce imports from other regions like Brazil, the European Union, and Japan, potentially causing new trade controversies.
claimFor more than half of its trade, including with the United States, China, and India, the European Union lacks the possibility of binding rules-based dispute resolution comparable to the WTO framework.
claimThe European Union is China's largest trade partner, and China is the European Union's second-largest trade partner, following the United States.
claimThe European Union shares many of the United States' criticisms regarding unfair Chinese competition practices.
claimThe power rivalry between the United States and China is increasingly impinging on the interests of the European Union and Germany.
perspectiveThe European Union needs to develop a China policy for its drive towards strategic autonomy to escape the bipolar logic that demands it choose between American and Chinese economic and technological spheres.
referenceAxel Dorloff reported on the EU-China summit in an article titled 'EU-China-Gipfel: Auf der Suche nach Gemeinsamkeiten' published on tagesschau.de on April 9, 2019.
claimGermany and the European Union face concerns regarding the potential impact of Chinese technology investments on the European model of state and society, specifically regarding the protection of individual rights and the potential outflow of personal data.
perspectiveThe author argues that the European Union must ensure future United States-China trade agreements do not create discriminatory disadvantages for the European Union.
perspectiveThe European Union's policy towards China is most effective when it is embedded in a comprehensive strategy for European self-assertiveness rather than being conceived as a purely country-based strategy.
perspectiveThe European Union should communicate to China that its member states are united behind priorities of principle-based policies and reciprocity across all policy areas.
claimThe European Union's relationship with China is characterized by a mix of cooperation, competition, and conflict.
perspectiveChina's commitment to additional US imports is likely to lead to lower imports from other regions like Brazil, the European Union, and Japan, potentially triggering new controversies.
perspectiveThe European Union opposes a 'decoupling' strategy that would involve a broad severing of technological and economic ties with China, a strategy discussed and partially prepared by the United States.
claimChina and the United States threaten the European Union and European businesses with disadvantages if they do not align with their respective demands.
measurementThe European Union is China's largest trade partner, and China is the European Union's second-largest trade partner after the United States.
measurementTrade between China and the European Union expanded by a factor of 250 between 1975 and 2018, reaching a volume of $680 billion in 2018.
perspectiveThe European Union opposes a broad decoupling or severing of technological and economic ties with China, a policy approach that has been discussed and partially prepared in the United States.
perspectiveThe European Union should approach China with confidence and avoid joining the United States' strategies of containment or the decoupling of entire economic spaces.
perspectiveThe European Union views strategic interdependence with China, rather than decoupling, as the more promising approach to managing the relationship.
perspectiveThe European Union could utilize its expertise in sectors like chemical and medical research as a bargaining chip during times of escalating political conflict with the United States and China.
claimThe European Union is engaged in bilateral talks with the United States regarding trade and tariffs and with China regarding an investment agreement.
perspectiveThe European Union should offer third states alternatives to Chinese direct investment through cooperation that is lucrative for the recipient nations.
claimThe European Union's connectivity strategy towards Asia is a proposed approach to address concerns about one-sided dependencies on China.
claimThe European Union risks being negatively impacted by the US-China rivalry, with member states fearing the consequences of escalating trade disputes and geopolitical confrontation in the Pacific.
perspectiveThe European Union needs to develop a China policy for its drive towards strategic autonomy to escape the bipolar logic that demands it choose between American and Chinese economic and technological spheres.
claimThe United States, the European Union, Japan, and Canada accuse China of systematically stealing intellectual property and imposing competition-distorting requirements on Western companies operating in the Chinese market.
claimThe European Union and its member states are directly and indirectly affected by the rivalry between the United States and China.
claimThe European Union experiences direct negative impacts from the United States' policy of punitive tariffs towards China in the aluminium and steel sectors, and indirect impacts through the diversion of trade flows, such as soybeans.
claimThe European Union shares many of the United States' criticisms regarding unfair Chinese competition practices, though Brussels and Washington maintain disagreements over trade questions and WTO principles.
claimThe European Union and its member states are directly and indirectly affected by the rivalry between the United States and China.
claimThe European Union and other powers must focus on upholding international rules and institutions, which are being harmed by both the United States and China.
