concept

ΦR

Also known as: revised Φ, R2, ΦR measure

Facts (14)

Sources

A Synergistic Workspace for Human Consciousness Revealed by ... elifesciences.org eLife 12 facts

claimThe revised measure of integrated information (ΦR) is computationally tractable and is guaranteed to be non-negative, as it captures only synergistic and transferred information.

measurementAnalysis based on the ΦR measure revealed a widespread reorganization of integrated information throughout the brain when comparing awake volunteers against patients with chronic disorders of consciousness (p < 0.001).

claimRegions showing consistent decreases in ΦR during loss of consciousness were primarily members of the global synergistic workspace, specifically the default mode network (bilateral precuneus and medial prefrontal cortex) and bilateral inferior parietal cortex, with involvement of left temporal cortices.

claimA previous study using ECoG recordings in non-human primates demonstrated a broadband shift away from synergy during anaesthesia, which aligns with the authors' observed reduction in ΦR (integrated information).

perspectiveThe authors do not claim that ΦR and synergy, as measured via regional BOLD signals, are the direct cause of or identical to consciousness; rather, they view these measures as theoretically grounded macroscale indicators whose empirical relationship to consciousness may point toward underlying neural phenomena.

claimMediano, Rosas, and colleagues introduced a revised measure of integrated information called ΦR, which adds redundancy back into the original Φ calculation to address the issue of Φ being negative in redundancy-dominated systems.

claimThe study's whole-brain results indicate that ΦR disconnections induced by the loss of consciousness function as gateway nodes rather than broadcaster nodes, based on the authors' previous identification of gateways and broadcasters from the Human Connectome Project dataset.

claimReductions of ΦR in the medial prefrontal cortex and posterior cingulate/precuneus are reliably observed across different analytic approaches, confirming the robustness of these specific findings.

claimSome brain connections, particularly in the frontal cortex and lateral prefrontal cortex, exhibited increases in ΦR during loss of consciousness and were restored upon recovery.

claimThe 'revised' measure of integrated information, ΦR, is empirically valid and theoretically sound for detecting consciousness loss.

claimThe 'revised Φ' (ΦR) measure is demonstrably non-negative, which overcomes a major conceptual limitation of the original formulation of integrated information.

claimReductions in integrated information (ΦR) associated with the loss of consciousness occur specifically within the default mode network.

Impact of Parenting Style on Early Childhood Learning - Frontiers frontiersin.org Frontiers in Psychology Jun 29, 2022 2 facts

measurementThe R2 value for early childhood learning outcomes is 0.875, suggesting that 87.5% of the change in learning outcomes is predicted by parental style and parental self-efficacy.

measurementThe R2 value for parental self-efficacy is 0.535, indicating that 53.5% of the change in parental self-efficacy is predicted by parental style.