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Psilocybin and ketamine are both classified as psychoactive substances used in psychotherapy [1] and are known to increase spontaneous MEG signal diversity [2]. Additionally, both substances are recognized for their distinct impacts on episodic memory processes [3].
Facts (26)
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The Montreal model: an integrative biomedical-psychedelic ... frontiersin.org 15 facts
measurementThe Montreal model's six intravenous ketamine treatments provide patients with a similar amount of time in an altered state of consciousness as two doses of psilocybin.
claimKetamine and psilocybin appear to act as 'psychoplastogens,' which are agents that rapidly boost neuroplasticity.
claimPsilocybin currently has stronger evidence than ketamine supporting the therapeutic potential of 'emotional breakthroughs' and mystical experiences in the treatment of depression.
procedureThe Montreal model protocol for ketamine treatment involves six relatively brief ketamine infusions over a period of 4 weeks, which differs from the one or two longer psilocybin sessions typically employed in other psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) studies.
claimKetamine and psilocybin can both produce rapid improvements in psychiatric conditions like depression that persist for days or weeks beyond the excretion of the drugs and their metabolites.
claimKetamine's subjective effects are distinguished from psilocybin primarily by higher scores on the 'disembodiment' subscale.
claimThe differences in care models for psilocybin and ketamine are likely driven by sociohistorical factors, such as ketamine's established use as a medical anesthetic versus psilocybin's disappearance and recent re-emergence, rather than pharmacological or neural differences.
claimThe Montreal model of ketamine treatment spreads the total duration of altered states of consciousness over 4 weeks, whereas psilocybin treatment typically occurs over one or two sessions.
claimWhile some experts define the term 'psychedelic' specifically as agonists of serotonin 2A receptors (such as psilocybin), psychedelic treatment models have been applied to diverse psychoactive drugs including MDMA, ibogaine, cannabis, and ketamine.
measurementThe Montreal model's six ketamine treatments yield approximately the same amount of time in an altered state of consciousness as 12 psilocybin treatments, but spread out over multiple sessions.
referenceSchartner, Carhart-Harris, Barrett, Seth, and Muthukumaraswamy published 'Increased spontaneous MEG signal diversity for psychoactive doses of ketamine, LSD and psilocybin' in Scientific Reports in 2017 (doi: 10.1038/srep46421), reporting on MEG signal changes.
claimPsychedelic-assisted psychotherapy models for psilocybin are more formalized and better supported by clinical research than equivalent models for ketamine.
claimKetamine is considered by the authors to be the most forgiving putative psychedelic due to its short duration of action and lower levels of distress compared to classical psychedelics like psilocybin and LSD when administered in medical environments.
claimKetamine and psilocybin have both been used as experimental models of psychosis.
measurementWhen measured on the Altered States of Consciousness Rating Scale, ketamine and psilocybin produce similar results, including elevations in subscales for insightfulness, audio-visual synesthesia, and changed meaning of precepts.
Neuroimaging in psychedelic drug development: past, present, and ... nature.com 2 facts
claimWhile the authors focused their study outlines on 5-HT2AR agonist 'classic' psychedelics like psilocybin, LSD, and DMT, these study frameworks could be applied to other novel therapies such as ketamine, MDMA, and ibogaine.
claimModern research into classic psychedelics and related compounds includes the study of LSD, psilocybin, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), MDMA, ketamine, and ibogaine.
Ancient Roots of Today's Emerging Renaissance in ... link.springer.com 2 facts
claimIn the last decade, governing bodies have approved clinical trials for MDMA, ketamine, LSD, psilocybin, and dimethyltryptamine.
claimThere is a robust literature of studies establishing the safety and efficacy of ketamine-assisted treatment for depression (Salahudeen et al. 2020) and increasingly high-quality studies on psilocybin-based therapies for depression (Carhart-Harris et al. 2021; Davis et al. 2020), though larger and more robust clinical trials are still needed.
Psychedelics, Sociality, and Human Evolution frontiersin.org 2 facts
claimThe NMDA antagonist ketamine and the 5-HT agonist psilocybin produce dissociable effects on the structural encoding of emotional face expressions.
referenceDe Gregorio et al. (2021a) reviewed preclinical and clinical studies on the use of hallucinogens, specifically LSD, psilocybin, MDMA, and ketamine, in mental health, published in the Journal of Neuroscience.
What Western medicine can learn from the ancient history of ... - BBC bbc.com 2 facts
claimProponents of psychedelic-assisted therapy suggest that compounds like MDMA, LSD, psilocybin, and ketamine may help alter the perspectives of individuals suffering from 'diseases of despair'—such as suicide, drug overdose, and alcohol abuse—when used in conjunction with talking therapy.
claimModern medical researchers are investigating psychedelic compounds such as MDMA, LSD, psilocybin, and ketamine as potential treatments for psychiatric disorders including anxiety, depression, and substance abuse.
Psychedelics and Consciousness: Distinctions, Demarcations, and ... ouci.dntb.gov.ua 1 fact
claimSedatives (alcohol, zolpidem, triazolam), dissociatives (ketamine, dextromethorphan), psychedelics (psilocybin, MDMA), stimulants (dextroamphetamine, dextromethamphetamine), and cannabinoids (THC) each have idiosyncratic effects on episodic memory, differentially impairing certain mnemonic processes while sparing or facilitating others.
Classification Schemes of Altered States of Consciousness - ORBi orbi.uliege.be 1 fact
claimSchartner et al. (2017) reported that psychoactive doses of ketamine, LSD, and psilocybin lead to increased spontaneous MEG (magnetoencephalography) signal diversity.
DRUGS, RITUALS AND ALTERED STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS semanticscholar.org 1 fact
referenceThe 2022 publication Frontiers in Psychology discusses psychotherapy involving the use of psychedelic substances, specifically identifying psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and ketamine as examples.