perspectiveThe author argues that if the European Union takes a side in the United States-China conflict, it would lose trade policy credibility, weaken its position as an honest broker, and become a junior partner.
claimThe European Union lacks binding rules-based dispute resolution mechanisms for more than half of its trade, specifically regarding trade with the United States, China, and India, as these relationships currently lack the framework that exists within the World Trade Organization.
perspectiveThe European Union's policy towards China is most effective when it is embedded in a comprehensive strategy for the European Union's self-assertiveness rather than being conceived as a purely country-based strategy.
perspectiveEuropean Union policy towards China can no longer rely on the transatlantic relationship as it did in the past, as it now exists within a system of coordinates determined by the conflict between the United States and China.
Quest for Strategic Autonomy? Europe Grapples with the US - China ... realinstitutoelcano.org 9 facts
measurementThe European Union's trade deficit with China has widened, while investment relations with Beijing remain limited and uneven.
claimFrance's decline in imports from China is consistent with its leading role in promoting the European Union's de-risking efforts and a level playing field in trade relations with China.
claimThe European Think-tank Network on China (ETNC) assessed in 2020 that neither the European Union nor its Member States were equidistant between the United States and China, a position the network maintains remains valid.
claimIf Donald Trump's trade policies reduce the European Union's trade surplus with the United States, the European Union may lose its economic cushion, potentially exacerbating tensions with China unless Beijing adopts a more open trade stance.
claimThe overall geopolitical trend for the European Union is characterized by increased distrust toward the United States, cautious and selective re-engagement with China, and a greater willingness to pursue strategic autonomy.
claimThe European Union's trade deficit with China is currently offset by a large surplus with the United States.
measurementBetween 2018 and 2023, the share of EU exports to China declined by 19%, while imports from China increased by 3%, widening the trade imbalance between Europe and China.
measurementIn 2023, the European Union's persistent trade deficit in goods with China amounted to USD 316.63 billion.
measurementThe European Union's economic links with China are significantly stronger than with the United States only in the area of goods imports, a pattern that has persisted since 2020.
Geopolitics of the energy transition: between global challenges and ... geoprogress-edition.eu 5 facts
claimThe cross-impact technique identifies dynamic relationships between geopolitical actors, such as the competition between the European Union and China for control of battery supply chains.
claimBoth the European Union and the United States are seeking to reduce their dependence on China for critical raw material supply chains.
perspectiveThe global energy transition is characterized by both competition and collaboration among key actors, with China and Russia consolidating influence over critical resources while the European Union and the United States strive to establish global standards for a sustainable future.
claimThe European Union aims to reduce energy dependence on Russia and China, diversify its energy sources, and reinforce transport and storage infrastructure amidst growing geopolitical competition.
claimGeopolitical competition, such as the rivalry between the European Union and China over supply chain control, intersects with strategic alliances, such as the strengthening of ties between Russia and China.
How China is responding to escalating strategic competition with the ... brookings.edu 5 facts
claimThe imminent inauguration of Joe Biden provided an impetus for Beijing to offer fresh concessions to finalize the China-European Union Comprehensive Agreement on Investment.
claimChinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi urged China and the European Union to prioritize unity and cooperation over ideological divisions in an end-of-year press interview on January 2, 2021.
claimIn 2020, the ASEAN bloc became China's primary trading partner, the European Union became the second-largest, and the United States fell to third place.
claimThe China-European Union Comprehensive Agreement on Investment was finalized after seven years and 35 rounds of negotiations, with the imminent inauguration of Joe Biden providing an impetus for China to make fresh concessions.
claimThe Chinese government has encouraged the European Union to pursue strategic autonomy, specifically by resisting United States efforts to form a trans-Atlantic front in opposition to China.
Tracing the geopolitical influence and regional power dynamics in ... link.springer.com 4 facts
claimCentral Asia is positioned strategically between Asia and Europe, making it a key arena for competition among China, Russia, the European Union, and the United States due to its vast resources and energy reserves.
procedureThe study uses a qualitative research design grounded in interpretive analysis to examine the shifting geopolitical landscape of Central Asia and the interactions of external powers including China, Russia, the United States, and the European Union.
claimCentral Asian economies focus primarily on international markets such as Russia, China, and the EU rather than on intra-regional trade.
claimGreat powers, including the US, China, Russia, Turkey, and the EU, influence Central Asia through military cooperation, investments in energy and transportation corridors, and diplomatic initiatives to incorporate the region into geoeconomic frameworks like the Eurasian Economic Union or the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).
