Knowledge Tree
Relations (1)
related 5.49 — strongly supporting 43 facts
Memory and perception are frequently grouped together in cognitive psychology and epistemology as fundamental mental processes {fact:4, 17} and primary sources of knowledge or intellectual virtues {fact:11, 12, 14, 18, 20}. They are often analyzed in tandem within philosophical debates regarding the reduction of testimony {fact:9, 23, 25} and are cited as essential components of human cognition and self-consciousness {fact:3, 5, 26}.
Facts (43)
Sources
Epistemology of Testimony | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy iep.utm.edu 15 facts
perspectiveGreen argues that epistemic parity between testimony, memory, and perception is a more economical and likely true account of epistemic phenomena than accounts that distinguish sharply between the three sources.
quoteTomoji Shogenji states: "[B]y the time the epistemic subject is in possession of testimonial evidence by interpreting people’s utterances, her belief in the general credibility of their testimony is well supported. For, unless the hypothesis that testimony is generally credible is true, the epistemic subject is unable to interpret utterances and hence has no testimonial evidence. … The unintelligibility of testimony without general credibility is … not an objection to reductionism about testimonial justification, but a consequence of the dual role of the observation used for interpretation—the observation confirms the interpretation of utterances and the credibility of testimony at the same time. … [E]ven a young child’s trust in testimony can be justified by her own perception and memory. In order for people’s utterances to be testimonial evidence for her, the child must have interpreted the utterances, but the kind of experience that allows her to interpret the utterances is also the kind of experience that supports the general credibility of testimony."
claimThe 'reactionary' epistemic position accepts only principles regarding a priori insight, internal experiences, and deduction, while rejecting principles related to memory, enumerative induction, inference to the best explanation, perception, and testimony.
claimTomoji Shogenji argues that reductionists justifying trust in testimony cannot cite other people's perception and memory, but only the epistemic subject's own perception and memory.
claimWhile some philosophers require positive reasons to believe in the reliability of a testifier, most do not insist that a subject must have a sufficiently large inductive base to justify an inference from other beliefs or reduce testimony to perception, memory, or inference.
claimPeter Graham defines a "reactionary" as someone who accepts only principles of a priori insight, internal experiences, and deduction, while rejecting principles related to memory, enumerative induction, inference to the best explanation, perception, and testimony.
quotePeter Graham (2004) states: “The central claim the Anti-Reductionist makes is that the epistemologies of perception, memory, and testimony should all look more or less alike.”
perspectiveReductionism views testimony as akin to inference and places a relatively heavy burden on the recipient of testimony, whereas anti-reductionism views testimony as akin to perception or memory and places a relatively light burden on the recipient.
claimGreen argues that the epistemic parity of testimony, memory, and perception follows from the epistemic innocence of transformations that turn instances of testimonially-based beliefs into instances of beliefs based on the other two sources, preserving the structure of the explanation of epistemic status.
quoteRobert Audi states: "[W]e cannot test the reliability of one of these basic sources [that is, for Audi, a source like perception or memory, but not testimony] or even confirm an instance of it without relying on that very source. … With testimony, one can, in principle, check reliability using any of the standard basic sources."
quoteGalen Strawson (1994) suggests that testimony as a source of belief requires other sources like perception, stating: "[T]he employment of perception and memory is a necessary condition of the acquisition and retention of any knowledge (or belief) which is communicated linguistically…"
claimBeliefs can be categorized based on their source or root, such as perceptual, deductive, inductive, memorial, or testimonial.
claimGreen (2006) excludes beliefs that cannot be perceptually-based, such as mathematical facts, from his argument regarding the epistemic parity of testimony, memory, and perception.
claimBelief sources include perception (e.g., seeing a chair), deduction (e.g., concluding q from p entails q), induction (e.g., inferring future gravity from past gravity), and memory (e.g., remembering past events).
claimBeliefs can be based on multiple sources simultaneously, such as being partly testimonially-based and partly perceptually-based, or partly inductively-based and partly memorially-based.
Development of Behavioral Economics - NCBI - NIH ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 4 facts
claimPerception, attention, and memory are three fundamental classes of cognitive processes that significantly influence decision-making across individuals and domains.
claimResearch in cognitive psychology and neuroscience has demonstrated that human decision-making is influenced by fundamental cognitive processes such as perception, attention, and memory, and their significant limitations.
claimPerception, attention, and memory are three fundamental classes of cognitive processes that significantly influence decision-making across individuals and domains.
claimCognitive psychologists and neuroscientists have contributed to behavioral economics by providing a detailed understanding of human cognitive processes, including perception, attention, and memory, and their limitations.
