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Opportunities for Collective Regional Security in the Middle East carnegieendowment.org 13 facts
claimEgypt, Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Türkiye, Israel, and Iran recalibrated their foreign policies in response to the instability and shifting landscape caused by the Arab Spring.
claimPrior to October 7, 2023, Saudi Arabia focused on internal reforms under its Vision 2030 framework, pursued new security agreements with the United States, and explored the possibility of normalizing relations with Israel.
claimThe Arab Spring uprisings caused radical changes to the foreign policies of Egypt, Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Türkiye, Israel, and Iran, similar to how previous conflicts like the Iran-Iraq War, the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, and the American invasion of Iraq reshaped the region.
claimEgypt, Saudi Arabia, the UAE, and Türkiye have rejected Israeli plans for the displacement of Palestinians, settlement expansion, and the violation of Lebanese sovereignty.
claimRegional actors are currently involved in direct or proxy conflicts: Israel is in tension with Iran; Türkiye is intervening in Syria and Iraq; the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia are militarily involved in Yemen; and Egypt is involved in Libya, Sudan, and the Horn of Africa.
claimUnited States policy conditions regional normalization agreements with Israel on Saudi Arabia's normalization with Israel, without addressing Palestinian rights or the two-state solution, which undermines Saudi ambitions.
claimTürkiye coordinated with Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates to exert pressure on the Israeli government to halt military operations and end the war.
claimSaudi Arabia pursued a dual-track foreign policy strategy: strengthening its strategic alliance with the United States, including seeking security guarantees and support for a peaceful nuclear program, while simultaneously exploring normalization with Israel, contingent on Israeli acceptance of a Palestinian state.
claimPrior to October 7, 2023, Israel established security alliances with major Arab states including Egypt, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Jordan, and Türkiye.
claimSaudi Arabia's ability to shield itself from regional fallout is threatened by direct and proxy conflicts between Israel, Iran, and Türkiye, necessitating a robust collective security arrangement to achieve its domestic and strategic priorities.
claimEgypt, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Türkiye, Israel, and Iran possess significant political, military, economic, and diplomatic influence that allows them to impact regional stability in the Middle East.
claimBefore October 7, 2023, regional actors adopted varied strategies to increase security: Saudi Arabia sought to ease tensions with Iran, the United Arab Emirates focused on deepening cooperation with Israel, Egypt prioritized national security amidst domestic challenges, and Türkiye reduced its engagement in regional conflicts.
claimThe feasibility of a collective regional security endeavor led by Saudi Arabia, Egypt, the UAE, Türkiye, Israel, and Iran is contingent on overcoming significant obstacles, including mutual distrust, conflicting strategic goals, and the divergent policies of their respective governments.
Monday Briefing: Israel-Hamas war: Conflict scenarios, ... mei.edu 3 facts
claimSeveral Arab countries, including Egypt and Saudi Arabia, have called for a de-escalation between Israel and Hamas, a position the Biden administration has avoided.
accountU.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken conducted a six-day diplomatic tour visiting seven countries, including Israel, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia, to align U.S. partners regarding the Israel-Hamas war and prevent regional escalation.
claimPalestinian Authority officials believed they were leveraging Saudi Arabia’s normalization discussions with Israel to rejuvenate their waning political relevance prior to the conflict.
War by Proxy: Iran's Growing Footprint in the Middle East - CSIS csis.org 3 facts
claimThe regional conflict involving Iran includes the war in Yemen, the Houthi use of ballistic missiles against Saudi Arabia, an escalating conflict with Israel in Syria, the growth of Shia militia forces in Iraq, targeted assassinations, and cyberattacks.
claimThe regional conflict involving Iran includes the war in Yemen, the Houthi use of ballistic missiles against Saudi Arabia, an escalating conflict with Israel in Syria, the growth of Shia militia forces in Iraq, targeted assassinations, and cyberattacks.
claimIranian activism and the proliferation of Iranian-backed non-state actors have alarmed regional governments, including Israel, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, and Morocco, facilitating broader regional balancing against Iran.
Iran War: Kinetic, Cyber, Electronic and Psychological Warfare ... resecurity.com 2 facts
claimThe United States advised American citizens to immediately leave Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen due to escalating Iranian strikes and planned US retaliatory strikes.
accountIranian missile and drone attacks have targeted civilian and military infrastructure in Bahrain, Kuwait, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Israel, and Qatar.
Experts react: How the US war with Iran is playing out around the ... atlanticcouncil.org 2 facts
accountDuring the escalation linked to US-Israeli strikes on Iran, Iranian missiles or projectiles hit Saudi Arabia, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Kuwait, and Jordan, despite none of these states launching attacks against Iran from their territory.
accountDuring the escalation linked to US-Israeli strikes on Iran, Iranian missiles or projectiles hit Saudi Arabia, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Kuwait, and Jordan, despite none of these states launching attacks against Iran.
Analysis - The Iran War: Strategic Implications for Israel, the Gulf ... elnetwork.eu 2 facts
claimThe war underscores for Saudi leadership the importance of regional cooperation in addressing the Iranian threat, while making public progress toward full normalization with Israel more politically difficult due to fears of Iranian retaliation.
claimA plausible scenario for Saudi Arabia is the continuation of quiet contacts and unofficial cooperation with Israel, alongside the postponement of a large-scale diplomatic breakthrough until the regional situation stabilizes.
Power Transition in the Middle East: The Intersection of US Global ... populismstudies.org 1 fact
claimSaudi Arabia stated on February 5, 2025, that it will not establish diplomatic ties with Israel without the creation of a Palestinian state.