The crises in the Middle East: reshaping the region's geopolitical ... link.springer.com 4 facts
claimThe expansion of Russian and Chinese influence in the Middle East may exacerbate tensions with traditional power brokers like the United States and the European Union, potentially leading to increased competition, proxy conflicts, and arms races.
claimGlobal powers including the United States, Russia, China, and European Union nations are intricately involved in the Middle East, navigating the region's multifaceted crises with diverse interests and strategies.
claimThe current global order is characterized by the influence of global powers such as the United States, the European Union, Russia, and China on conflicts and crises, alongside the significant impact of regional state and non-state actors in reshaping the geopolitical map.
claimMiller (2022) argues that external interventions by global powers, including the United States, Russia, China, and the European Union, have complicated Middle Eastern geopolitical dynamics by worsening existing conflicts and fueling regional rivalries through military interventions, arms sales, and diplomatic maneuvering.
European Union | Springer Nature Link link.springer.com 4 facts
referenceBiba, S. (2025) published 'The European union’s place in United States–China strategic competition: How role dynamics drive Brussels towards Washington' in the JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 63(1), 71–88.
claimThe European Union's geopolitical power is rooted in rules, standard setting, and multilateralism, which allows the Union to influence international affairs and position itself relative to other great powers like the United States, China, and Russia.
perspectiveGarcia-Herrero and Vasselier propose that the European Union's strategy on China should focus on co-existence while simultaneously derisking through the development of partnerships.
claimT. Poutala, E. Sinkkonen, and M. Mattlin analyzed the European Union's strategic autonomy in relation to the perceived challenge posed by China, specifically addressing the de-weaponization of critical hubs, in 2022.
The EU's Open Strategic Autonomy and the challenge of ... globalpolicyjournal.com 4 facts
accountThe Anti-Coercion Instrument (ACI) was designed to protect EU Member States from economic coercion, specifically following China's economic targeting of Lithuania in 2021 after Lithuania opened a Taiwanese diplomatic mission.
claimThe United States under the second Trump administration has endorsed a 'dirty growth' policy course, which creates missed opportunities for the European Union to lead in clean industrial transitions and risks making China the only pole of attraction for emerging market countries.
claimThe European Union's New Export Control Regime restricts exports incorporating dual-use technologies, specifically targeting China and Russia, and functions as a catch-up response to pre-existing US restrictions.
claimThe Critical Raw Materials Act (CRMA) is a reactive European Union measure designed to reduce dependency on China as a rare-earths supplier and regain centrality in design and fabrication segments relative to the United States, utilizing selectively protectionist trade measures and targeted investment for 17 critical raw materials.
Transatlantic Trade, the Trump Disruption and the World ... - ECPS populismstudies.org 3 facts
claimThe EU considered strategies for dealing with the evolving institutional environment of global trade, including leading a reformed WTO-like global trading order, enhancing bilateral trade agreements, or 'muddling through' to bring the United States and China back into a reconstituted WTO.
claimThe growth in World Trade Organization (WTO) membership among developing countries, including China, created trade pressures on both the United States and European Union member states as global trade competition increased.
claimLarge regional trade alliances such as the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) and the European Union could potentially merge to provide the critical mass for a new global trade institution, eventually drawing in China and the United States.
Advancing energy efficiency: innovative technologies and strategic ... oaepublish.com 3 facts
referenceAllouhi et al. analyzed energy use data from 2011 across the United States, Australia, China, and the European Union, emphasizing the need for more detailed data to effectively target policies due to the variability of energy use across nations.
referenceCao et al. explored energy use and efficiency in China, the United States, and the European Union in 2012, focusing on Zero Energy Buildings (ZEBs) as a potential model for reducing consumption.
measurementEfficiency initiatives in nine major nations and regions, including the US, China, and the EU, saved nearly 1,500 TWh of electricity in 2018, an amount equivalent to the total electricity produced by wind and solar power combined in those locations that year.