Epistemology - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy plato.stanford.edu 4 facts
claimFor true beliefs to qualify as knowledge, they must originate from sources considered reliable, which include perception, introspection, memory, reason, and testimony.
claimFor a belief to qualify as knowledge, it must originate from sources considered reliable, such as perception, introspection, memory, reason, and testimony, rather than psychological factors like desires, emotional needs, prejudice, or biases.
claimIn the strict philosophical usage, the term 'experience' includes perceptual, introspective, and memorial experiences.
claimStandard reliabilism asserts that justification is derived from the reliability of the types of processes in which beliefs originate, such as perception, introspection, memory, and rational intuition, rather than the mere possession of evidence.
Epistemological Problems of Testimony plato.stanford.edu 3 facts
referenceTyler Burge published the paper 'Interlocution, Perception, and Memory' in Philosophical Studies in 1997.
claimReductionists argue that testimonial justification depends entirely on features related to the hearer, such as the hearer's perception of the speaker, the hearer's memory of testimony reliability, and the hearer's inference that the speaker's statement is likely true.
claimEpistemologists debate whether testimony is a basic source of justification or if it can be reduced to other epistemic sources like perception, memory, and inference.
Virtue Epistemology | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy iep.utm.edu 2 facts
claimJohn Greco defines intellectual virtues as innate faculties or acquired habits, such as perception, reliable memory, and good reasoning, that enable a person to reach truth and avoid error in a relevant field.
claimErnest Sosa identifies reason, perception, introspection, and memory as qualities that satisfy the conditions of an intellectual virtue or faculty.
Virtue Epistemology - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy plato.stanford.edu 2 facts
claimVirtue reliabilists, such as Goldman, Greco, and Sosa, define intellectual virtues as faculties like perception, intuition, and memory, viewing their approach as a descendant of externalist epistemologies like process reliabilism.
claimJason Baehr (2006b) argues that virtue reliabilists should incorporate trait-virtues because traits like intellectual courage and perseverance are necessary to explain how a knower arrives at the truth, rather than relying solely on faculty-virtues like memory and perception.
Epistemology - Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org 2 facts
claimEpistemologists investigate sources of justification, including perception, introspection, memory, reason, and testimony, to discover how knowledge arises.
claimSources of justification are cognitive capacities or methods through which people acquire justification, with commonly discussed sources including perception, introspection, memory, reason, and testimony.
What Role Does Language Play in Self-Identity? → Question lifestyle.sustainability-directory.com 1 fact
claimPsycholinguistics research indicates that language influences cognitive processes, including memory, attention, and perception.
Psychology and Cognitive Science on Consciousness klinikong.com 1 fact
claimCognitive psychology examines internal mental processes, including perception, memory, reasoning, and decision-making.
Virtue Epistemology, Anyone? - The Philosophers' Magazine - philosophersmag.com 1 fact
claimVirtue reliabilists define intellectual virtues as faculties such as intuition, memory, and perception.
Social Epistemology - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy plato.stanford.edu 1 fact
claimReductionism in epistemology is the view that the justification of beliefs derived from testimony can be reduced to justifications provided by other sources such as perception, memory, and induction.
Epistemic Justification – Introduction to Philosophy: Epistemology press.rebus.community 1 fact
claimVirtue reliabilism is the view that justified beliefs are produced by reliable cognitive faculties of persons, such as perception, memory, intuition, and introspection.
Ancient Roots of Today's Emerging Renaissance in ... link.springer.com 1 fact
referenceFrederick Barrett, Samuel Krimmel, Roland Griffiths, David Seminowicz, and Brian Mathur found that psilocybin acutely alters the functional connectivity of the claustrum with brain networks involved in perception, memory, and attention.
Self-Consciousness - Open Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science oecs.mit.edu 1 fact
claimThe perspective that self-consciousness relies on specific sources of information (introspection, perception, spatial representation, memory, and proprioception) bridges the gap between philosophical discussions and contemporary cognitive science, while suggesting that self-consciousness exists in degrees and is more widely distributed than previously thought.
Social Epistemology – Introduction to Philosophy - Rebus Press press.rebus.community 1 fact
claimNon-reductionism faces a phenomenalistic problem because, unlike other sources of justification such as perception, introspection, memory, or intuition, testimony does not inherently present itself as true.
Virtue epistemology - Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org 1 fact
claimVirtue responsibilism emphasizes intellectual character traits—such as creativity, inquisitiveness, rational rigor, and honesty—as more virtuous than faculties like perception and memory.
Naturalized epistemology and cognitive science | Intro to... - Fiveable fiveable.me 1 fact
claimCognitive psychology focuses on mental processes including perception, attention, memory, and reasoning.
The Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavior Therapy on Anxiety ... openpublichealthjournal.com 1 fact
claimAttention is a cognitive process where individuals focus on specific aspects of information while ignoring others, and it is considered a key component of intelligence, memory, and perception.