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Perception and inference are frequently categorized together as fundamental epistemic sources or pramāṇas in both Western and Indian philosophy [1], [2]. Epistemologists often debate whether other sources like testimony can be reduced to these two [3], while empiricists specifically argue that inference is a cognitive process derived from the foundational material provided by perception [4].
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Epistemology of Testimony | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy iep.utm.edu 2 facts
claimWhile some philosophers require positive reasons to believe in the reliability of a testifier, most do not insist that a subject must have a sufficiently large inductive base to justify an inference from other beliefs or reduce testimony to perception, memory, or inference.
perspectiveReductionism views testimony as akin to inference and places a relatively heavy burden on the recipient of testimony, whereas anti-reductionism views testimony as akin to perception or memory and places a relatively light burden on the recipient.
Social Epistemology - Open Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science oecs.mit.edu 1 fact
claimEpistemologists hold differing views on whether testimony is a basic source of knowledge, similar to perception or logical reasoning, or a composite type of knowledge that combines perception and inference.
Epistemology - Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org 1 fact
claimAncient Indian philosophy examines different sources of knowledge, referred to as pramāṇa, with most schools discussing perception, inference, and testimony as sources.
What is the main difference between Rationalism and Empiricism? byjus.com 1 fact
referenceThe ancient Indian philosopher Kanada accepted perception and inference as the two sources of knowledge, as documented in his work, the Vaisesika Sutra.
Rationalism Vs. Empiricism 101: Which One is Right? - TheCollector thecollector.com 1 fact
claimEmpiricists maintain that all knowledge material is created through sensation and perception, while thinking factors like judgment and inference arise only based on perception.
Epistemological Problems of Testimony plato.stanford.edu 1 fact
claimEpistemologists debate whether testimony is a basic source of justification or if it can be reduced to other epistemic sources like perception, memory, and inference.