War in the Middle East and the Role of AI-Powered Cyberattacks manaramagazine.org 2 facts
claimJapan, the European Union, and China are currently drafting rules regarding AI transparency and third-party audits, while the United States has established military ethics guidelines for autonomous systems.
claimThe European Union is drafting an AI Act, and other nations like Japan and China are developing rules regarding artificial intelligence transparency and third-party audits.
Talking Points: US–China Competition and the International Order usali.org 2 facts
claimProfessor Sahashi defines the post-Cold War order as having three elements: the United States as a unipolar or dominating power, the importance of regional integration (such as the EU and ASEAN), and the agreement between China and Russia to underpin the international order.
claimProfessor Sahashi claims that the post-Cold War order has ended because the European Union is disintegrating, China and Russia no longer underpin the international order as previously agreed, and the United States has changed its willingness to use its power to shape the international order.
Quest for Strategic Autonomy? Europe Grapples with the US - Ifri ifri.org 2 facts
claimThe European Union's economic relations with the United States and China have experienced general continuity in recent years, despite the potential for instability caused by the Trump Administration's aggressive foreign and trade policies and the implementation of the European Union's emerging economic security agenda.
claimThe overall trend in European Union foreign policy is characterized by increased distrust toward the United States, cautious and selective re-engagement with China, and a greater willingness to pursue strategic autonomy.
Strategic Decoupling and Its Implications for US-China Relations rsis.edu.sg 2 facts
claimUS tariffs on China are expected to remain significantly higher than those imposed on the European Union, the United Kingdom, or Japan, even if some tariff reductions occur.
claimUS tariffs on China are expected to remain significantly higher than those imposed on the European Union, the United Kingdom, or Japan, even if some tariff reductions occur.
Opportunities for Collective Regional Security in the Middle East carnegieendowment.org 2 facts
perspectiveSome ruling elites and civil society groups in the Middle East believe that global powers, specifically the United States, China, Russia, and the European Union, should intervene to stabilize the region.
claimGlobal powers including the United States, China, Russia, and the European Union have adopted fragmented and reactive approaches to Middle Eastern conflicts, often prioritizing immediate interests or crisis management over structural resolution.
The International Implications of the Russo-Ukrainian War link.springer.com 2 facts
claimThe European Union's ability to broker peace deals or influence the outcome of the Russo-Ukrainian War is limited by internal divisions and its complex relationships with China and the United States.
perspectiveThe United States seeks to rally European allies to take a tougher stance on China regarding economic decoupling and technology restrictions, whereas some European Union nations prefer maintaining open channels of dialogue and trade.
Navigating market and political uncertainties in the age of energy ... brookings.edu 1 fact
claimThe European Union has enacted tariffs on Chinese electric vehicles ranging from 8% to 35%, depending on the manufacturer, to protect its auto industry and offset subsidies received from the Chinese government.
The Tariff Tug-of-War: A Look at Protectionism and Free Trade Over ... wita.org 1 fact
claimThe Trump Administration's tariffs triggered retaliatory actions from trading partners including China and the European Union, which led to global supply chain disruptions and increased costs for United States businesses and consumers.
The U.S.-China Trade Relationship | Council on Foreign Relations cfr.org 1 fact
claimThe United States, European Union members, and Japan share concerns regarding Chinese trade practices.
ESS Subtopic 6.2: Climate change – Causes and Impacts mrgscience.com 1 fact
claimDeveloped nations, including the United States, China, and European Union countries, contribute the largest share of current global greenhouse gas emissions due to industrial activities, energy consumption, and transportation.
The European Union's Strategic Autonomy, Transatlantic Shifts and ... frictions.europeamerica.de 1 fact
claimThe European Union's economic competitiveness is a growing concern in Brussels because the bloc lags behind the United States and China in key sectors such as digital technology, artificial intelligence, and green energy.
