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insula
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Self-awareness, self-regulation, and self-transcendence (S-ART) frontiersin.org 6 facts
measurementFarb et al. (2012) observed that connectivity between the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC) and the insula was absent during exteroceptive focus.
referenceBrain areas critical for their interactions with the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in emotion regulation include the amygdala, hippocampus, striatum (including the nucleus accumbens), thalamus, and insula.
claimThe dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and the insula are the three most widely cited brain areas showing activity and gross morphological change during and in response to Focused Attention (FA) and Open Monitoring (OM) meditation training.
claimThe insula integrates salient activity and feelings in a posterior-to-anterior direction, where non-conscious homeostatic and motor functions are mapped in the posterior insula, while contextually based relations to conscious experience (hedonic, motivational, social, and emotional feelings) are represented in the anterior insula.
measurementTwo studies by Grant et al. (2010a) and Gard et al. (2012) showed no difference in brain activity during pain anticipation, but found stronger activation in pain-related areas (mid-cingulate, insula, SII, and thalamus) during the experience of pain while maintaining a 'mindful state'.
referenceLutz, A., Greischar, L. L., Perlman, D. M., and Davidson, R. J. (2009) published 'BOLD signal in insula is differentially related to cardiac function during compassion meditation in experts vs. novices' in Neuroimage, volume 47, pages 1038–1046, finding that BOLD signals in the insula relate differently to cardiac function in expert meditators compared to novices.
Neural mechanisms of credit card spending | Scientific Reports nature.com Feb 18, 2021 4 facts
claimActivation in the insula, a brain region previously linked to the 'pain-of-paying', does not differentiate credit card purchases from cash purchases in the study conducted by the authors.
claimThe researchers did not find neural evidence that credit card spending acts as an analgesic to reduce the 'pain of payment' at the moment of purchase, if pain is defined as a physical sensation and insula activity is treated as its neural marker.
claimIn the study 'Neural mechanisms of credit card spending', insular activation differentiates purchase from non-purchase decisions only after the decision point and does not clearly interact with either payment method or item price.
claimInsular activation appears to reflect simple product rejection, similar to the rejection of bad offers in economic games.
The evolution of human-type consciousness – a by-product of ... frontiersin.org 1 fact
claimThe claustra are thin, sheet-like structures located in each brain hemisphere that partition the inner neocortex, the insula, and the basal ganglia.