Miscellanea: The War in Iran - A Collection of Unmitigated Pedantry acoup.blog 1 fact
measurementThe war has resulted in the deaths of 13 American soldiers, 290 American soldiers wounded in action, 24 Israeli deaths, thousands of Israeli injuries, at least 1,000 civilian deaths in neutral countries (including Lebanon, Kuwait, Iraq, Qatar, Bahrain, and Saudi Arabia), and at least 1,000 Iranian civilian deaths plus Iranian military losses.
How the war in Ukraine changed Russia's global standing | Brookings brookings.edu 1 fact
claimPrior to the 2022 invasion of Ukraine, Russia had established itself as a regional player in the Middle East capable of maintaining diplomatic communication with Saudi Arabia, Egypt, the Gulf states, Iran, and Israel.
Tracking & Analyzing Cyber Warfare in Modern Conflicts - Dataminr dataminr.com 1 fact
referenceHistorical Iranian or Iran-adjacent wiper-style malware campaigns include: Shamoon (2012, Saudi Aramco IT disruption), Shamoon2 (2016, Saudi Arabia), StoneDrill (2016, Saudi Arabia), ZeroClear (2019, Middle Eastern oil, gas, and energy entities), Dustman (2019, Bahrain oil and gas entities), DEADWOOD (2020, Israeli private organizations and supply chain), ROADSWEEP (2022, Albanian government networks), and Bibi Wiper (2023, various Israeli organizations).
Jeffrey Epstein - Spectre Journal spectrejournal.com 1 fact
claimAdnan Khashoggi acted as a middleman between the United States, Saudi Arabia, and Israel, mobilizing access and influence to facilitate arms deals and secure immunity.
The Implications Of Iran's Failed Proxy Strategy - Hoover Institution hoover.org 1 fact
claimAt its height, Iran's proxy network threatened Israel and Saudi Arabia while retaining the capacity to disrupt global trade routes in an arc running from the Persian Gulf to the Arabian Sea, the Red Sea, and the Eastern Mediterranean.
Fact Sheet: USTR Initiates 60 Section 301 Investigations Relating to ... ustr.gov 1 fact
claimThe Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR) has initiated Section 301 investigations into 60 specific economies: Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Australia, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Brazil, Cambodia, Canada, Chile, China (People’s Republic of), Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, European Union, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Hong Kong (China), India, Indonesia, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Libya, Malaysia, Mexico, Morocco, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Qatar, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Türkiye, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, Uruguay, Venezuela, and Vietnam.
The Limits of Iran's Proxy Empire | The New Yorker newyorker.com 1 fact
claimThe Houthis could execute a joint pincer movement with Iran by firing long-range missiles at Israel and targeting the oil, energy, and economic infrastructure of Saudi Arabia and other Persian Gulf nations from the south, while Iran strikes those same countries from the north.
USTR Initiates 60 Section 301 Investigations Relating to Failures to ... ustr.gov 1 fact
claimThe 60 US trade partners subject to the USTR Section 301 investigations regarding forced labor include Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, the European Union, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Libya, Malaysia, Mexico, Morocco, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Peru, the Philippines, Qatar, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Türkiye, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, Uruguay, Venezuela, and Vietnam.
The crises in the Middle East: reshaping the region's geopolitical ... link.springer.com 1 fact
claimIran maintains a stance on Palestinian resistance against Israel that is as strong or stronger than that of Saudi Arabia and Turkey.
Iran's Proxy Strategy and the Extent of Surrogate Autonomy - AHS alexanderhamiltonsociety.org 1 fact
claimThe relationship between Iran and the Houthi movement (Ansar Allah) has evolved into a collaborative partnership, characterized by Houthi attacks on Saudi and Western targets and the adoption of Iranian anti-Israel rhetoric.
Twenty questions (and expert answers) about the Iran war atlanticcouncil.org 1 fact
claimThere are three potential scenarios for Houthi involvement in an Iran-related war: (1) limited strikes on Israel to demonstrate solidarity with Iran; (2) limited strikes on Red Sea shipping to test Saudi red lines or extract concessions; or (3) widespread attacks on Red Sea shipping, Saudi Arabia, and ground offensives in Yemen to seize oil and gas resources.
United States and Iran on the Brink: What's at Stake? - CSIS csis.org 1 fact
perspectiveSaudi Arabia is nervous about the pressure tactics used by the United States and Israel against Iran because they fear these actions undermine regional stability.
USTR Launches Broad Section 301 Investigations Into Excess ... dwt.com 1 fact
claimThe countries targeted for review in the Section 301 investigation are Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Australia, the Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Brazil, Cambodia, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, the EU, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Libya, Malaysia, Mexico, Morocco, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Peru, the Philippines, Qatar, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Türkiye, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, Uruguay, Venezuela, and Vietnam.
The path forward on Iran and its proxy forces - Brookings Institution brookings.edu 1 fact
claimThe October 7 attacks and the subsequent war in Gaza have served several Iranian objectives: elevating Tehran’s regional stature, emboldening its proxy network, blocking normalization efforts between Israel and Saudi Arabia, and weakening Israel.
The Persian Gulf TV War by Douglas Kellner (http://www.gseis.ucla ... pages.gseis.ucla.edu 1 fact
claimThe United States government, under George Bush, prioritized protecting Saudi Arabia and Israel and preventing Iraq from wielding political influence or controlling oil prices in the Middle East.