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• Spinoza’s pantheism, Leibniz’s monads, and the philosophy of Bertrand Russell are considered early examples of cosmological models that align with aspect dualism.
• Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz's panpsychism is a form of idealism that favors the mental realm, distinguishing it from Baruch Spinoza's neutral monism.
• Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677) and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716) proposed panpsychist views as an attempt to provide a more unified picture of nature in opposition to the dualism of Galileo and Descartes.
• Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz viewed the universe as a mere aggregate, which stands in sharp contrast to the views of Baruch Spinoza.
• Occasionalism and parallelistic views, such as those proposed by Leibniz or Spinoza, utilized a Divine principle to explain the correlation between mental and physical states to avoid the need for a naturalistic explanation.
• Unlike Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz or Baruch Spinoza, George Berkeley did not believe that material objects possessed minds, nor did he see a correspondence between the order of the material world and the mental order.
• Roelofs (2015) argues that the structure of human conscious experience might exceed our awareness of it, a view that echoes the philosophies of Leibniz and Spinoza.
• Philosophical systems like Spinoza’s neutral monism and Leibniz’s monadology were based on logical speculation without empirical evidence concerning the physical correlates of conscious experience.
• Baruch Spinoza and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz are proponents of two distinct and formatively important versions of panpsychism.
• Baruch Spinoza and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz are two thinkers who responded to the dilemma of the mind-body problem by endorsing versions of panpsychism.
• The school of rationalism, which includes René Descartes, Baruch Spinoza, and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, asserts that the human mind possesses innate ideas that exist independently of experience.
• Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz's version of panpsychism is sometimes caricatured as Spinoza's philosophy but with infinitely many substances rather than one.
• Panpsychism is one of the oldest philosophical theories and has been historically ascribed to philosophers including Thales, Plato, Spinoza, Leibniz, Schopenhauer, William James, Alfred North Whitehead, and Bertrand Russell.
• The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on Panpsychism lists related entries including George Berkeley, consciousness, René Descartes, dualism, emergent properties, epiphenomenalism, Charles Hartshorne, William James, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, mereology, monism, neutral monism, pantheism, physicalism, qualia, quantum theory and consciousness, Josiah Royce, Baruch Spinoza, Alfred North Whitehead, and Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt.
• René Descartes, Baruch Spinoza, and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz are considered the three primary luminaries of modern rationalist philosophy.
• Baruch Spinoza’s neutral monism and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz’s monadology were attempts to avoid a rupture between the physical and the phenomenal realms.
• Historically, panpsychism draws from Baruch Spinoza's dictum that 'all things are animate in various degrees' and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz's vision of a universe composed of perceiving monads.
• Unlike Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz or Baruch Spinoza, George Berkeley did not believe there was a correspondence between the order of the material world and the mental order.
• In the 17th century, Baruch Spinoza and Gottfried Leibniz were proponents of panpsychism.