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Substance dualism is a philosophical framework that specifically addresses the nature of consciousness, often defining it as a non-physical substance or an immaterial entity distinct from the body as described in [1], [2], and [3]. Furthermore, the relationship is defined by the ongoing debate regarding how consciousness relates to physical substrates within this dualistic model, as highlighted in [4], [5], and [6].
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The Hard Problem of Consciousness | Springer Nature Link link.springer.com 3 facts
perspectiveVon Stillfried expresses discomfort with substance-like concepts of consciousness, such as those found in interactionism and substance dualism, because they imply that physical systems might behave differently depending on whether they interact with 'mind-stuff'.
claimSome approaches to the mind-body problem assume that the physical world might be the manifestation of a ubiquitous phenomenal or protophenomenal essence, which contrasts with substance dualism that presupposes consciousness emerges from a physical substrate.
claimSubstance dualism explains consciousness either by postulating its emergence from nowhere or by assuming strong emergence of consciousness from physical structures.
Dualism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy/Winter 2016 Edition) plato.stanford.edu 3 facts
claimE. J. Lowe's theory of substance dualism differs from René Descartes's because Lowe does not define the person as a purely mental substance defined solely by thought or consciousness.
claimThe 'ectoplasm' account of substance dualism is criticized because it fails to explain why this specific 'stuff' supports consciousness any better than ordinary matter does.
claimRené Descartes' 'consciousness' account of substance dualism posits that consciousness itself is the immaterial substance.
Consciousness (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy/Fall 2025 ... plato.stanford.edu 2 facts
claimSubstance dualists and property dualists are required to develop theories that articulate the specific natures of the non-physical features of reality they equate with or use to explain consciousness.
claimSubstance dualism, such as traditional Cartesian dualism proposed by René Descartes in 1644, asserts the existence of both physical and non-physical substances, implying that consciousness inheres in non-physical minds or selves.
Hard Problem of Consciousness | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy iep.utm.edu 2 facts
claimInteractionist dualism, encompassing both substance and property types, holds that consciousness is causally efficacious in the production of bodily behavior.
claimSubstance dualism holds that consciousness makes up a distinct fundamental stuff which can exist independently of any physical substance.
Non-Reductive Physicalism - Theories of Consciousness theoriesofconsciousness.com 1 fact
claimSubstance Dualism posits that consciousness is a non-physical substance separate from the body, which accounts for subjective experience directly but faces the interaction problem and conflicts with neuroscience.