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Relations (1)
related 5.70 — strongly supporting 50 facts
Russia is a significant geopolitical actor that has actively reasserted its influence in the Middle East through military, diplomatic, and energy-related strategies as described in [1] and [2]. This relationship is further defined by Russia's strategic goal to challenge United States hegemony in the region [3] and its ongoing involvement in regional conflicts and power dynamics [4] and [5].
Facts (50)
Sources
The crises in the Middle East: reshaping the region's geopolitical ... link.springer.com 17 facts
claimThe rise of Russia and China in the Middle East presents both opportunities for alternative diplomatic and economic engagement and challenges to regional stability and global governance.
claimThe expansion of Russian and Chinese influence in the Middle East may exacerbate tensions with traditional power brokers like the United States and the European Union, potentially leading to increased competition, proxy conflicts, and arms races.
claimGlobal powers including the United States, Russia, China, and European Union nations are intricately involved in the Middle East, navigating the region's multifaceted crises with diverse interests and strategies.
claimEscalating the war in the Middle East could lead to active intervention by Russia and impact China's approach toward regional crises.
referenceLeonid Issaev authored the article 'Russia and the New Middle East', published in the Journal of Balkan and near Eastern Studies in 2021, volume 23, issue 3, pages 423–442.
claimRussia utilizes energy cooperation, arms sales, and diplomatic mediation as key instruments to expand its influence and counterbalance Western dominance in the Middle East.
claimThe engagement of external powers like China and Russia in the Middle East offers opportunities for economic development and infrastructure investment, but also introduces challenges regarding security, human rights, and regional stability.
claimRussia has reasserted itself as a significant player in the Middle East by capitalizing on regional conflicts, power vacuums, and shifting alliances.
claimThe significant presence of Russia and China in the Middle East poses challenges for the United States in implementing its new regional order.
claimRussia and China have aligned themselves with authoritarian regimes and non-state actors in the Middle East, prioritizing strategic interests over humanitarian concerns, which raises questions about their commitment to international norms.
claimThe rise of China as a global player and the resurgence of Russia after the collapse of the USSR have altered geopolitical dynamics, alliances, and power structures in the Middle East.
claimRussia has sought to capitalize on regional upheavals and power vacuums in the Middle East to reinstate its hegemony.
perspectiveThe United States aims to maintain the status quo and preserve its position as a unilateral power in the Middle East, while China and Russia seek to end this unipolar order in favor of a multipolar order where regional and global powers share influence.
claimThe United States is struggling to establish a new order in the Middle East due to a decline in its hegemony and the rising influence of Russia and China.
claimMiller (2022) argues that external interventions by global powers, including the United States, Russia, China, and the European Union, have complicated Middle Eastern geopolitical dynamics by worsening existing conflicts and fueling regional rivalries through military interventions, arms sales, and diplomatic maneuvering.
perspectiveWestern powers should prioritize securing agreements with Russia and China on major issues through diplomatic platforms like the Security Council to navigate the geopolitical landscape of the Black Sea and the Middle East.
perspectiveWestern commentators argue that the growing presence of Russia and China in the Middle East raises concerns regarding competition, coercion, and the erosion of democratic norms and human rights standards.
The Role of Iran and Russia as Regional Powers in the Middle East ... academia.edu 11 facts
claimThe main hypothesis of the article 'The Role of Iran and Russia as Regional Powers in the Middle East (2011-2020)' is that Iran and Russia have played a key role in integrating their interests and deterring the United States in the Middle East, given geopolitical developments, the strategic importance of the region, tensions in the Strait of Hormuz, and the withdrawal of U.S. forces from Syria.
referenceW. Rodkiewicz's 2017 study 'Russia's Middle Eastern policy: Regional Ambitions, Global Objectives' outlines the strategic goals of Russia in the Middle East.
referenceS. N. Litsas's 2018 chapter 'Russian Foreign Policy in The Middle East Under Putin: Can Bears Walk in the Desert?' analyzes Russian regional strategy within the book 'Conflict And Diplomacy In The Middle East: External Actors and Regional Rivalries'.
referenceA. G. Levaggi's 2018 work 'After the U.S. Hegemonic Retreat: Russia's Foreign and Security Policy in the Middle East' analyzes Russian foreign and security policy in the context of a perceived U.S. hegemonic retreat.
referenceA. Vasiliev authored the book 'Russia's Middle East Policy: From Lenin to Putin,' published by Routledge.
referenceC. Therme authored the article 'Iran and Russia in the Middle East: Toward a Regional Alliance,' published in The Middle East Journal, Vol. 72, No. 4, pp. 549-562.
referenceE. B. Rumer's 2019 article 'Russia, the Indispensable Nation in the Middle East', published in Foreign Affairs, argues for the significance of Russia's role in the region.
referenceE. Rumer and A. S. Weiss's 2019 publication 'A Brief Guide to Russia's Return to the Middle East' provides an overview of Russia's re-emergence as a key actor in the region.
claimIran and Russia have cooperated politically and militarily to prevent United States influence in the Middle East, driven by factors such as the withdrawal of the United States from the nuclear deal with Iran, the imposition of sanctions, and opposition to unilateralism.
claimThe United States' military and economic presence in the Middle East serves as a central challenge for both Iran and Russia, influencing their strategic calculations and diplomatic engagements.
referenceN. Kozhanov's 2018 report 'Russian Policy across the Middle East: Motivations and Methods' published by Chatham House examines the motivations and methods behind Russian foreign policy in the Middle East.
