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apnea
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Extent and Health Consequences of Chronic Sleep Loss and ... - NCBI ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 13 facts
claimPatients with impaired baroreflexes, such as those with hypertension, heart failure, or premature infants, are susceptible to excessive autonomic responses to chemoreflex stimulation during apnea, which can lead to bradyarrhythmias, hypoxia, hypoperfusion, and sympathetic activation, potentially predisposing them to sudden death.
measurementDuring the night, apneas and hypopneas associated with Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) cause a transient rise in blood pressure of 30 mm Hg or more and increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system.
claimThe symptoms of sleep-related epilepsy, such as arousals and apnea, cause sleep fragmentation and daytime fatigue in affected individuals.
referenceSomers, Dyken, Mark, and Abboud observed parasympathetic hyperresponsiveness and bradyarrhythmias during apnea in patients with hypertension, as published in Clinical Autonomic Research in 1992.
claimIncreased sympathetic activity resulting from apnea episodes has long-term deleterious effects on vascular tone and blood pressure.
claimApnea episodes increase the output of the sympathetic nervous system to restore pharyngeal muscle tone and reopen the airway.
claimApnea episodes cause hypoxemia, which is insufficient oxygen in the blood, and hypercapnia, which is a high concentration of blood carbon dioxide.
claimThe diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea requires polysomnography to detect at least five or more apneas or hypopneas per hour of sleep.
claimSleep-related epilepsy typically presents with at least two of the following features: arousals, abrupt awakenings from sleep, generalized tonic-clonic movements of the limbs, focal limb movement, facial twitching, urinary incontinence, apnea, tongue biting, and postictal confusion and lethargy.
claimIn patients with impaired baroreflexes, bradyarrhythmias, hypoxia, hypoperfusion, and sympathetic activation during apnea may predispose the individual to sudden death, according to Somers et al. (1988; 1992).
claimApneas and hypopneas during sleep typically cause abrupt, intermittent reductions in blood oxygen saturation, leading to sleep arousal often accompanied by loud snorts or gasps.
claimPathophysiological changes triggered by apnea episodes are mediated by chemoreceptors in the carotid body and brainstem and extend into wakeful states during the day.
claimThe apnea-hypopnea index (or respiratory disturbance index) is the average hourly number of apneas plus hypopneas.