Fact Sheet: USTR Initiates 60 Section 301 Investigations Relating to ... ustr.gov 1 fact
claimThe Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR) has initiated Section 301 investigations into 60 specific economies: Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Australia, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Brazil, Cambodia, Canada, Chile, China (People’s Republic of), Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, European Union, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Hong Kong (China), India, Indonesia, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Libya, Malaysia, Mexico, Morocco, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Qatar, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Türkiye, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, Uruguay, Venezuela, and Vietnam.
USTR Launches 60 Section 301 Investigations on Forced Labor Trade linkedin.com 1 fact
claimThe economies under investigation by the USTR include Algeria, Vietnam, China, the European Union, India, Mexico, Japan, and the United Kingdom.
USTR Initiates New Section 301 Trade Investigations Into 60 Partners steptoe.com 1 fact
claimThe Section 301 investigation regarding structural excess capacity and production covers 16 trading partners: Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, the European Union, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, Norway, Singapore, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam.
World Trade Without the US | Cato Institute cato.org 1 fact
claimThe United Arab Emirates has concluded new trade deals with Kenya, Malaysia, and New Zealand, and is pursuing trade talks with the European Union, Japan, China, Korea, Australia, Pakistan, India, Turkey, and MERCOSUR.
U.S.-China Relations cfr.org 1 fact
accountIn March 2012, the United States, the European Union, and Japan filed a request for consultations with China at the World Trade Organization regarding China's restrictions on exporting rare earth metals.
USTR Initiates 60 Section 301 Investigations Relating to Failures to ... ustr.gov 1 fact
claimThe 60 US trade partners subject to the USTR Section 301 investigations regarding forced labor include Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, the European Union, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Libya, Malaysia, Mexico, Morocco, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Peru, the Philippines, Qatar, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Türkiye, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, Uruguay, Venezuela, and Vietnam.
Why the US and the WTO should part ways - CEPR cepr.org 1 fact
claimThe European Union and the United States have different attitudes toward China, with the EU believing it can resolve issues with China within the WTO framework, while the United States does not share this belief (Allison 2017, Kefferpütz 2020, Liboreiro 2025).
Tariffs: Estimating the Economic Impact of the 2025 Measures and ... richmondfed.org 1 fact
measurementThe most aggressive tariff package simulated by the Richmond Fed includes a 25 percent tariff on EU imports, 20 percent on Chinese imports, 25 percent on steel and aluminum, 25 percent on non-USMCA goods from Canada and Mexico, and 25 percent on auto imports.
The Evolution of Tariffs: The United States' Historical Implementation ... thefinplangroup.com 1 fact
measurementIn response to 2018 U.S. tariffs, the European Union imposed tariffs on $3.2 billion worth of U.S. goods, and China imposed tariffs on $110 billion worth of U.S. goods.
Can the U.S. Move from Multilateral to Bilateral Trade Agreements? southernagtoday.org 1 fact
measurementThe European Union is the largest market for U.S. products, accounting for 17.51 percent of exports, followed by Canada (17.07 percent), Mexico (14.51 percent), and China (8 percent).
USTR Launches Broad Section 301 Investigations Into Excess ... dwt.com 1 fact
claimThe USTR initiated an investigation on March 11, 2026, to determine if structural excess capacity and production in manufacturing sectors in 16 customs jurisdictions, including China, the European Union, and Mexico, are unreasonable or discriminatory and burden or restrict U.S. commerce.
The geopolitics of energy transition, part 1: Six challenges for the ... ine.org.pl 1 fact
measurementThe share of renewable energy in satisfying national energy demand has reached approximately 12% in the United States, 20% in the European Union, and 26% in China.
USTR initiates Section 301 investigations of 60 US trade partners ... jdsupra.com 1 fact
claimOn March 10, 2026, the Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR) announced the initiation of a Section 301 investigation targeting industrial excess capacity in 16 US trade partners: China, the European Union, Singapore, Switzerland, Norway, Indonesia, Malaysia, Cambodia, Thailand, South Korea, Vietnam, Taiwan, Bangladesh, Mexico, Japan, and India.
A Status Quo Power in a Changing Region: Iran's Regionalism in ... cambridge.org 1 fact
claimThe establishment of the Middle Corridor would diminish the influence of Russia, Iran, and China in the South Caucasus and Central Asia, while simultaneously elevating the roles of Turkey and the European Union in Eurasian geoeconomic affairs.