How the war in Ukraine changed Russia's global standing | Brookings brookings.edu 4 facts
claimPrior to the 2022 invasion of Ukraine, Russia had established itself as a regional player in the Middle East capable of maintaining diplomatic communication with Saudi Arabia, Egypt, the Gulf states, Iran, and Israel.
accountRussia re-entered the Middle East in 2015 by initiating a bombing campaign in Syria to support the government of Bashar al-Assad.
accountPrior to October 7, 2023, Russia maintained close ties with most of the protagonists involved in Middle Eastern conflicts, including Israel.
claimThe Hamas terrorist attacks in Israel and the subsequent war between Israel and Hamas initially increased Russia's standing in the Middle East.
Opportunities for Collective Regional Security in the Middle East carnegieendowment.org 4 facts
claimRussia and the European Union are currently focused on salvaging their remaining stakes in the Middle East while grappling with diminishing regional influence.
perspectiveSome ruling elites and civil society groups in the Middle East believe that global powers, specifically the United States, China, Russia, and the European Union, should intervene to stabilize the region.
claimGreat powers, including the United States, China, Europe, and Russia, often prioritize strategic interests over humanitarian and developmental considerations in the Middle East, which perpetuates and exacerbates regional instability.
claimGlobal powers including the United States, China, Russia, and the European Union have adopted fragmented and reactive approaches to Middle Eastern conflicts, often prioritizing immediate interests or crisis management over structural resolution.
The International Implications of the Russo-Ukrainian War link.springer.com 3 facts
claimRussia continues to expand its influence in Africa and the Middle East despite facing economic sanctions and military setbacks, utilizing both hard and soft power tactics.
claimThe war in Ukraine has severely disrupted global food supply chains, particularly affecting the Middle East and South Asia, which rely heavily on food imports from Ukraine and Russia.
claimShortages of commodities from Ukraine and Russia have driven up food prices, exacerbating fragile economies in the Middle East and South Asia.
How China and Russia View the Iran War Differently isdp.eu 2 facts
claimChina hedges across multiple relationships in the Middle Eastern crisis, while Russia prioritizes a narrower but more assertive axis.
claimRussia is structurally less vulnerable to disruptions in the Middle East compared to China, which views the Iran War as a liability due to its economic interests.
The Impact and Implications of the Ukraine Crisis - Interpret interpret.csis.org 2 facts
claimSome scholars predict the global energy landscape will evolve into two hemispheres and two energy circles: a 'Pan-Atlantic Energy Circle' consisting of the United States and Europe seeking supplies from the Middle East, Africa, and the Americas, and an 'Asian Energy Circle' consisting of Russia, China, India, and other Asian countries.
claimWithin the potential 'Middle East-Asia' energy group, oil-producing countries in the Middle East may maintain good relations with Russia, and OPEC+ may reject U.S. government requests to increase production capacity.
Climate Shocks Are Redefining Energy Security energypolicy.columbia.edu 1 fact
claimThe Center on Global Energy Policy focuses on the intersection of geopolitics and energy, analyzing how geopolitical shocks in regions like the Middle East, Russia, and Europe impact global energy markets and supply.
Plantae kingdom (Honors) - KaiserScience kaiserscience.wordpress.com 1 fact
claimLatin served as a lingua franca for scholars across Europe, Russia, and Arabic-speaking countries of North Africa and the Middle East, allowing communication between Christian, Muslim, and Jewish people.
How China and Russia View the Iran War Differently nationalinterest.org 1 fact
claimChina seeks flexibility in its Middle Eastern relationships, whereas Russia accepts constraint in exchange for leverage.
The path forward on Iran and its proxy forces - Brookings Institution brookings.edu 1 fact
accountSeveral American presidents have hoped to downsize the United States' role in the Middle East to focus on Russia’s threat and China’s pacing challenge.
The Geopolitical Competition of the United States, China ... journalisslp.com 1 fact
referenceThe article 'Russia's Return to the Middle East: Building Sandcastles' by S. Secrieru and N. Popescu (2018) discusses Russia's re-engagement in the Middle East.
A Status Quo Power in a Changing Region: Iran's Regionalism in ... cambridge.org 1 fact
claimThe potential collapse of Bashar al-Assad's regime in Syria and shifts in the Middle Eastern geopolitical landscape have tilted the balance of power to the detriment of Iran and Russia, while strengthening Turkey's position.
War in Ukraine | Global Conflict Tracker - Council on Foreign Relations cfr.org 1 fact
claimUkrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy stated that U.S.-brokered talks between Russia and Ukraine may be relocated to Turkey or Switzerland if the originally planned meeting in Abu Dhabi is unfeasible due to the war in the Middle East.