concept

cytokine storm

Also known as: cytokine storm syndromes, cytokine storms

Facts (15)

Sources

Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines Overview | Thermo Fisher Scientific - US thermofisher.com Thermo Fisher Scientific 11 facts

procedureMacrophages and endothelial cells produce large amounts of IL-6 after activation, which activates T cells and other immune cells, creating a positive feedback loop that results in a cytokine storm, the release of additional cytokines and chemokines, and the upregulation of acute phase proteins.

referenceYiu HH, Graham AL, and Stengel RF published 'Dynamics of a cytokine storm' in PLOS ONE in 2012 (Volume 7, article e45027).

claimThe key factors identified in pathologies involving a cytokine storm are TNF-α, interferons, IL-1β, MCP-1 (CCL2), and IL-6.

claimThe release of IFN-γ or TNF-α during a cytokine storm leads to the activation of macrophages, dendritic cells, other immune cells, and endothelial cells.

claimPathologies involving a cytokine storm include sepsis, toxic shock syndrome (TSS), macrophage activation syndrome (MAS), hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), and malignancy associated syndrome of hyperinflammation (MASH).

referenceTisoncik JR, Korth MJ, Simmons CP, et al. published 'Into the Eye of the Cytokine Storm' in Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews in 2012 (Volume 76, pages 16-32).

procedureIn the pathogenesis of a cytokine storm, the activation of T cells or the lysis of immune cells induces the release of IFN-γ or TNF-α, which subsequently activates macrophages, dendritic cells, other immune cells, and endothelial cells.

referenceMehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, Sanchez E, Tattersall RS, and Manson JJ published 'COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression' in The Lancet in 2020 (Volume 395, pages 1033-1034).

claimCytokine release syndrome, or cytokine storm, is a phenomenon characterized by an aggressive pro-inflammatory response combined with an insufficient anti-inflammatory response, resulting in the loss of immune homeostasis.

referenceWeaver LK and Behrens EM published 'Weathering the storm: Improving therapeutic interventions for cytokine storm syndromes by targeting disease pathogenesis' in Current Treatment Options in Rheumatology in 2017 (Volume 3, pages 33-48).

claimCytokine storms are believed to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality in SARS-CoV-2 infections.

A Double-Edged Sword: Inflammation and Your Health - Cedars-Sinai cedars-sinai.org Cedars-Sinai Feb 12, 2021 3 facts

claimA cytokine storm is a physiological process where the body continuously produces inflammatory cells, signaling the immune system to maintain an active inflammatory response.

claimMoshe Arditi hypothesized that discovering protein-level similarities between SARS-CoV-2 and the bacterial structure causing toxic shock syndrome could improve treatments for both MIS-C patients and adults with COVID-19 experiencing cytokine storms.

claimT cells function as immune system cells that fight infections, but when over-activated, they produce excessive amounts of inflammatory cytokines, a condition known as a 'cytokine storm.'

The Center for Inflammation Science and Systems Medicine wertheim.scripps.ufl.edu University of Florida 1 fact

claimA systemic inflammatory response can lead to widespread inflammation, such as a 'cytokine storm'.